This Day In History

+ User FidoNet address: 1:116/18
  Interesting things that have happened, and people born and died on this date 
                             Registered to Omicron Theta 
 
                               By Scott Labrecque 
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Births:  
 
04/23/1464 Johanna van Valois, Queen of France 
04/23/1464 Robert Fayrfax, composer 
04/23/1484 Julius C‘sar Scaliger, Italy, scholar (On the Subtlety of Things) 
04/23/1500 Alexander Alesius, [Aless/Alane], System theologist/physician 
04/23/1547 Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, Spanish writer (Don Quioxite) 
04/23/1564 William Shakespeare, bard (Hamlet, MacBeth, Julius C‘sar) (approx) 
04/23/1598 Maarten Harpertszoon Tromp, naval commander 
04/23/1629 John Commelin, director (Hortus Botanist Amsterdam) 
04/23/1649 Andreas Kneller, composer 
04/23/1697 George Baron Anson, British admiral/explorer 
04/23/1715 Johann Friedrich Doles, composer 
04/23/1728 Samuel Wallis, explorer (Wallis Island) 
04/23/1731 William Williams, US merchant (signed Decl of Independence) 
04/23/1735 Ildephons Haas, composer 
04/23/1747 Alexandre-Auguste Robineau, composer 
04/23/1756 Alexander Reinagle, composer 
04/23/1775 Joseph Mallord Turner, England, landscape painter (Shipwreck) 
04/23/1791 James Buchanan, Cove Gap PA, (Fed/Dem), 15th US president (1857-61) 
04/23/1791 W Friedrich Olivier, German landscape painter/cartoonist 
04/23/1803 Jules J baron d'Anethan, Belgian minister of Justice 
04/23/1809 Eugene-Prosper Prevost, composer 
04/23/1810 Thomas Wright, historian 
04/23/1812 Louis-Antoine Julien, conductor 
04/23/1813 Stephen Arnold Douglas, (Little giant), US senator (Lincoln debates)

04/23/1818 James Anthony Froude, historian 
04/23/1818 John Gill Shorter, Gov (Confederacy), died in 1872 
04/23/1821 Pierre Dupont, song writer 
04/23/1823 Abdl-Medjid, 31st sultan of Turkey (1839-61) 
04/23/1827 Johann F Ritter von Schulte, German Catholic lawyer 
04/23/1828 Albert FA, king of Saxon (1873-1902) 
04/23/1852 Edwin Markham, US, poet (1st winner of Amer Acad of Poets Award 1937

