Germanic Language Of 128 Million Pdf Free

Old English is essentially a distinct language from Modern English and is v=
irtually impossible for 21st-century unstudied English-speakers to understa=
nd. Its grammar was similar to that of modern German: nouns, adjectives, pr=
onouns, and verbs had many more inflectional endings and forms, and word or=
der was much freer than in Modern English. Modern English has case forms in=
 pronouns (he, him, his) and has a few verb inflections (speak, speaks, spe=
aking, spoke, spoken), but Old English had case endings in nouns as well, a=
nd verbs had more person and number endings.[39][40][41] Its closest relati=
ve is Old Frisian, but even some centuries after the Anglo-Saxon migration,=
 Old English retained considerable mutual intelligibility with other German=
ic varieties. Even in the 9th and 10th centuries, amidst the Danelaw and ot=
her Viking invasions, there is historical evidence that Old Norse and Old E=
nglish retained considerable mutual intelligibility.[42] Theoretically, as =
late as the 900s AD, a commoner from England could hold a conversation with=
 a commoner from Scandinavia. Research continues into the details of the my=
riad tribes in peoples in England and Scandinavia and the mutual contacts b=
etween them.[42]

As of 2016[update], 400 million people spoke English as their first languag=
e, and 1.1 billion spoke it as a secondary language.[67] English is the lar=
gest language by number of speakers. English is spoken by communities on ev=
ery continent and on islands in all the major oceans.[68]

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Countries with large communities of native speakers of English (the inner c=
ircle) include Britain, the United States, Australia, Canada, Ireland, and =
New Zealand, where the majority speaks English, and South Africa, where a s=
ignificant minority speaks English. The countries with the most native Engl=
ish speakers are, in descending order, the United States (at least 231 mill=
ion),[71] the United Kingdom (60 million),[72][73][74] Canada (19 million),=
[75] Australia (at least 17 million),[76] South Africa (4.8 million),[77] I=
reland (4.2 million), and New Zealand (3.7 million).[78] In these countries=
, children of native speakers learn English from their parents, and local p=
eople who speak other languages and new immigrants learn English to communi=
cate in their neighbourhoods and workplaces.[79] The inner-circle countries=
 provide the base from which English spreads to other countries in the worl=
d.[70]

Estimates of the numbers of second language and foreign-language English sp=
eakers vary greatly from 470 million to more than 1 billion, depending on h=
ow proficiency is defined.[18] Linguist David Crystal estimates that non-na=
tive speakers now outnumber native speakers by a ratio of 3 to 1.[80] In Ka=
chru's three-circles model, the "outer circle" countries are countries such=
 as the Philippines,[81] Jamaica,[82] India, Pakistan, Singapore,[83] Malay=
sia and Nigeria[84][85] with a much smaller proportion of native speakers o=
f English but much use of English as a second language for education, gover=
nment, or domestic business, and its routine use for school instruction and=
 official interactions with the government.[86]

Those countries have millions of native speakers of dialect continua rangin=
g from an English-based creole to a more standard version of English. They =
have many more speakers of English who acquire English as they grow up thro=
ugh day-to-day use and listening to broadcasting, especially if they attend=
 schools where English is the medium of instruction. Varieties of English l=
earned by non-native speakers born to English-speaking parents may be influ=
enced, especially in their grammar, by the other languages spoken by those =
learners.[79] Most of those varieties of English include words little used =
by native speakers of English in the inner-circle countries,[79] and they m=
ay show grammatical and phonological differences from inner-circle varietie=
s as well. The standard English of the inner-circle countries is often take=
n as a norm for use of English in the outer-circle countries.[79]

Nigerian English is a dialect of English spoken in Nigeria.[297] It is base=
d on British English, but in recent years, because of influence from the Un=
ited States, some words of American English origin have made it into Nigeri=
an English. Additionally, some new words and collocations have emerged from=
 the language, which come from the need to express concepts specific to the=
 culture of the nation (e.g. senior wife). Over 150 million Nigerians speak=
 English.[298]

