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<div>Back in early July I blogged a progress report on a set of recently released dwarf growing tomatoes from our breeding project. It was a somewhat mixed bag, but mostly positive, with a few varieties succumbing to disease prior to yielding tomatoes. My final 2017 report follows.</div><div></div><div></div><div>Sweet Scarlet Dwarf - As one of my favorite of our dwarf releases, it was especially sad for me to watch the plant become diseased fairly early on (I suspect tomato spotted wilt virus), leading to complete failure. I didn't harvest a single tomato.</div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div>red dwarf season 4 download</div><div></div><div>Download Zip: https://t.co/phmQuyxWV8 </div><div></div><div></div><div>Sean's Yellow Dwarf - This bright yellow, 6-8 ounce oblate tomato did very well. It will never be my favorite flavored dwarf variety, but is very, very good, with a balanced, bright flavor that leans to the sweet side.</div><div></div><div></div><div>Coorong Pink - What a surprise! One of the highest yielding of all of this year's dwarfs, it was also the most unique, and clearly the result of an unexpected cross. The medium to medium large smooth nearly round tomatoes were colored red with jagged, speckly vertical gold areas and shoulders that hinted at anthocyanin coloring - truly odd. The flavor was excellent. This is clearly the starting point for a mini-project, and saved seed should provide quite an array of results when grown out. A friend who received another Coorong Pink seedling got the expected result - a medium to medium large, smooth, oblate pink with excellent flavor.</div><div></div><div></div><div>Barossa Fest - As expected, this heavy yielding dwarf provided small (a bit larger than golf balls) bright yellow round tomatoes with the excellent flavor that pretty much all of the Sneezy family offspring exhibit. It is a fine salad or grilling tomato, uses that take advantage of its size. They do tend to split when very ripe, so it is best to pick them at partial ripeness and let them finish indoors.</div><div></div><div></div><div>Willa's Cariboo Rose - A heavy yielder on a healthy plant, Willa provided medium sized pink fruit that were very good, yet not on the flavor level of TastyWine, another pink potato leaf dwarf. I would call it more of a sweet, mild tomato.</div><div></div><div></div><div>Dwarf Blazing Beauty - My luck with the Tipsy line just wasn't there this year - along with Sweet Scarlet Dwarf and Dwarf Orange Cream, Dwarf Blazing Beauty similarly became diseased early on and provided not a single tomato. As one of my favorite dwarfs, this was one of the rare sad stories of my 2017 garden.</div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div>Lucky Swirl - This provided another surprise for me. The relatively compact growing dwarf provided some whoppers, approaching one pound. Instead of yellow with red swirls, the fruit were pink - and the flavor stunning. Whether remaining instability or a cross, the saved seed is a starting point for the development of a superb, huge fruited pink dwarf.</div><div></div><div></div><div>Dwarf Sweet Sue - It's early demise due to tomato spotted wilt disease (no yield at all) allowed Dwarf Caitydid to thrive as it did, providing no competition for root area and nutrients. I was sad to get no tomatoes, as this is one of my very favorite dwarfs.</div><div></div><div></div><div>Dwarf Lemon Lime Heart - This isn't, and won't be, a release, as the "lime" coloring hasn't been consistent. It was one of the better performing dwarfs, providing lots of medium sized, heart shaped bright yellow tomatoes with an excellent flavor. It really should be grown side by side with our Dwarf Golden Heart release to compare, and determine if it is sufficiently distinct to continue to work with.</div><div></div><div></div><div>Sandy F2 - Sandy is a cross between Variegated and the striped dwarf Sarandipity. My single Sandy offspring shows less variegation than the Acey or Artsy plants. Fruit set was very good and the plant was healthy. The tomatoes are in the 3 ounce range, slightly oblate, smooth, and red with faint lighter stripes, giving it a mottled appearance. The flavor is very good, certainly better than either parent. Promising lead</div><div></div><div></div><div>Scotty F2 - My aim in the Scotty cross was to start to delve into some of the E. C Green varieties offered by Livingston in the early 1900s - he was the first to use Honor Bright (a very unusual variety with nearly yellow foliage, white flowers, and tomatoes that go from white to red) as a parent, crossing it with some of the dwarfs of that time to eventually create yellow foliaged dwarfs. Scotty is a cross between a weird potato leaf, yellow leaf variety I found years ago in Turkey Chomp and call Surprise, with Dwarf Scarlet Heart. The offspring of this cross should be very complex - potato and regular leaf, green and yellowish foliage.</div><div></div><div></div><div>My work on dwarf paste tomatoes - primarily the Speckly family (my cross of Speckled Roman with Dwarf Golden Heart) - is limited this year. Yet, there is good news to report. The numbers below, and further on, are my reference vial numbers that were assigned to seed sent to me by project volunteers.</div><div></div><div></div><div>Speckly selection 5716 - moderately healthy, very compact dwarf, producing 2-3 ounce paste tomatoes with a nippled end - red in color, and quite flavorful. I'd like to see better production, but it is a good lead.</div><div></div><div></div><div>I made quite a few crosses toward some great dwarf cherry tomatoes. I focused on a few from Burly (Sun Gold X Dwarf Beryl Beauty) and Steamy (Sun Gold X Dwarf Pink Passion) and one each from Reddy (Egg Yolk X Iditarod red), Zooty (Sun Gold X Tennessee Suited) and Teensy (Mexico Midget X Summertime Green); there are lots of volunteers working on these.