[lkb] Coordination in LKB
Nidhi Sharma <[email protected]> Fri, 20 Aug 2010 16:11:04 +0530
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Dear All
I am a research scholar, working on Agreement and Coordination in Hindi. I
have looked at some interesting agreement patterns and I am trying to
impement them using LKB. I am struggling to get the facts implemented and
going through a difficult stage in my research. I look forward to your
expertise in the field and would be really grateful if you provide some
support and directions. I understand that my mail would require some of you=
r
precious time however, I will be really indebted to you if you could help m=
e
as you all are experts in the field and I'm sure your guidance will get me
through my work.
First, I would like to summarise the coordination facts in Hindi below :
Hindi Coordinate noun phrases differ in their agreement strategies between
the predicate and its argument depending on the nature of the conjunct head
noun i.e. animate/inanimate
With regard to agreement between a predicate and coordinate noun phrase,
although Hindi exhibits the widely attested =93resolution agreement strateg=
y=94,
it also uses a less familiar =93Closest Conjunct Agreement (CCA)=94. There =
are
basically three different agreement patterns listed below:
When two animate nouns are conjoined, the verb takes the masculine default
form is any one of the conjuncts is masculine
When two animate nouns are conjoined, the verb take the feminine plural for=
m
is both the conjuncts are feminine.
When two nonanimate nouns are combined, the verb agrees with the rightmost
conjunct in both its number and gender features.
Also, agreement between a pronominal adjective and a Coordinate noun phras=
e
is always CCA for both number and gender.
Next, I propose the following analyses
HPSG based analyses (to be implemented in LKB)
ANALYSIS I
This analysis is a modification of the one proposed in
Villavicencio, Aline, Louisa Sadler, and Doug Arnold. 2005. An HPSG Account
of Closest Conjunct Agreement in NP Coordination in Portuguese. In Stefan
M=A8uller (ed.), Proceedings of the HPSG05 Conference,Stanford, CA. CSLI
Publications: http://www-csli.stanford.edu/publications.
This analysis involves the introduction of new features LAGR and RAGR which
contain agreement information about the left and right conjunct. So, all
lexical nouns, adjectives and determiners have the feature LAGR and RAGR in
addition to CONCORD. Also, in a non coordinate structure LAGR, RAGR and
CONCORD will have the same value. The values of LAGR and RAGR will travel u=
p
to the mother i.e. coordinate NP, and the CONCORD will be structure shared
with RAGR in case of CCA and it gets a default masc pl in case of resolved
agreement. Also, when both LAGR and RAGR are fempl (feminine plural) at nou=
n
level, the NP has a CONCORD fempl.
I propose to implement the same with following steps:
Steps:
1. First, we propose to introduce two subtypes of nominal-coordinate-phrase
(which is itself a subtype of coordinate phrase): one for animate coordinat=
e
phrases i.e. animate-n-coord-ph and one for nonanimate coordinate phrases
i.e. nonanimate-n-coord-ph . As resolved gender agreement is seen only in
the case of animate coordinate phrases, we introduce two subtypes of
animate-n-coord-ph i.e. animate-n-coord-ph-m for phrases that resolve to
masculine and animate-n-coord-ph-f that resolve to feminine.
The above subtypes will satisfy the constraint that
a coordinate structure is feminine if all the conjuncts are feminine and it
is masculine, if a single conjunct is masculine.
2. Then, we introduce the features LAGR and RAGR, which store agreement
information about the leftmost and rightmost conjuncts. LAGR contains
information about the leftmost conjunct and RAGR contains information about
the rightmost conjunct. The feature CONCORD is used to contain resolved
agreement information.
So, any lexical noun, adjective or determiner will have these head features
and their values will be passed up.
We will mention both NUM and GEND values for LAGR, RAGR and CONCORD as the
rules need to look into the actual values
3. We will have to constrain NUM value of the CONCORD to be plural for
animate-n-coord-ph
4. We need to constrain the rules in such a manner, that if any of the
conjuncts has GEND masculine, the CONCORD| GENDER for the coordinate phrase
is masculine and if both the conjuncts are GEND fem, the CONCORD value for
Coordinate phrase is CONCORD|GEND feminine.
