COMPLETE HISTORY OF STONEHENGE EXCAVATIONS; HISTORICAL TIMELINE OF CONCRETE

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COMPLETE HISTORY OF STONEHENGE EXCAVATIONS

1611. King James VI and I investigated Stonehenge to see "The stone which t=
he builders refused", "The stone which the builders reiected", and "the sto=
ne which the builders disallowed". King James Version: 1611

1616. Doctor William Harvey, Gilbert North, and Inigo Jones find horns of s=
tags and oxen, coals, charcoals, batter-dashers, heads of arrows, pieces of=
 rusted armour, rotten bones, thuribulum (censer) pottery, and a large nail=
. Long, William, 1876, Stonehenge and its Barrows. The Wiltshire Archaeolog=
ical and Natural History Magazine, Volume 16

1620. George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, dug a large hole in the grou=
nd at the center of Stonehenge looking for buried treasure. (Diary)

1633-52. Inigo Jones conducted the first 'scientific' surveys of Stonehenge=
. Jones, I, and Webb, J, 1655, The most notable antiquity of Great Britain =
vulgarly called Stone-Heng on Salisbury plain. London: J Flesher for D Pake=
man and L Chapman

1640. Sir Lawrence Washington, knight, owner of Stonehenge, fished around B=
ear's Stone (named after Washington's hound dog). Bear's Stone profile port=
rait a local 17th century attraction. (G-Diary) The Wiltshire Archaeologica=
l and Natural History Magazine, Volumes 15-16

1652. Reverend Lawrence Washington, heir of Stonehenge, commissions Doctor =
Garry Denke to dig below Bear's Stone, reveals lion, calf (ox), face as a m=
an, flying eagle, bear (dog), leopard, and hidden relics. Bear's Stone (96)=
 renamed Hele 'to conceal, cover, hide'. (G-Diary)

1653-6. Doctor Garry Denke auger cored below Hele Stone 'The stone which th=
e builders rejected' on various occasions. Gold, silver, brass, iron, wood,=
 bone, concrete discovered at 1-1/3 'yardsticks' (under flying eagle). Eliz=
abeth Washington, heir of Stonehenge. Denke, G, 1699, G-Diary (German to En=
glish by Erodelphian Literary Society of Sigma Chi Fraternity). GDG, 1-666

1666. John Aubrey surveyed Stonehenge and made a 'Review'. Described the Av=
enue's prehistoric pits. (the 'Aubrey Holes' discovered by Hawley, not Aubr=
ey). Aubrey, J, 1693 (edited by J Fowles 1982), Monumenta Britannica. Sherb=
orne, Dorset: Dorset Publishing Co

1716. Thomas Hayward, owner of Stonehenge, dug heads of oxen and other beas=
ts. (Diary)

1721-4. William Stukeley surveyed and excavated Stonehenge and its field mo=
numents. Surveyed the Avenue in 1721 extending beyond Stonehenge Bottom to =
King Barrow Ridge. Surveyed the Cursus in 1723 and excavated. Stukeley, W, =
1740, Stonehenge: a temple restor'd to the British druids. London: W Innys =
and R Manby

1757. Benjamin Franklin observes the Hele Stone (96) "Seven Heads": lion, c=
alf (ox), face as a man, flying eagle, bear (dog), leopard, and sardine; "T=
en Horns": Altar of Burnt Offering (4 horns), Altar of Incense (4 horns), a=
nd Torah scroll (2 horns); and all of the other 'hidden' relics buried ther=
e. (Diary)

1798. Sir Richard Hoare and William Cunnington dug at Stonehenge under the =
fallen Slaughter Stone 95 and under fallen Stones 56 and 57. The Ancient Hi=
story of Wiltshire, Volume 1, 1812

1805-10. William Cunnington dug at Stonehenge on various occasions. Cunning=
ton, W, 1884, Guide to the stones of Stonehenge. Devizes: Bull Printer

1839. Captain Beamish excavated within Stonehenge. (Diary)

1874-7. Professor Flinders Petrie produced a plan of Stonehenge and numbere=
d the stones. Petrie, W M F, 1880, Stonehenge: plans, description, and theo=
ries. London: Edward Stanford