04/23/1855 Earnest L Wolzogen, German writer (stichtte cabaret šberbrettl) 
04/23/1857 Ruggero Leoncavallo, Naples Italy, composer (I Medici) 
04/23/1858 Ethel Mary Smyth, composer 
04/23/1858 Max KE Ludwig Planck, German physicist (Planck constant, Nobel 1918 
04/23/1861 Edmund Henry Hynman, 1st viscount Allenby of Megiddo/Field Marshal 
04/23/1867 Simon Abramsz, Dutch teacher 
04/23/1877 Arthur Farwell, composer 
04/23/1881 Otakar Sini, composer 
04/23/1882 Albert Coates, St Petersburg Russia, conductor/composer (Eagle) 
04/23/1882 Max [G M J] Winders Maximilien, Belgium, architect (WW II) 
04/23/1890 Donald Nichols Tweedy, composer 
04/23/1890 Marcel L'Herbier, French director/screenwriter (El Dorado) 
04/23/1891 Sergey Sergeyevich Prokofiev, Ukraine, composer (Peter & the Wolf) 
04/23/1892 Minus van Looi, [Benjamin van der Neart], Flemish writer 
04/23/1893 Frank Borzage, Salt Lake City, director (7th Heaven, Strange Cargo) 
04/23/1894 Basil Sydney, actor (Hamlet, Jassy, Simba, Farmer's Wife) 
04/23/1894 Georges Renavent, actor (Moulin Rouge, Scotland Yard, Comrade X) 
04/23/1896 Margaret Kennedy, novelist 
04/23/1897 Harold French, director (Encore)/actor 
04/23/1897 John Wengraf, actor (12 to Moon, Pride & Passion) 
04/23/1897 Lester Bowles Pearson, (L) 14th Canadian PM (1963-68) (Nobel 1957) 
04/23/1897 Lucius du Bignon Clay, US, general (WW II)/gov (West Germany) 
04/23/1898 Edwin E Dwinger, German writer (General Wlassow) 
04/23/1899 Edith Ngaio Marsh, NZ, Kiwi mystery writer (Black Beech & Honeydew) 
04/23/1899 Vladimir Nabokov, St Petersburg Russia, novelist (Lolita, Ada) 
04/23/1900 Ary Verhaar, composer 
04/23/1900 Henry Barraud, composer 
04/23/1902 Halld¢r Laxness, Iceland, novelist (Salka Valka) (Nobel 1955) 
04/23/1904 Duncan Renaldo, Spain, actor (Cisco Kid) 
04/23/1904 Leslie French, actor/singer (More than a Miracle) 
04/23/1905 Lord Carew 
04/23/1906 Marcel Hillaire, Cologne Germany, actor (Adv in Paradise) 
04/23/1906 Maria Arnoldo, [Adrianus Broeders], photographer/writer 
04/23/1907 Baroness Dudley 
04/23/1908 Herbert Telley, British actuary 
04/23/1909 Thomas Padmore, senior civil servant 
04/23/1911 Ronald Neame, director (1st Monday in Oct, Poseidon Adventure) 
04/23/1913 Jan Meyerowitz, composer 
04/23/1914 Andrew Martin, Lord-Lt (Lechestershire England) 
04/23/1914 John Hubbard, Indiana Harbor Indiana, actor (Don't Call Me Charlie) 
04/23/1914 Mitsu Suzuki, teacher of tea ceremony at SF Zen Center 
04/23/1914 Simone Simon, France, actress (All Money Can Buy, Ladies in Love) 
04/23/1915 Arnold Hall, CEO (Hawker Siddeley Group) 
04/23/1916 Bud Wilkinson, college football coach (Oklahoma) 
04/23/1917 Jacob Kistemaker, nuclear physicist (ultra centrifuge) 
04/23/1918 Anthony Craxton, British TV producer 
04/23/1918 Maurice Druon, [Kessel], French writer/journalist (Prix Goncourt) 
04/23/1919 Dorian Leigh, entertainer 
04/23/1919 Talivaldis Kenins, composer 
04/23/1920 Eric Yarrow, CEO (Clydesdale Bank) 
04/23/1920 Louis Barron, composer 
04/23/1921 Janet Blair, Altoona Pa, actress (Leave it to the Girls, Smith Famil

04/23/1921 Warren Spahn, left-handed pitcher (Boston/Milwaukee Braves) 
04/23/1922 Boy [Segundo JA] Ecury, Aruba, resistance fighter 
04/23/1922 Diarmuid Downs, auto engineer 
04/23/1923 Avram Davidson, US, sci-fi author (Hugo, Peregrine: Primus, Rork!) 
04/23/1923 James Kirkup, travel writer/poet/novelist (African in Greenland) 
04/23/1924 Arthur Frackenpohl, Irving NJ, composer (Natural Superiority of Musi