5. For animate nouns, we will have to define both NUM and GEND values for
LAGR, RAGR and CONCORD. Then a rule needs to be written will require the
CONCORD|NUM and CONCORD| GEND for the coordinate phrase to be the same as
(shared with) RAGR| NUM and RAGR| GEND.
6. For agreement between adjectives and nouns, I suppose CONCORD|NUM and
CONCORD| GEND will be shared with the values of RAGR.
ANALYSIS II
This analysis is focused more on implementing using the LKB system
The Steps to be followed are:
I will create a new HEAD feature FORM with its values as animate and
inanimate. This feature will be defined for nouns.
I want to rewrite the NP coordination rules in the following manner
RULE 1
NP coordination rule for inanimate nouns
It basically states that the AGR (Agreement) value of the coordinate NP is
token identical with that of the right conjunct
NP [ AGR #agr1 ] ------=E0 N [AGR # agr1 ] and N [ AGR agr2]
(Coordinate np) (Left conjunct) (Righ=
t
conjunct)
The feature AGR gives the NUM(BER) and GEN(DER) information.
The constraint states that when two (inanimate nouns) are combined; the AGR
value of the NP comes from the right conjunct.
RULE 2: NP coordination rule for animate nouns -1
It basically states that if either of the conjuncts is GENDER masculine, th=
e
coordinate NP gets the AGR [masc plural].
NP [ AGR [ NUM pl N [AGR[ GEND masc] ] &
N[AGR agr]
GEND masc] ] =E0
OR
NP [ AGR [ NUM pl N [AGR[ agr] ] &
N[AGR[GEND masc]
GEND masc] ] =E0
So, if either of the conjuncts is masculine, the NP is by default masculine
plural. NUM can be left unspecified for the conjunct nouns.
RULE 3: NP coordination rule for animate nouns -2
It basically states that if both the conjuncts are GENDER feminine, the
coordinate NP gets the AGR [feminine plural].
NP [ AGR [ NUM pl N [AGR[GEND fem] ] & N[AGR[GEND
fem ]
GEND fem] ] =E0
Also, the rules will have to be constrained so that they combine only nouns
with the following features :
SYNSEM. LOCAL. CAT. HEAD [ FORM animate]
Or
SYNSEM. LOCAL. CAT. HEAD [ FORM inanimate]
So far we have not looked at a combination of animate and inanimate nouns.
My Questions:
1) In order to implement the first analysis I would have to define LAGR,
RAGR and CONCORD as subtypes of INDEX, or then specify NUM and GEND feature=
s
on all of them. Later changes need to be made to the rules.
I=92m afraid this would lead to redundancy and also, does the customization
page (the system) allow us to create subtypes of INDEX.
2) The second analysis requires constraining the rules as stated. When
writing phrasal rules, can we write values instead of just sharing of the
values because our data needs the rules to look into the NUM and GEND value
and not just structure sharing. How do I constrain animacy/nonanimacy in th=
e
NP coordination rule?
Please share your knowlege and expertise in the field and suggest me with
some directions and/or solutions to the above problems.
Your help is greatly appreciated
Thank you in advance
Awaiting your response
Regards
Nidhi
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Dear All<br>=A0<br>I am a research scholar, working on Agreement and Coordi=
nation in Hindi. I have looked at some interesting agreement patterns and I=
am trying to impement them using LKB.=A0 I am struggling to get the facts =
implemented and going through a difficult stage in my research. I look forw=
ard to your expertise in the field and would be really grateful if you prov=
ide some support and directions. I understand that my mail would require so=
me of your precious time however, I will be really indebted to you if you c=
ould help me as you all are experts in the field and I'm sure your guid=
ance will get me through my work. <br>
=A0<br>First, I would like to summarise the coordination facts in Hindi bel=
ow : <br>=A0<br>Hindi Coordinate noun phrases differ in their agreement str=
ategies between the predicate and its argument depending on the nature of t=
he conjunct head noun i.e. animate/inanimate <br>
With regard to agreement between a predicate and coordinate noun phrase, al=
