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Hello,=20
=20
I am using the bits of integer value to represent digital input status. I k=
now I can use set or res to update one by one bit, is it possible to update=
multi bits at one time? For example, I save bit 4-7 in one integer value, =
then I would like to copy this to the same bits in another integer.
=20
Regards,
=20
=20
Yang
=20
From: [email protected] [mailto:[email protected]]=20
Sent: September 11, 2017 2:10 PM
To: [email protected]
Subject: Re: [rabbit-semi] Question for xalloc
=20
=20=20
When you call xalloc(), it reserves a portion of xmem for your use. If you=
go beyond the length of your allocation, you=E2=80=99ll overwrite somethin=
g else in memory which will likely result in a crash at some point. Maybe =
you=E2=80=99re OK right now because nothing else is making use of that spac=
e, but you should fix your code to request the correct amount of space to s=
ave yourself headaches with future debugging!
=20
The Rabbit doesn=E2=80=99t have a memory manager in place to throw a segmen=
tation fault when you go outside of the requested memory range.
=20
The =E2=80=9Csz=E2=80=9D parameter to xalloc() is the amount of space to re=
serve. In the _xalloc() call, you pass a pointer to a long with your desir=
ed allocation, and it will update that value with the actual amount of spac=
e reserved (which may be slightly larger than what you asked for).
=20
Bottom line: If you ask for 512 bytes, don=E2=80=99t try to write past that=
512-byte boundary.
=20
-Tom
=20
On Sep 8, 2017, at 1:59 PM, 'Yang Hong' [email protected] <mailto:yang@om=
niverter.com> [rabbit-semi] <[email protected] <mailto:rabbit-se=
[email protected]> > wrote:
=20
=20
Hello,
=20
I am using xalloc to get a block of memory for my data, my data is structur=
e with many variables, roughly about 512 word, so after I read manual of xa=
lloc, I should set 512x2 bytes memory for those data, but when I try to set=
512 as memory size, I still can save those data without any problem, I wou=
ld like to know why? And also I don=E2=80=99t understand sz explanation in =
the help below.=20
=20
=20
SYNTAX: long xalloc(long sz);
=20
DESCRIPTION: Allocates memory in extended memory. If xalloc() fails,
a run-time error will occur. This is a wrapper function for _xalloc(),
for backwards compatibility. It is the same as
_xalloc(&sz, 1, XALLOC_MAYBBB)
except that the actual allocated amount is not returned since the parameter
is not a pointer. The returned address is always even (word) aligned.
=20
NOTE: xalloc is not thread safe, since it accesses a global static structur=
e
with no locking.
=20
PARAMETER1: sz: The number of bytes to allocate. This is rounded up
to the next higher even number. ( what does it mean?)
=20
RETURN VALUE: The 20-bit physical address of the allocated data.
=20
KEYWORDS: xalloc, premain
=20
=20
=20
YANG HONG
Application Engineer/Technical Support
Omniverter Inc.
3075 14th Avenue
Unit #13
Markham, Ontario
L3R 0G9 Canada
Tel: 416 849 2299
Direct: 647 874 1505
USA: 440 290 4499
Fax: 416 849 2298
Web: www.omniverter.com <http://www.omniverter.com/>=20
=20
=20
=20
=20
=20
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<span style=3D"display:none"> </span>
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<p><div class=3D"WordSection1"><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"=
font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;">Hello, <o></o=
></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-fam=
ily:"Calibri",sans-serif;"><o> </o></span></p><p class=3D"Ms=
oNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sa=
ns-serif;">I am using the bits of integer value to represent digital input =
status. I know I can use set or res to update one by one bit, is it possibl=
e to update multi bits at one time? For example, I save bit 4-7 in one inte=
ger value, then I would like to copy this to the same bits in another integ=
er.<o></o></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt=
;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;"><o> </o></span></p><p cl=
ass=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri=
",sans-serif;">Regards,<o></o></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span =
style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;"><o>&=
nbsp;</o></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;=
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;"><o> </o></span></p><p cla=
ss=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri&=
quot;,sans-serif;">Yang<o></o></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=
=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;"><o> =
</o></span></p><div><div style=3D"border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.=
0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm;"><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><b><span lang=3D"EN-US" style=3D"f=
ont-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;">From:</span></=
b><span lang=3D"EN-US" style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri&=
quot;,sans-serif;"> [email protected] [mailto:rabbit-semi@yahoogr=
oups.com] <br><b>Sent:</b> September 11, 2017 2:10 PM<br><b>To:</b> rabbit-=
[email protected]<br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [rabbit-semi] Question for xall=
oc<o></o></span></p></div></div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><o> </o></p><p =
class=3D"MsoNormal"> <o></o></p><div id=3D"ygrp-mlmsg"><div id=3D"ygr=
p-msg"><div id=3D"ygrp-text"><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">When you call xall=
oc(), it reserves a portion of xmem for your use. If you go beyond th=
e length of your allocation, you=E2=80=99ll overwrite something else in mem=
ory which will likely result in a crash at some point. Maybe you=E2=
=80=99re OK right now because nothing else is making use of that space, but=
you should fix your code to request the correct amount of space to save yo=
urself headaches with future debugging!<o></o></p></div><div><p class=3D"Ms=
oNormal"><o> </o></p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">The Rabbit does=
n=E2=80=99t have a memory manager in place to throw a segmentation fault wh=
en you go outside of the requested memory range.<o></o></p></div><div><p cl=
ass=3D"MsoNormal"><o> </o></p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">The =