1877. Charles Darwin digs at Stonehenge to study 'Sinking of great Stones t=
hrough the Action of Worms'. Darwin, Charles, 1881, The Formation of Vegeta=
ble Mould, Through the Action of Worms, with Observations on Their Habits. =
London: John Murray

1886. Kaiser Wilhelm Society founder 33=C2=B0 mason Friedrich Wilhelm Denke=
 confirmed with his auger drilled core samples (under bear, leopard and cal=
f) Gold, silver, brass, iron, wood, bone and concrete 4 feet (1.2 meter) be=
neath Stonehenge Hele Stone base. (FW-Diary)

1901. Professor William Gowland meticulously recorded and excavated around =
stone number 56 at Stonehenge. Gowland, W, 1902, Recent excavations at Ston=
ehenge. Archaeologia, 58, 37-82

1919-26. Colonel William Hawley extensively excavated in advance of restora=
tion programmes at Stonehenge for the Office of Works and later for the Soc=
iety of Antiquaries. Hawley excavated ditch sections of the Avenue, conduct=
ed an investigation of the Slaughter Stone and other stones at Stonehenge, =
and discovered the 'Aubrey Holes' (misnamed) through excavation. Hawley, W,=
 1921, Stonehenge: interim report on the exploration. Antiquaries Journal, =
1, 19-41 Hawley, W, 1922, Second report on the excavations at Stonehenge. A=
ntiquaries Journal, 2, 36-52 Hawley, W, 1923, Third report on the excavatio=
ns at Stonehenge. Antiquaries Journal, 3, 13-20 Hawley, W, 1924, Fourth rep=
ort on the excavations at Stonehenge, 1922. Antiquaries Journal, 4, 30-39 H=
awley, W, 1925, Report on the excavations at Stonehenge during the season o=
f 1923. Antiquaries Journal, 5, 21-50 Hawley, W, 1926, Report on the excava=
tions at Stonehenge during the season of 1924. Antiquaries Journal, 6, 1-25=
 Hawley, W, 1928, Report on the excavations at Stonehenge during 1925 and 1=
926. Antiquaries Journal, 8, 149-76 (Diary) Pitts, M, Bayliss, A, McKinley,=
 J, Boylston, A, Budd, P, Evans, J, Chenery, C, Reynolds, A, and Semple, S,=
 2002, An Anglo-Saxon decapitation and burial at Stonehenge. Wiltshire Arch=
aeological and Natural History Magazine, 95, 131-46

1929. Robert Newall excavated Stone 36. Newall, R S, 1929, Stonehenge. Anti=
quity, 3, 75-88 Newall, R S, 1929, Stonehenge, the recent excavations. Wilt=
shire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine, 44, 348-59

1935. Young, W E V, The Stonehenge car park excavation. (Diary)

1942. Company 'C', 63rd Signal Battalion, U.S. Army Signal Corps, WWII conf=
irmed Tabernacle of G-D beneath Heel Stone in 1942 whilst at Shrivenham, Ox=
fordshire, U.K., on All Hallows' Eve of '42, before Shipping-out to Operati=
on Torch invasion at Algiers (Eastern) in the Mediterranean Theatre of Oper=
ations, during WWII. On the 31st day October of '42 (a Saturday) it was G-D=
 of "C" Company, the 63rd Signal Battalion, caught Witching, and Core drill=
ing; Gold, silver, brass, iron, wood, bone, Bluestone concrete (volcanic as=
h and tuff) at 3 to 4 'yardsticks' from GL beneath Slick-side Heel Stone (t=
he Northeast face), and Bluestone sandstone ("micaceous stump") at 4 'yards=
ticks' from GL underneath Hele Stone; the Sun of righteousness Helios Stone=
. (see redacted "Top Secret" Arrest Report expunged '42)

1950. Robert Newall excavated Stone 66. Newall, R S, 1952, Stonehenge stone=
 no. 66. Antiquaries Journal, 32, 65-7

1952. Robert Newall excavated Stones 71 and 72. (Diary)

1950-64. A major campaign of excavations by Richard Atkinson, Stuart Piggot=
t, and Marcus Stone involving the re-excavation of some of Hawley=E2=80=99s=
 trenches as well as previously undisturbed areas within Stonehenge. Atkins=
on, R J C, Piggott, S, and Stone, J F S, 1952, The excavations of two addit=
ional holes at Stonehenge, and new evidence for the date of the monument. A=
ntiquaries Journal, 32, 14-20 Atkinson, R J C, 1956, Stonehenge. London. Pe=
nguin Books in association with Hamish Hamilton. (second revised edition 19=
79: Penguin Books)