04/23/1924 Colin Welch, columnist/critic 
04/23/1924 Malcolm Anson, CEO (Wessex Water Authority) 
04/23/1926 James P Donleavy, Brooklyn, novelist (Ginger Man, Onion Eaters) 
04/23/1926 Richard Laws, Master (St Edmunds College Cambridge) 
04/23/1927 Russell Smith, composer 
04/23/1928 Bill Cotton, CEO (Noel Gay TV) 
04/23/1928 Okke Jager, theologist/writer/poet 
04/23/1928 Shirley Temple Black, Santa Monica Calif, child actress/ambassador 
04/23/1929 George Steiner, professor of English 
04/23/1930 Michael Bowen, RC Archbishop (Southwark) 
04/23/1932 Halston, [R Halston Frowick], fashion designer (1972 Hall of Fame) 
04/23/1932 Jim Fixx, jogger/writer (Jim Fixx on Running) 
04/23/1933 Roger Wittevrongel, Flemish painter 
04/23/1935 David Evans, MP 
04/23/1936 Elias, [Etienne Michiels], Flemish painter 
04/23/1936 Glen Campbell, Billstown Ar, country singer (Gavelston) 
04/23/1936 Joseph Willaert, Flemish painter 
04/23/1936 Roy Orbison, sings about his Pretty Woman (Traveling Willberries) 
04/23/1937 Victoria Glendinning, author (Edith Sitwell A Unicorn Among Lions) 
04/23/1938 Russell Hillhouse, under-sect Scottish Office 
04/23/1938 Steven D Symms, (Sen-R-ID, 1981-  ) 
04/23/1939 David Birney, Wash DC, actor (Brigette Loves Bernie, St Elsewhere) 
04/23/1939 Ray Peterson, Denton Tx, singer (Tell Laura I Love Her) 
04/23/1939 William Hagerty, editor (People) 
04/23/1940 Lee Majors, [Harvey Yeary], TV actor ($6,000,000 Man, Stunt Man) 
04/23/1940 Richard Monaco, US, sci-fi author (Grail War, Final Quest) 
04/23/1941 Ed Stewart, British DJ 
04/23/1941 Hal Daub, (Rep-R-NB, 1981-  ) 
04/23/1942 Sandra Dee, Bayonne NJ, actress (Gidget, Imitation of Life) 
04/23/1943 Carmen von Thyssen, Barcelona Spain, Baroness 
04/23/1943 Herve Villechaize, France, 'Da Plane! Da Plane!' (Fantasy Island) 
04/23/1943 Hugh Davies, composer 
04/23/1943 Tony Esposito, Ontario, NHL goalie (Chicago Blackhawks) 
04/23/1947 Bernadette Devlin McAliskey, Ireland, political activist (or 1940) 
04/23/1947 Saskia, [Trudy van den Berg], singer (S & Serge, Spinning Wheel) 
04/23/1948 Tessa Wyatt, actress (Beast in the Cellar, Wedding Night) 
04/23/1949 Blair Brown, Wash DC, actress (Altered States, Molly Dodd) 
04/23/1949 John Miles, vocal/guitar/keyboards (John Miles Band-Rebel, Zaragon) 
04/23/1949 Joyce DeWitt, Wheeling WV, actress (Janet Wood-Three's Company) 
04/23/1949 Walter Sweeney, MP 
04/23/1951 Loek M L H A Hermans, Dutch 2nd chamber member (VVD) 
04/23/1952 Lionel Johnston, Augusta Ga, actor (Sons & Daughters) 
04/23/1952 Narada, [Michael Walden], Mich, rocker (Don't Want Nobody Else) 
04/23/1952 Tony Maselli, (fictional character on 'Who's the Boss') 
04/23/1953 Fred Upton, (Rep-R-Michigan) 
04/23/1953 James Russo, actor (My Own Private Idaho, China Girl, Extremities) 
04/23/1955 Mike Smith, British DJ 
04/23/1955 Su Ingle, British TV hostess 
04/23/1955 Tony Miles, chess player 
04/23/1957 Jan Hooks, Decatur Georgia, comedienne actress (SNL, Designing Women

04/23/1958 Max Planck, physicist (Quanta Physics) 
04/23/1960 Steve Clark, rock guitarist (Def Leppard-Hysteria) 
04/23/1960 Valerie Bertinelli, Del, (1 Day at a Time, Sydney); Ms Eddie Van Hal

04/23/1964 Dan Frischman, Whippany NJ, actor (Arvid Engen-Head of the Class) 
04/23/1964 Gen, [Simon Matthews], English pop drummer (Jesus Jones-Zeroes & One

04/23/1967 Brent Muscat, rocker (Faster Pussycat-Wake Me When It's Over) 
04/23/1967 Melina Kanakaredes, Akron Ohio, actress (Eleni Andros-Guiding Light)

04/23/1968 Susan Emily Savastano, E Providence RI, Miss RI-America (1991) 
04/23/1969 Nadeem Shahid, cricketer 
04/23/1981 Lady Gabriella MAO Windsor, daughter of English prince Michael 
 
 
Deaths:  
 
04/23/  34 Christ, crucified, according to Isaac Newton 
04/23/ 303 George, knight/saint/patron of England, beheaded 
04/23/ 990 Ekkehart II, [Palatinus], monk to St-Gallen/poet 
04/23/ 997 Vojtech 'Adalbert' of Prague, 2nd bishop of Prague/apostle, dies at 