=E2=80=9Csz=E2=80=9D parameter to xalloc() is the amount of space to reserv=
e. In the _xalloc() call, you pass a pointer to a long with your desi=
red allocation, and it will update that value with the actual amount of spa=
ce reserved (which may be slightly larger than what you asked for).<o></o><=
/p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><o> </o></p></div><div><p class=
=3D"MsoNormal">Bottom line: If you ask for 512 bytes, don=E2=80=99t try to =
write past that 512-byte boundary.<o></o></p></div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><=
o> </o></p><div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:9=
.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black;">-Tom<o></o>=
</span></p></div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:9.0pt;font=
-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black;"><br><br></span><o></=
o></p></div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><o> </o></p><div><blockquote style=
=3D"margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;"><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">On S=
ep 8, 2017, at 1:59 PM, 'Yang Hong' <a href=3D"mailto:[email protected]">=
[email protected]</a> [rabbit-semi] <<a href=3D"mailto:rabbit-semi@yah=
oogroups.com">[email protected]</a>> wrote:<o></o></p></div><p=
class=3D"MsoNormal"><o> </o></p><div><div id=3D"ygrp-mlmsg"><div id=
=3D"ygrp-msg"><div id=3D"ygrp-text"><div style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><p=
class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Geor=
gia",serif;"><o> </o></span></p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"=
style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-famil=
y:"Calibri",sans-serif;">Hello,</span><span style=3D"font-size:10=
.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;"><o></o></span></p><p class=3D"=
MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;=
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;"> </span><span style=3D"fo=
nt-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;"><o></o></span></p><p=
class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span style=3D"font-si=
ze:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;">I am using xalloc to=
get a block of memory for my data, my data is structure with many variable=
s, roughly about 512 word, so after I read manual of xalloc, I should set 5=
12x2 bytes memory for those data, but when I try to set 512 as memory size,=
I still can save those data without any problem, I would like to know why?=
And also I don=E2=80=99t understand sz explanation in the help below.<span=
class=3D"apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style=3D"font-si=
ze:10.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;"><o></o></span></p><p clas=
s=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span style=3D"font-size:11=
.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;"> </span><span style=
=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;"><o></o></span>=
</p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span style=3D"f=
ont-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;"> </span><=
span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;"><o><=
/o></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span =
style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;">SYNT=
AX: long xalloc(long sz);</span><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family=
:"Georgia",serif;"><o></o></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=
=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quo=
t;Calibri",sans-serif;"> </span><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;f=
ont-family:"Georgia",serif;"><o></o></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNor=
mal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-f=
amily:"Calibri",sans-serif;">DESCRIPTION: Allocates memory in ext=
ended memory. If xalloc() fails,</span><span style=3D"font-size:10.0p=
t;font-family:"Georgia",serif;"><o></o></span></p><p class=3D"Mso=
Normal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;fon=
t-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;">a run-time error will occur. =
; This is a wrapper function for _xalloc(),</span><span style=3D"font-size:=
10.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;"><o></o></span></p><p class=
=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span style=3D"font-size:11.=
0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;">for backwards compatibilit=
y. It is the same as</span><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-famil=
y:"Georgia",serif;"><o></o></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" styl=
e=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&qu=
ot;Calibri",sans-serif;"> _xalloc(&sz, 1, XALLOC_MAYBBB)</sp=
an><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;">=
<o></o></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><s=
pan style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;">=
except that the actual allocated amount is not returned since the parameter=
</span><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",seri=
f;"><o></o></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;=
"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-seri=
f;">is not a pointer. The returned address is always even (word) alig=
ned.</span><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",=
serif;"><o></o></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12.=
0pt;"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-=
serif;"> </span><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Geor=
gia",serif;"><o></o></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-=
bottom:12.0pt;"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri&q=
uot;,sans-serif;">NOTE: xalloc is not thread safe, since it accesses a glob=
al static structure</span><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"=
;Georgia",serif;"><o></o></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"ma=
rgin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cali=
bri",sans-serif;">with no locking.</span><span style=3D"font-size:10.0=
pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;"><o></o></span></p><p class=3D"Ms=
oNormal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;fo=