1966. Faith and Lance Vatcher excavated 3 Mesolithic Stonehenge postholes. =
Vatcher, F de M and Vatcher, H L, 1973, Excavation of three postholes in St=
onehenge car park. Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine, 6=
8, 57-63

1968. Faith and Lance Vatcher dug geophone and floodlight cable trenches. (=
Diary)

1974. Garry Denke and Ralph Ferdinand set out to confirm Sir Lawrence Washi=
ngton, knight and Reverend Lawrence Washington's revelation (G-Diary). Auge=
r cores 1.2m (4ft) below Heel Stone 96 (under face as a man). Gold, silver,=
 brass, iron, wood, bone, deteriorated concrete confirmed. No coal in cores=
. Stonehenge Free Festival. Denke, G W, 1974, Stonehenge Phase I: An Open-p=
it Coalfield Model; The First Geologic Mining School (Indiana University of=
 Pennsylvania). GDG, 74, 1-56

1978. John Evans re-excavated a 1954 cutting through the Stonehenge ditch a=
nd bank to take samples for snail analysis and radiocarbon dating. A well-p=
reserved human burial lay within the ditch fill. Three fine flint arrowhead=
s were found amongst the bones, with a fourth embedded in the sternum. Atki=
nson, R J C and Evans, J G, 1978, Recent excavations at Stonehenge. Antiqui=
ty, 52, 235-6 Evans, J G, 1984, Stonehenge: the environment in the late Neo=
lithic and early Bronze Age, and a Beaker burial. Wiltshire Archaeological =
and Natural History Magazine, 78, 7-30 (Diary) Alexander Thorn and Richard =
Atkinson. NE side of Station Stone 94. (Diary)

1979-80. George Smith excavated in the Stonehenge car park on behalf of the=
 Central Excavation Unit. Smith, G, 1980, Excavations in Stonehenge car par=
k. Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine, 74/75 (1979-80), =
181 (Diary) Mike Pitts excavated along south side of A344 in advance of cab=
le-laying and pipe-trenching. In 1979, discovered the Heel Stone 97 origina=
l pit (96 original Altar Stone pit). Survey along the Avenue course identif=
ied more pits. In 1980, excavated beside the A344 and discovered a stone fl=
oor (a complete prehistoric artifact assemblage retained from the monument)=
. Pitts, M W, 1982, On the road to Stonehenge: Report on investigations bes=
ide the A344 in 1968, 1979, and 1980. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Societ=
y, 48, 75-132

1981. The Central Excavation Unit excavated in advance of the construction =
of the footpath through Stonehenge. Bond, D, 1983, An excavation at Stonehe=
nge, 1981. Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine, 77, 39-43=
.

1984. Garry Denke (and Hells Angels) seismic survey. Auger cores 1.2m (4ft)=
 below Heel Stone 96 (under lion head). Gold, silver, brass, iron, wood, bo=
ne, deteriorated concrete reconfirmed. No coal in cores. Stonehenge Free Fe=
stival. Denke, G, 1984, Magnetic and Electromagnetic Surveys at Heelstone, =
Stonehenge, United Kingdom (Indiana University of Pennsylvania). GDG, 84, 1=
-42

1990-6. A series of assessments and field evaluations in advance of the Sto=
nehenge Conservation and Management Programme. Darvill, T C, 1997, Stonehen=
ge Conservation and Management Programme: a summary of archaeological asses=
sments and field evaluations undertaken 1990-1996. London: English Heritage

1994. Wessex Archaeology. Limited Auger Survey. Cleal, R M J, Walker, K E, =
and Montague, R, 1995, Stonehenge and its landscape: twentieth-century exca=
vations (English Heritage Archaeological Report 10). London: English Herita=
ge.