04/23/0303 George, knight of Cappadoci‰?/saint/patron of England, beheaded 
04/23/1016 Aethelbred II 'the Unready', king of England (979-1016), dies 
04/23/1416 Blaise/Blasius of Parma, Ital astrologist/philosopher/algebra, dies 
04/23/1616 Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, Spanish writer (Don Quixote), dies at 

04/23/1616 William Shakesphere, Engl author (Hamlet), dies on his 52nd birthday

04/23/1625 Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange, dies, dies at 57 
04/23/1670 Loreto Vittori, composer, dies at 69 
04/23/1695 Henry Vaughan, poet (Silex Scintillans), dies at 72 
04/23/1728 Tomas de Torrejon y Velasco, composer, dies at 83 
04/23/1732 Cajetan Kolberer, composer, dies at 64 
04/23/1740 Thomas Tickell, poet, dies 
04/23/1742 Mihael Omerza, composer, dies at 62 
04/23/1762 Johann Samuel Endler, composer, dies at 67 
04/23/1774 Christian Wilhelm Ernst Dietrich, painter, dies 
04/23/1812 Franz Sebastian Haindl, composer, dies at 85 
04/23/1827 Johanna C Wattier-Ziesenis, actress (Phaedra/Lady MacBeth), dies at 

04/23/1838 John W Janssens, gov-gen of Cape Colony/Dutch-Indies, dies at 75 
04/23/1847 Erik Gustaf Geijer, composer, dies at 64 
04/23/1850 William Wordsworth, poet, dies at 80 
04/23/1853 Auguste Laurent, chemist, dies 
04/23/1865 James Dearing, US Confederate brig-general, dies at 24 
04/23/1878 Friedrich Preller, landscape painter, dies 
04/23/1885 William Henry Holmes, composer, dies at 73 
04/23/1895 Karl Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig, physiologist, dies 
04/23/1897 Clement Harris, composer, dies at 25 
04/23/1905 Karel Komzak, composer, dies at 54 
04/23/1915 Rupert Chawner Brooke, English poet (Lithuania), dies at 27 
04/23/1918 Percy Thomson Dean, lt-commander, killed at Zeebrugge, dies 
04/23/1926 Joseph Pennell, artist/author, dies 
04/23/1929 Rudolf W Nilsen, Norwegian poet (Hverdagen), dies 
04/23/1942 Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear, pres of Argentina (1922-28), dies at 73 
04/23/1943 Fr‚deric baron d'Erlanger, French composer/banker, dies at 56 
04/23/1946 Jesus Castillo, composer, dies at 68 
04/23/1952 Elisabeth Schumann, singer, dies 
04/23/1952 Minus van Looi, [Benjamin van der Neart], Flemish writer, dies at 60

04/23/1957 William Orlamond, actor (Flesh & Devil, Words & Music), dies at 89 
04/23/1960 Tojohiko Kagawa, Japanese christian-social reformer/writer, dies 
04/23/1962 Stirling Moss, auto racer, killed while racing 
04/23/1965 Josephina J 'Fien' de la Mar, actress (Pygmalion), dies at about 67 
04/23/1969 Krzystzof Komeda, composer, dies at 37 
04/23/1970 Herb Shriner, host/humorist (Herb Shriner Show), dies at 51 
04/23/1971 William Tubman, president of Liberia, dies 
04/23/1973 Otto Eissfeldt, German old testament scholar, dies at 85 
04/23/1975 Pete Ham, rokcer (Badfinger), dies at 27 
04/23/1976 James Flavin, actor (Man With a Camera), dies at 69 
04/23/1976 Ronald Radd, actor (King Lear, Up Jumped a Swagman), dies 
04/23/1976 Shimen Ruskin, actor (Meyer-Corner Bar), dies at 68 
04/23/1980 Jane Froman, US singer (JF's USA Canteen), dies at 72 
04/23/1983 Buster Crabbe, Olympic swimmer/actor (Flash Gordon), dies at 75 
04/23/1983 Selena Royale, actress (Robot Monster), dies at 78 
04/23/1984 August 'Guus' Oster, actor/director (Carrie), dies at 68 
04/23/1985 Kent Smith, actor (Peyton Place, Invaders), dies at 78 
04/23/1985 Sam J Ervin Jr, (Sen-D-NC), dies at 88 
04/23/1986 Harold Arlen, [Hyman Arluck], US composer, murdered at 81 
04/23/1986 Otto Preminger, dir (Advise & Consent, Anatomy of Murder), dies at 7