though Hindi exhibits the widely attested =93resolution agreement strategy=
=94, it also uses a less familiar =93Closest Conjunct Agreement (CCA)=94. T=
here are basically three different agreement patterns listed below:<br>
=A0<br>When two animate nouns are conjoined, the verb takes the masculine d=
efault form is any one of the conjuncts is masculine<br>When two animate no=
uns are conjoined, the verb take the feminine plural form is both the conju=
ncts are feminine. <br>
When two nonanimate nouns are combined, the verb agrees with the rightmost =
conjunct in both its number and gender features. <br>=A0Also, agreement bet=
ween a pronominal adjective and a Coordinate noun phrase is always CCA for =
both number and gender.<br>
=A0<br>Next, I propose the following analyses<br>=A0<br>HPSG based analyses=
(to be implemented in LKB) <br>=A0<br>ANALYSIS I <br>=A0<br>This analysis =
is a modification of the one proposed in <br>=A0<br>Villavicencio, Aline, L=
ouisa Sadler, and Doug Arnold. 2005. An HPSG Account of Closest Conjunct Ag=
reement in NP Coordination in Portuguese. In Stefan M=A8uller (ed.), Procee=
dings of the HPSG05 Conference,Stanford, CA. CSLI Publications: <a href=3D"=
http://www-csli.stanford.edu/publications">http://www-csli.stanford.edu/pub=
lications</a>.<br>
=A0<br>This analysis involves the introduction of new features LAGR and RAG=
R which contain agreement information about the left and right conjunct. So=
, all lexical nouns, adjectives and determiners have the feature LAGR and R=
AGR in addition to CONCORD. Also, in a non coordinate structure LAGR, RAGR =
and CONCORD will have the same value. The values of LAGR and RAGR will trav=
el up to the mother i.e. coordinate NP, and the CONCORD will be structure s=
hared with RAGR in case of CCA and it gets a default masc pl in case of res=
olved agreement. Also, when both LAGR and RAGR are fempl (feminine plural) =
at noun level, the NP has a CONCORD fempl. <br>
=A0<br>I propose to implement the same with following steps:<br>=A0<br>Step=
s: <br>=A0<br>1. First, we propose to introduce two subtypes of nominal-coo=
rdinate-phrase (which is itself a subtype of coordinate phrase): one for an=
imate coordinate phrases i.e. animate-n-coord-ph=A0 and one for nonanimate =
coordinate phrases i.e. nonanimate-n-coord-ph . As resolved gender agreemen=
t is seen only in the case of animate coordinate phrases, we introduce two =
subtypes of animate-n-coord-ph i.e. animate-n-coord-ph-m for phrases that r=
esolve to masculine and animate-n-coord-ph-f that resolve to feminine. <br>
=A0The above subtypes will satisfy the constraint that <br>=A0<br>a coordin=
ate structure is feminine if all the conjuncts are feminine and it is mascu=
line, if a single conjunct is masculine.<br>=A0<br>2. Then, we introduce th=
e features LAGR and RAGR, which store agreement information about the leftm=
ost and rightmost conjuncts. LAGR contains information about the leftmost c=
onjunct and RAGR contains information about the rightmost conjunct. The fea=
ture CONCORD is used to contain resolved agreement information.<br>
=A0<br>So, any lexical noun, adjective or determiner will have these head f=
eatures and their values will be passed up. <br>=A0<br>We will mention both=
NUM and GEND values for LAGR, RAGR and CONCORD as the rules need to look i=
nto the actual values <br>
=A0<br>3. We will have to constrain NUM value of the CONCORD to be plural f=
or animate-n-coord-ph <br>=A0<br>4. We need to constrain the rules in such =
a manner, that if any of the conjuncts has GEND masculine, the CONCORD| GEN=
DER for the coordinate phrase is masculine and if both the conjuncts are GE=
ND fem, the CONCORD value for Coordinate phrase is CONCORD|GEND feminine. <=
br>
=A0<br>5. For animate nouns, we will have to define both NUM and GEND value=
s for LAGR, RAGR and CONCORD. Then a rule needs to be written will require =
the CONCORD|NUM and CONCORD| GEND for the coordinate phrase to be the same =
as (shared with) RAGR| NUM and RAGR| GEND. <br>
=A0<br>6. For agreement between adjectives and nouns, I suppose CONCORD|NUM=