2008. Timothy Darvill and Geoffrey Wainwright set out to date the construct=
ion of the Double Bluestone Circle at Stonehenge and to chart the history o=
f the Bluestones, and their use. Darvill, T, and Wainwright, G, 2008, Stone=
henge excavations 2008. The Antiquaries Journal, Volume 89, September 2009,=
 1-19 (Diary) Mike Parker Pearson, Julian Richards, and Mike Pitts further =
the excavation of 'Aubrey Hole' 7 discovered by William Hawley, 1920. Willi=
s, C, Marshall, P, McKinley, J, Pitts, M, Pollard, J, Richards, C, Richards=
, J, Thomas, J, Waldron, T, Welham, K, and Parker Pearson, M, 2016, The dea=
d of Stonehenge. Antiquity, Volume 90, Issue 350, April 2016, 337-356

2012-3. Stonehenge A344 road excavated and removed. (Diary)

2021. Garry Denke, Geologist drilled 1.2m (4ft) cores under Heel Stone 96 (=
below 4 wings of a fowl). Gold, silver, brass, iron, wood, bone, deteriorat=
ed concrete reconfirmed. Pembroke anthracite, South Wales bituminous, Brist=
ol (Somerset, Forest of Dean) sub-bituminous, and Clinker in cores. GDG, 12=
1, Plates I-VII.

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HISTORICAL TIMELINE OF CONCRETE

9600 BC Gobekli Tepe terrazzo floors (enclosure B layer III) and rectangula=
r buildings of layer II. Mesolithic to Neolithic type of concrete in Anatol=
ia (western Asia), constructed of burnt lime and clay, with aggregate.

6500 BC Nabataean geopolymer type of Stone age concrete in Syria, permanent=
 heating and cooking fire pits. Primitive form of calcining on exterior fac=
es of limestone rocks lining the fire pits.

5600 BC The earliest concrete yet discovered in Europe was developed along =
the Danube River in Yugoslavia. Stone age hunters or fishermen mixed red li=
me, sand, gravel and water.

4400 BC Stonehenge builders mixed Ancient concrete, pulverized Bluestone vo=
lcanic ash and tuff (Pozzolan) together with crushed in situ Calcium carbon=
ate (CaCO3) lime.

3000 BC Chinese used cementitious materials to hold bamboo together in thei=
r boats and in the Great Wall. The Chinese used concrete in Gansu Province =
in northwest China.

2500 BC Egyptians mixed mud with straw to bind dried bricks. Also furthered=
 the discovery of lime and gypsum mortar as a binding agent for building th=
e Pyramids.

800 BC Babylonians and Assyrians used a bitumen to bind stone and bricks. T=
his allowed them to combine both large and small stone objects together.

601 BC Stonehenge Altar of Burnt Offering (containing 7 gold relics) Topfil=
l, 0.4 metre of pulverized Bluestone (volcanic ash and tuff) aggregate and =
lime, 3.7 metre Southeast of Heel Stone (under Anatolia's olivine-rich Alta=
r Stone base).

600 BC Greeks discovered a natural Pozzolan on Santorini Island that develo=
ped hydraulic properties when mixed with lime. This made it possible to pro=
duce concrete that would harden under water, as well as in the air.

400 BC Petra (Greek, "city of rock"), also known as Sila, ancient city of A=
rabia (now southwestern Jordan). The stronghold and treasure city of the Na=
bataeans, an Arab people.

300 BC Romans used slaked lime and volcanic ash (Pozzolan), found near Pozz=
ouli, Italy by the bay of Naples. Pliny the Elder reported a mortar mixture=
 of 1 part lime to 4 parts sand. Vitruvius reported 2 parts of Pozzolan to =
1 part lime.

193 BC Porticus Aemilia made of bound stones to form concrete.

75 BC Romans use a pozzolanic, hydraulic cement to build the theater at Pom=
peii and the Roman baths. The cement was a ground mix of lime and a volcani=
c ash containing silica and alumina.

44 BC Palatine Hill (Latin: Palatium), the centermost of the 7 hills of Rom=
e, one of the most ancient parts of the city of Rome, Italy. It is some 70 =
metre high.

25 BC Ancient harbor at Caesarea, Israel built by Herod the Great.

AD 24 Stonehenge Altar of Burnt Offering (containing 7 gold relics) Backfil=
l, 1.6 metre of pulverized Bluestone (volcanic ash and tuff) aggregate and =
lime, 1.2 to 2.8 metre below Heel Stone base. Eastern bottom of Scroll Tren=
ch.

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Donna Stone