04/23/1988 Arthur Michael, Lord Ramsey/archbishop of Canterbury, dies 
04/23/1990 Albert Salmi, actor (Love Child, Hard to Hold), dies at 62 
04/23/1990 Palmer Deane, actor, dies 
04/23/1990 Paulette Goddard, actress (Hazard), dies at 78 (or 84) in Switzerlan

04/23/1991 Peter Bailey, Graphic designer/calligrapher 
04/23/1992 Deron Johnson, 1965 NL run leader, dies of cancer at 53 
04/23/1992 Satayajit Ray, Indian director (Distant Thunder/Agantuk), dies at 70

04/23/1992 Victoria Kellem Lederma, entertainer, dies 
04/23/1993 Bertus Aafjes, poet/writer (World is a Muze), dies at 78 
04/23/1993 Lalith Athulathmudali, Sri Lankan minister, murdered at 59 
04/23/1994 Cecile Dreesmann, son of Anton Dreesmann, dies at 74 
 
 
Significant Events:  
 
04/23/1014 King Brian Boru of Ireland beats Danes at Battle of Clontarf 
04/23/1348 1st English order of knighthood founded (Order of Garter) 
04/23/1662 Connecticut chartered as an English colony 
04/23/1723 Cornelis Steenoven elected archbishop of Utrecht 
04/23/1775 Opera 'Il R‚ Pastore' is produced (Salzburg) 
04/23/1789 President George Washington moves into Franklin House, NY 
04/23/1795 William Hastings acquitted in England of high treason 
04/23/1798 Dutch emperor accepts new Constitution 
04/23/1826 Missolonghi captured by Turks 
04/23/1838 English steamship 'Great Western' crossing Atlantic docks in NYC 
04/23/1860 Dem convention in Charleston SC divided over slavery 
04/23/1861 Arkansas troops seize Ft Smith 
04/23/1861 Battle of San Antonio, TX 
04/23/1864 Battle of Cane River, LA (Red River Expedition, Monett's Ferry) 
04/23/1867 Queen Victoria & Napoleon III turn down plans for a channel tunnel 
04/23/1871 Blossom Rock in SF Bay blown up 
04/23/1878 1st Dutch test drive of steam tram 
04/23/1881 Gilbert & Sullivan's opera 'Patience' produced in London 
04/23/1883 John Heemskerk Azn forms Dutch govt 
04/23/1891 Jews are expelled from Moscow Russia 
04/23/1896 Premier of motion pictures (Koster & Bial's Music Hall, NYC) 
04/23/1896 Vitascope system of movie projection 1st demonstrated (NYC) 
04/23/1900 1st know occurrence of word 'hillbillie' (NY Journal) 
04/23/1904 American Academy of Arts & Letters forms 
04/23/1908 Denmark, Germany, Engld, France, Neth & Sweden signs North Sea accor

04/23/1910 International Exhibition opens in Brussels 
04/23/1915 ACA becomes National Advisory Council on Aeronautics (NACA) 
04/23/1918 Battle of Zeebrugge ends 
04/23/1918 Dover Patrol overthrows Germany U-boat in East Sea 
04/23/1918 National Urban League forms 
04/23/1920 Turkish Grand National Assembly 1st meets, in Ankara 
04/23/1924 British Empire Exhibition opens at Wembley 
04/23/1924 London: king George V opens British Empire Exposition 
04/23/1925 1st London performance of operetta 'Fasquita' staged 
04/23/1925 Pastor LH Perquin forms Union of Catholic Radio Workers (KRO) 
04/23/1930 H Van Gent discovers asteroids #1225 Ariane & #1267 Geertruida 
04/23/1932 Shakespeare Memorial Theatre opens at Stratford-on-Avon 
04/23/1936 M Laugier discovers asteroid #1651 Behrens 
04/23/1938 Sudeten Germans in Czechoslovakia demand self government 
04/23/1940 Dance hall fires kills 198 (Natchez Miss) 
04/23/1940 NY Yankees dedicate a plaque to Jacob Rupert 
04/23/1942 4-day allie bombing on Rostock begins 
04/23/1945 Concentration camp Flossenbrg freed 
04/23/1945 US troops in Italy cross river Po 
04/23/1946 Bkln Dodger Ed Head no-hits Boston Braves, 5-0 
04/23/1948 KSTP TV channel 5 in St Paul-Minneapolis, MN (ABC) 1st broadcast 
04/23/1949 Chinese Red army conquerors Nanjing 
04/23/1949 Courtesy mail boxes for motorists started in SF 
04/23/1949 Netherland annexes Elten & Tudderen 
04/23/1950 1st major league day game completed under lights (Phils 6, Braves 5)