and CONCORD| GEND will be shared with the values of RAGR.<br>=A0<br>=A0ANA=
LYSIS II<br>=A0<br>This analysis is focused more on implementing using the =
LKB system <br>
=A0<br>The Steps to be followed are:<br>=A0<br>I will create a new HEAD fea=
ture FORM with its values as animate and inanimate.=A0 This feature will be=
defined for nouns. <br>I want to rewrite the NP coordination rules in the =
following manner <br>
=A0RULE 1<br>NP coordination rule for inanimate nouns <br>=A0<br>It basical=
ly states that the AGR (Agreement) value of the coordinate NP is token iden=
tical with that of the right conjunct <br>=A0<br>=A0NP [ AGR=A0 #agr1 ] ---=
---=E0=A0=A0 N=A0 [AGR=A0 # agr1 ]=A0=A0 and=A0=A0 N [=A0 AGR=A0=A0=A0 agr2=
]=A0 <br>
=A0<br>(Coordinate np)=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=
=A0=A0 (Left conjunct)=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=
=A0=A0 (Right conjunct) <br>=A0 <br>The feature AGR gives the NUM(BER) and =
GEN(DER) information. <br>=A0<br>The constraint states that when two (inani=
mate nouns) are combined; the AGR value of the NP comes from the right conj=
unct. <br>
=A0<br>RULE 2: NP coordination rule for animate nouns -1 <br>=A0<br>It basi=
cally states that if either of the conjuncts is GENDER masculine, the coord=
inate NP gets the AGR [masc plural]. <br>=A0<br>NP=A0=A0 [=A0 AGR=A0 [=A0 N=
UM=A0=A0=A0 pl=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=
=A0=A0 N [AGR[=A0 GEND=A0 masc] ]=A0=A0 &=A0 N[AGR=A0=A0 agr]<br>
=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=
GEND=A0=A0 masc]=A0 ]=A0=A0=A0 =E0=A0=A0=A0 <br>=A0<br>=A0<br>=A0=A0=A0=A0=
=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=
=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 OR=
<br>=A0<br>NP=A0=A0 [=A0 AGR=A0 [=A0 NUM=A0=A0=A0 pl=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=
=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 N [AGR[=A0 agr] ]=A0=A0 &=
=A0 N[AGR[GEND=A0 masc]<br>
=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=
GEND=A0=A0 masc]=A0 ]=A0=A0=A0 =E0=A0=A0=A0 <br>=A0<br>=A0<br>So, if eithe=
r of the conjuncts is masculine, the NP is by default masculine plural. NUM=
can be left unspecified for the conjunct nouns. <br>=A0<br>RULE 3: NP coor=
dination rule for animate nouns -2<br>
=A0<br>It basically states that if both the conjuncts are GENDER feminine, =
the coordinate NP gets the AGR [feminine plural]. <br>=A0<br>NP=A0=A0 [ AGR=
[=A0 NUM=A0=A0=A0 pl=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 N =
[AGR[GEND=A0 fem] ]=A0 & N[AGR[GEND fem=A0 ]<br>
=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 GEND=A0=
=A0 fem]=A0 ]=A0=A0=A0 =E0 <br>Also, the rules will have to be constrained =
so that they combine only nouns with the following=A0 features :<br>=A0<br>=
SYNSEM. LOCAL. CAT. HEAD [ FORM=A0 animate] <br>=A0<br>Or <br>=A0<br>
SYNSEM. LOCAL. CAT. HEAD [ FORM=A0 inanimate] <br>=A0<br>So far we have not=
looked at a combination of animate and inanimate nouns. <br>=A0<br>My Ques=
tions:=A0 <br>=A0<br>1) In order to implement the first analysis I would ha=
ve to define LAGR, RAGR and CONCORD as subtypes of INDEX, or then specify N=
UM and GEND features on all of them. Later changes need to be made to the r=
ules. <br>
=A0<br>I=92m afraid this would lead to redundancy and also, does the custom=
ization page (the system) allow us to create subtypes of INDEX. <br>=A0<br>=
2)=A0 The second analysis requires constraining the rules as stated.=A0 Whe=
n writing phrasal rules, can we write values instead of just sharing of the=
values because our data needs the rules to look into the NUM and GEND valu=
e and not just structure sharing. How do I constrain animacy/nonanimacy in =
the NP coordination rule?<br>
=A0<br>Please share your knowlege and expertise in the field and suggest me=
with some directions and/or solutions to the above problems. <br>=A0<br>Yo=
ur help is greatly appreciated <br>=A0<br>Thank you in advance <br>=A0<br>A=
waiting your response<br>
=A0<br>Regards <br>=A0<br>Nidhi=20
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