Japanese emigrant communities (the largest of which are to be found in Braz=
il,[13] with 1.4 million to 1.5 million Japanese immigrants and descendants=
, according to Brazilian IBGE data, more than the 1.2 million of the United=
 States[14]) sometimes employ Japanese as their primary language. Approxima=
tely 12% of Hawaii residents speak Japanese,[15] with an estimated 12.6% of=
 the population of Japanese ancestry in 2008. Japanese emigrants can also b=
e found in Peru, Argentina, Australia (especially in the eastern states), C=
anada (especially in Vancouver where 1.4% of the population has Japanese an=
cestry[16]), the United States (notably Hawaii, where 16.7% of the populati=
on has Japanese ancestry[clarification needed],[17] and California), and th=
e Philippines (particularly in Davao region and Laguna province).[18][19][2=
0]



International interest in the Japanese language dates from the 19th century=
 but has become more prevalent following Japan's economic bubble of the 198=
0s and the global popularity of Japanese popular culture (such as anime and=
 video games) since the 1990s. As of 2015, more than 3.6 million people stu=
died the language worldwide, primarily in East and Southeast Asia.[57] Near=
ly one million Chinese, 745,000 Indonesians, 556,000 South Koreans and 357,=
000 Australians studied Japanese in lower and higher educational institutio=
ns.[57] Between 2012 and 2015, considerable growth of learners originated i=
n Australia (20.5%), Thailand (34.1%), Vietnam (38.7%) and the Philippines =
(54.4%).[57]

Dutch (Nederlands [=CB=88ne=CB=90d=C9=99rl=C9=91nts] (listen)) is a West Ge=
rmanic language spoken by about 25 million people as a first language[4] an=
d 5 million as a second language. It is the third most widely spoken German=
ic language, after its close relatives German and English. Afrikaans is a s=
eparate but somewhat mutually intelligible daughter language[n 1] spoken, t=
o some degree, by at least 16 million people, mainly in South Africa and Na=
mibia,[n 2] evolving from the Cape Dutch dialects of Southern Africa. The d=
ialects used in Belgium (including Flemish) and in Suriname, meanwhile, are=
 all guided by the Dutch Language Union.

In Europe, most of the population of the Netherlands (where it is the only =
official language spoken countrywide)[5] and about 60% of the population of=
 Belgium (as one of three official languages) speak Dutch.[2][3][6][7] Outs=
ide the Low Countries, Dutch is the native language of the majority of the =
population of the South American country of Suriname, a former Dutch colony=
, where it also holds an official status, as it does in the Caribbean islan=
d countries of Aruba, Cura=C3=A7ao and Sint Maarten, which are constituent =
countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Up to half a million native sp=
eakers reside in the United States, Canada and Australia combined,[n 3] and=
 historical linguistic minorities on the verge of extinction remain in part=
s of France,[8] Germany and Indonesia.[n 4]

Brabantian is named after the historical Duchy of Brabant, which correspond=
ed mainly to the provinces of North Brabant and southern Gelderland, the Be=
lgian provinces of Antwerp and Flemish Brabant, as well as Brussels (where =
its native speakers have become a minority) and the province of Walloon Bra=
bant. Brabantian expands into small parts in the west of Limburg while its =
strong influence on the East Flemish of East Flanders and eastern Zeelandic=
 Flanders[48] weakens towards the west. In a small area in the northwest of=
 North Brabant (Willemstad), Hollandic is spoken. Conventionally, the South=
 Guelderish dialects are distinguished from Brabantian, but there are no ob=
jective criteria apart from geography to do so. Over 5 million people live =
in an area with some form of Brabantian being the predominant colloquial la=
nguage out of the area's 22 million Dutch-speakers.[49][50]

Afrikaans is the third largest language of South Africa in terms of native =
speakers (13.5%),[105] of whom 53% are Coloureds and 42.4% Whites.[106] In =
1996, 40 percent of South Africans reported to know Afrikaans at least at a=
 very basic level of communication.[107] It is the lingua franca in Namibia=
,[96][108][109] where it is spoken natively in 11 percent of households.[11=
0] In total, Afrikaans is the first language in South Africa alone of about=
 7.1 million people[105] and is estimated to be a second language for at le=
ast 10 million people worldwide,[111] compared to over 23 million[6] and 5 =
million respectively, for Dutch.[2]
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