Copperhead Download \/\/TOP\\\\

<div>The northern copperhead is a large, venomous snake found across the ea=
stern United States in terrestrial and semiaquatic habitats. This copper-co=
lored snake has an unmarked head and chestnut brown, hourglass-shaped cross=
bands along its body.</div><div></div><div></div><div>Copperheads are thick=
-bodied snakes with keeled scales. The northern copperhead has an unmarked,=
 copper-colored head and reddish-brown, coppery body with chestnut brown cr=
ossbands. The bands are mostly hourglass-shaped, with the wider portions of=
 the shape on either side of the snake's body and the narrower part of the =
shape crossing the snake's back over the tailbone.</div><div></div><div></d=
iv><div></div><div></div><div></div><div>copperhead download</div><div></di=
v><div>Download Zip: https://t.co/51yW6RZBTr </div><div></div><div></div><d=
iv>The copperhead is a pit viper and, like others pit vipers, it has heat-s=
ensitive pit organs on each side of its head between the eye and the nostri=
l. These pits detect objects that are warmer than the environment and enabl=
e copperheads to locate nocturnal, mammalian prey.</div><div></div><div></d=
iv><div>Though the copperhead is the cause of many snakebites annually, tho=
se bites are rarely fatal. They typically occur when someone accidentally t=
ouches or steps on a snake that is well camouflaged within its surroundings=
. When touched, the copperhead may quickly strike or remain quiet and try t=
o slither away.</div><div></div><div></div><div>Northern copperheads live i=
n the United States from the Florida panhandle, north to Massachusetts and =
west to Nebraska. Of the five copperhead subspecies, the northern copperhea=
d has the greatest range. It is found in northern Georgia and Alabama, nort=
h to Massachusetts and west to Illinois.</div><div></div><div></div><div>Th=
e copperhead is a carnivore. Adults eat mostly mice but also small birds, l=
izards, small snakes, amphibians and insects (especially cicadas). They are=
 primarily ambush hunters, subduing their prey with venom and swallowing it=
 whole.</div><div></div><div></div><div>When attacking large prey, the copp=
erhead bites and then releases immediately, allowing the venom to take effe=
ct and later tracking the prey. Smaller prey is usually held in the snake's=
 mouth until it dies.</div><div></div><div></div><div>Copperheads are socia=
l snakes and may hibernate in communal dens with other copperheads, as well=
 as other species of snakes, such as timber rattlesnakes and black rat snak=
es. They tend to return to the same den year after year.</div><div></div><d=
iv></div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div>The eastern coppe=
rhead (Agkistrodon contortrix),[3] also known simply as the copperhead, is =
a species of venomous snake, a pit viper, endemic to eastern North America;=
 it is a member of the subfamily Crotalinae in the family Viperidae.</div><=
div></div><div></div><div>In most of North America, it favors deciduous for=
est and mixed woodlands. It may occupy rock outcroppings and ledges, but is=
 also found in low-lying, swampy regions. During the winter, it hibernates =
in dens or limestone crevices, often together with timber rattlesnakes and =
black rat snakes.[4] The eastern copperhead is known to feed on a wide vari=
ety of prey, including invertebrates (primarily arthropods) and vertebrates=
. Like most pit vipers, the eastern copperhead is generally an ambush preda=
tor; it takes up a promising position and waits for suitable prey to arrive=
.</div><div></div><div></div><div>The eastern copperhead is found in North =
America; its range within the United States is in Alabama, Arkansas, Connec=
ticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentuck=
y, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New=
 Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Caro=
lina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia. In Mexico, it occurs i=
n Chihuahua and Coahuila. The type locality is "Carolina". Schmidt (1953) p=
roposed the type locality be restricted to "Charleston, South Carolina".[2]=
</div><div></div><div></div><div>Unlike some other species of North America=
n pit vipers, such as the timber rattlesnake and massasauga, the copperhead=
 has mostly not re-established itself north of the terminal moraine after t=
he last glacial period (the Wisconsin glaciation),[19] though it is found i=
n southeastern New York and southern New England, north of the Wisconsin gl=
aciation terminal moraine on Long Island.</div><div></div><div></div><div>E=
astern copperheads breed in late summer, but not every year; sometimes, fem=
ales produce young for several years running, then do not breed at all for =
a time. They give birth to live young, each of which is about 20 cm (8 in) =
in total length. The typical litter size is four to seven, but as few as on=
e, or as many as 20 may be seen. Their size apart, the young are similar to=
 the adults, but lighter in color, and with a yellowish-green-marked tip to=
 the tail, which is used to lure lizards and frogs.</div><div></div><div></=
div><div>Although venomous, eastern copperheads are generally not aggressiv=
e and bites are rarely fatal.[32] Copperhead venom has an estimated lethal =
dose around 100 mg, and tests on mice show its potency is among the lowest =
of all pit vipers, and slightly weaker than that of its close relative, the=
 cottonmouth.[33] Copperheads often employ a "warning bite" when stepped on=
 or agitated and inject a relatively small amount of venom, if any at all. =
"Dry bites" involving no venom are particularly common with the copperhead,=