</div><div></div><div></div><div>Teensy selection T16-41 - Healthy plant, on the tall side for a dwarf - half way between a dwarf and an indeterminate, probably due to the Mexico Midget parentage. Healthy plant with great fruit set, small cherry tomatoes that ripen chocolate brown, very good flavor, juicy. This is a promising lead and will have lots of competition from other chocolate colored selections being found in this line.</div><div></div><div></div><div>Zooty F2 - now this is a find! Nice compact dwarf; had lots of disease early (very dense plant), but that was removed and it looks fine. Fruit are small to small/medium oblate, orange with green stripes, and delicious! Since it is one of the few Sun Gold offspring showing some of the distinctive flavor, this is a top lead.</div><div></div><div></div><div>These are fun, complex lines to work with, and the goal is to create unique looking, high anthocyanin colored dwarfs with good flavor (the main high antho variety, Oregon Blue P20, simply doesn't taste very good). The two main families are Anthy (a high antho pink determinate cherry sent to be by gardening friend Marcia, crossed with our green striped plum shaped dwarf Saucy Mary), and Lampy (Oregon Blue P20 X Tennessee Suited - a cross I made while being filmed for the Growing a Greener World episode; the aim is to create a tomato for Joe Lamp'l meeting his preferences that he can name and we can work on together).</div><div></div><div></div><div>Anthy plant 4 - Clearly more of a determinate dwarf, the very compact plant produced clusters of small, egg shaped large cherry tomatoes that ripened purple with dark antho shoulders, and with a very good flavor. Promising.</div><div></div><div></div><div>Lampy line - I grew out 6 dwarf selections that showed antho shading in the seedlings. One of the 6 ripened fruit that were devoid of the antho coloring, but did have faint stripes, the final color being red with faint gold striping, with excellent yield and good flavor. The other 5 selections showed strongly antho colored shoulders, but no striping, and the ripe fruit color was deep red. One had good fruit size (6 ounce oblate), with flavor approaching excellent. I didn't find what I hoped to find (striped purple fruit with antho shoulders), but we do have a few promising leads....and it will be worth going back to the drawing board and seeing what else can be found.</div><div></div><div></div><div>Morty selection T16-184 - Last year this was a lovely potato leaf chartreuse foliaged plant with medium to large red oblate tasty tomatoes. This year the plant looks as expected - a dwarf, but on the tall side - the chartreuse color gene seems to "stretch" the plants, making dwarfs and indeterminates with that leaf color particularly lanky. The fruit were of good size - 8 ounce range - oblate, smooth and pink, with very solid, low seed content interiors and a nice balanced flavor. This is a promising lead.</div><div></div><div></div><div>Scotty plant 1 - Potato leaf dwarf with the yellowish foliage of the Surprise parent. IThe unripe fruit was white, and it slowly ripened through orange, to red. Fruit size topped out at 8 ounces, oblate and shape, with excellent flavor - very promising and unusual.</div><div></div><div></div><div>The previous three seasons in this modern-era Red Dwarf renaissance were particularly brilliant. Those were classic Red Dwarf on par with any of the best sci-fi comedy the show has ever done. This new entry Red Dwarf season 13 is a step backwards.</div><div></div><div></div><div>Red Dwarf has made this mistake before. Back in 2009 they tried to revive the show with a three-part, single-plot narrative called Back To Earth. No one liked it and so Red Dwarf went away again for a few years. Eventually they tried once more in 2012 and went back to the short 30-minute episode format for Red Dwarf X. Red Dwarf X was a success and so were the two seasons which followed it and stuck to that format.</div><div></div><div></div><div>Zoysia matrella [L.] Merr. is a widely cultivated warm-season turf grass in subtropical and tropical areas. Dwarf varieties of Z. matrella are attractive to growers because they often reduce lawn mowing frequencies. In this study, we describe a dwarf mutant of Z. matrella induced from the 60Co-γ-irradiated calluses. We conducted morphological test and physiological, biochemical and transcriptional analyses to reveal the dwarfing mechanism in the mutant. Phenotypically, the dwarf mutant showed shorter stems, wider leaves, lower canopy height, and a darker green color than the wild type (WT) control under the greenhouse conditions. Physiologically, we found that the phenotypic changes of the dwarf mutant were associated with the physiological responses in catalase, guaiacol peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, soluble protein, lignin, chlorophyll, and electric conductivity. Of the four endogenous hormones measured in leaves, both indole-3-acetic acid and abscisic acid contents were decreased in the mutant, whereas the contents of gibberellin and brassinosteroid showed no difference between the mutant and the WT control. A transcriptomic comparison between the dwarf mutant and the WT leaves revealed 360 differentially-expressed genes (DEGs), including 62 up-regulated and 298 down-regulated unigenes. The major DEGs related to auxin transportation (e.g., PIN-FORMED1) and cell wall development (i.e., CELLULOSE SYNTHASE1) and expansin homologous genes were all down-regulated, indicating their potential contribution to the phenotypic changes observed in the dwarf mutant. Overall, the results provide information to facilitate a better understanding of the dwarfing mechanism in grasses at physiological and transcript levels. In addition, the results suggest that manipulation of auxin biosynthetic pathway genes can be an effective approach for dwarfing breeding of turf grasses.</div><div></div><div> df19127ead</div>