nt-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;"> </span><span style=3D"font=
-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;"><o></o></span></p><p c=
lass=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span style=3D"font-size=
:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;">PARAMETER1: sz:<span c=
lass=3D"apple-converted-space"> </span><span style=3D"color:red;">The =
number of bytes to allocate. This is rounded up</span></span><span st=
yle=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;"><o></o></sp=
an></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span style=
=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:red;"=
>to the next higher even number. ( what does it mean?)</span><span style=3D=
"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;"><o></o></span></p=
><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span style=3D"font=
-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;"> </span><spa=
n style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;"><o></o>=
</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span sty=
le=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;">RETURN =
VALUE: The 20-bit physical address of the allocated data.</span><span style=
=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;"><o></o></span>=
</p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span style=3D"f=
ont-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;"> </span><=
span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;"><o><=
/o></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span =
style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;">KEYW=
ORDS: xalloc, premain</span><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&qu=
ot;Georgia",serif;"><o></o></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"=
margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca=
libri",sans-serif;"> </span><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-=
family:"Georgia",serif;"><o></o></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"=
style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-famil=
y:"Calibri",sans-serif;"> </span><span style=3D"font-size:10=
.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;"><o></o></span></p><p class=3D"=
MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;=
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;"> </span><span style=3D"fo=
nt-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;"><o></o></span></p><p=
class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span style=3D"font-si=
ze:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#0070C0;">YANG H=
ONG</span><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",s=
erif;"><o></o></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0=
pt;"><i><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",san=
s-serif;color:#0070C0;">Application Engineer/Technical Support</span></i><s=
pan style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;"><o></=
o></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><i><spa=
n style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;colo=
r:#0070C0;">Omniverter Inc.</span></i><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-=
family:"Georgia",serif;"><o></o></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"=
style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><i><span style=3D"font-size:9.0pt;font-fam=
ily:"Verdana",sans-serif;color:#0070C0;">3075 14<sup>th</sup><spa=
n class=3D"apple-converted-space"> </span>Avenue</span></i><span style=
=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;"><o></o></span>=
</p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><i><span style=
=3D"font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif;color:#0070C=
0;">Unit #13<br>Markham, Ontario<br>L3R 0G9 Canada</span></i><span style=3D=
"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;"><o></o></span></p=
><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><i><span style=3D"f=
ont-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif;color:#0070C0;">T=
el: 416 849 2299</span></i><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quo=
t;Georgia",serif;"><o></o></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"m=
argin-bottom:12.0pt;"><i><span style=3D"font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"V=
erdana",sans-serif;color:#0070C0;">Direct: 647 874 1505<br>USA: 440 29=
0 4499<br>Fax: 416 849 2298</span></i><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-=
family:"Georgia",serif;"><o></o></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"=
style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><i><span style=3D"font-size:9.0pt;font-fam=
ily:"Verdana",sans-serif;color:#0070C0;">Web:<span class=3D"apple=
-converted-space"> </span><a href=3D"http://www.omniverter.com/">www.o=
mniverter.com</a></span></i><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&qu=
ot;Georgia",serif;"><o></o></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"=
margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca=
libri",sans-serif;"> </span><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-=
family:"Georgia",serif;"><o></o></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"=
style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-famil=
y:"Calibri",sans-serif;"> </span><span style=3D"font-size:10=
.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;"><o></o></span></p><p class=3D"=
MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;=
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;"> </span><span style=3D"fo=
nt-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;"><o></o></span></p></=
div><div style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=
=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;"><o> </o><=
/span></p></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote></div><p class=3D"MsoN=
ormal"><o> </o></p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"co=
lor:white;"><o></o></span></p></div></div></div></div></p>
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<hr style=3D"height:2px ; border-width:0; color:#E3E3E3; background=
-color:#E3E3E3;">
Posted by: "Yang Hong" <[email protected]> =
<hr style=3D"height:2px ; border-width:0; color:#E3E3E3; background-color:=
#E3E3E3;">
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