 though all pit vipers are capable of a dry bite.[34] Pit vipers that are d=
ead are still dangerous and capable of producing venom in amounts that nece=
ssitate the use of antivenom.[35]</div><div></div><div></div><div>The venom=
 of the southern copperhead has been found to hold a protein called "contor=
trostatin" that halts the growth of cancer cells in mice and also stops the=
 migration of the tumors to other sites.[37] However, this is an animal mod=
el, and further testing is required to verify safety and efficacy in humans=
.[38]</div><div></div><div></div><div>The antivenom CroFab is used to treat=
 copperhead envenomations that demonstrate localized or systemic reactions =
to the venom. As many copperhead bites can be dry (no envenomation), CroFab=
 is not given in the absence of a reaction (such as swelling) due to the ri=
sk of complications of an allergic reaction to the treatment.[39] The antiv=
enom can cause an immune reaction called serum sickness. Pain management, t=
etanus immunization, laboratory evaluation, and medical supervision in the =
case of complications are additional courses of action.[40] In 2002, an Ill=
inois poison control center report on the availability of antivenom stated =
it used 1 Acp to 5 Acp depending on the symptoms and circumstances. Antiven=
om use however may not be necessary in the majority of cases, A study that =
analyzed 88 copperhead bite victims reported that all the victims survived =
and none required antivenom.[41]</div><div></div><div></div><div>Range and =
Habitat: Copperheads range throughout the eastern and central United States=
 but are absent from most of Florida and south-central Georgia. Although co=
pperheads are found in forested areas throughout most of South Carolina and=
 Georgia, their habitat preferences change across our region. In the mounta=
ins, copperheads are most common on dry rocky hillsides and sometimes den c=
ommunally with timber rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus) on open, south-facin=
g hillsides. In the Coastal Plain copperheads are most abundant in lowland =
hardwood forest and swamp margins. Copperheads are quite tolerant of habita=
t alteration and remain common in suburban areas of many large cities.</div=
><div></div><div></div><div>Conservation Status: Copperheads are locally ab=
undant and are not listed at the state, federal, or heritage level. However=
, in many parts of their range they are killed by humans and many fall vict=
im to road mortality. At the edges of their range copperheads are of conser=
vation concern and are protected in Iowa, Massachusetts, and New Jersey.</d=
iv><div></div><div></div><div>These snakes get their name, fittingly, from =
their copper-red heads, according to the biology department at Pennsylvania=
 State University. Some other snakes are referred to as copperheads, which =
is a common (nonscientific) name. Water moccasins (cottonmouths), radiated =
rat snakes, Australian copperheads and sharp-nosed pit vipers are all somet=
imes called copperheads, but these are different species from the North Ame=
rican copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix).</div><div></div><div></div><div>=
Copperheads are medium-size snakes, averaging between 2 and 3 feet (0.6 to =
0.9 meters) in length. According to the Smithsonian National Zoological Par=
k, female copperheads are longer than males; however, males possess proport=
ionally longer tails.</div><div></div><div></div><div>In contrast to its pa=
tterned body, the snake's coppery-brown head lacks such adornments, "except=
 for a pair of tiny dark dots usually present on top of the head," said Bea=
ne. He described copperheads' bellies as "whitish, yellowish or a light bro=
wnish, stippled or mottled, with brown, gray or blackish, often large, pair=
ed dark spots or smudges along sides of [its] belly."</div><div></div><div>=
</div><div>Copperheads bite more people in most years than any other U.S. s=
pecies of snake, according to the North Carolina State University Cooperati=
ve Extension Service. Fortunately, copperhead venom is not very potent.</di=
v><div></div><div></div><div>Unlike most venomous snakes, copperheads give =
no warning signs and strike almost immediately if they feel threatened. Cop=
perheads have hemotoxic venom, said Beane, which means that a copperhead bi=
te "often results in temporary tissue damage in the immediate area of bite.=
" Their bite may be painful but is "very rarely (almost never) fatal to hum=
ans." Children, the elderly and people with compromised immune systems may =
have strong reactions to the venom, however, and anyone who is bitten by a =
copperhead should seek medical attention.</div><div></div><div></div><div>T=
here are five subspecies of copperhead distributed according to geographic =
range: the northern, northwestern, southern and two southwestern subspecies=
. According to the Smithsonian National Zoological Park, the northern coppe=
rhead has by far the largest range, from Alabama to Massachusetts and Illin=
ois.</div><div></div><div></div><div>According to Beane, copperheads are ha=
ppy in "an extremely wide range of habitats," though usually "at least some=
 semblance of woods or forest habitat is present." They are "particularly f=
ond of ecotones," which are transition areas between two ecological communi=
ties. They like rocky, wooded areas, mountains, thickets near streams, dese=
rt oases, canyons and other natural environments, according to Penn State; =
Beane added that they like "almost any habitat with both sunlight and cover=
."</div><div></div><div> df19127ead</div>