04/23/1950 Detroit Red Wings beat NY Rangers 4 games to 3 for Stanley Cup 
04/23/1950 Minneapolis beats Syracuse, 4 games to 2, for NBA championship 
04/23/1950 Nationalist China evacuates Hainan Island 
04/23/1952 Oil pipeline from Kirkuk to Banias completed 
04/23/1953 KTAR (now KPNX) TV channel 12 in Phoenix, AZ (NBC) begins broadcasti

04/23/1953 WCOV TV channel 20 in Montgomery, AL (IND/CBS) begins broadcasting 
04/23/1954 Hammerin' Hank Aaron hits 1st of his 755 homers 
04/23/1954 NBA adopts 24 second shot clock rule 
04/23/1956 US Supreme court ends race segregation on buses 
04/23/1959 1st heliport in Britain opens in London 
04/23/1962 NY Mets win their 1st game ever, after going 0-9, beat Pirates 9-1 
04/23/1962 Ranger 4, 1st US satellite to reach Moon launched from Cape Canavera

04/23/1965 Launch of 1st Soviet communications satellite 
04/23/1967 Soyuz 1 launched; Vladimir Komarov becomes 1st in-flight casualty 
04/23/1968 1st decimal coins issued in Britain (5 & 10 pence) 
04/23/1968 United Methodist Church forms 
04/23/1969 Over 1000ý mi flooded in Shantung Province China 
04/23/1969 Sirhan Sirhan sentenced to death for killing Bobby Kennedy 
04/23/1971 Columbia University operations virtually end, by student strike 
04/23/1971 Soyuz 10 launched; cosmonauts become 1st in Salyut 1 space station 
04/23/1972 Apollo 16 astronauts explores Moon surface 
04/23/1976 Felix Aguilar Observatory discovers asteroid #2808 
04/23/1977 Czech chess master Vlastimil Hort plays 201 games simultaneously 
04/23/1977 Dr Allen Bussey completes 20,302 yo-yo loops 
04/23/1980 Soviet sub catches fire off Japan, 9 die 
04/23/1984 AIDS-virus identified (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) 
04/23/1985 Brooklyn College soccer team wins Nepal's invitational 
04/23/1985 C Shoemaker & E Shoemake discovers asteroid #3581 Alvarez 
04/23/1985 Flyers 5-Isles 3-Patrick Div Finals-Flyers hold 3-0 lead 
04/23/1985 New Coke debuts 
04/23/1985 P Jensen discovers asteroid #3318 Blixen 
04/23/1986 Grand Floridan Beach Resort groundbreaking 
04/23/1986 Madrid-Nelli Cooman runs world record 60m indoor (7 sec) 
04/23/1987 28 construction workers killed in an apt collapse in Bridgeport, Ct 
04/23/1987 NJ Devils farm team Maine Mariners (AHL) move to Utica (Devils) NY 
04/23/1988 A greek pedals self-powered aircraft, 74 miles 
04/23/1989 Kareem Abdul-Jabbar plays his last game as a Laker 
04/23/1989 Students in Beijing China announce class boycotts 
04/23/1991 Bjorn Borg loses 6-2, 6-3 to Jordi Arrese after 8 year lay off 
04/23/1991 USSR grants republics right to secede under certain conditions 
04/23/1992 'Shirnada' opens at Broadhurst theater on Broadway 
04/23/1992 Marion Berry (former mayor of Wash DC) let out of prison 
04/23/1993 Eritrea votes to seceed from Ethiopia 
04/23/1994 Army shoots to death 23-40 fishermen in Gonaives Haiti 
04/23/1994 Libertarian party nominates Howard Stern for Governor of NY 
  
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