bits read or write

"'Yang Hong' [email protected] [rabbit-semi]" <[email protected]> Tue, 3 Oct 2017 16:06:53 -0400
Newsgroups gmane.comp.hardware.rabbit-semiconductor
Organization Omniverter Inc.
Message-ID <[email protected]>
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Hello,=20

=20

I am using the bits of integer value to represent digital input status. I k=
now I can use set or res to update one by one bit, is it possible to update=
 multi bits at one time? For example, I save bit 4-7 in one integer value, =
then I would like to copy this to the same bits in another integer.

=20

Regards,

=20

=20

Yang

=20

From: [email protected] [mailto:[email protected]]=20
Sent: September 11, 2017 2:10 PM
To: [email protected]
Subject: Re: [rabbit-semi] Question for xalloc

=20

=20=20

When you call xalloc(), it reserves a portion of xmem for your use.  If you=
 go beyond the length of your allocation, you=E2=80=99ll overwrite somethin=
g else in memory which will likely result in a crash at some point.  Maybe =
you=E2=80=99re OK right now because nothing else is making use of that spac=
e, but you should fix your code to request the correct amount of space to s=
ave yourself headaches with future debugging!

=20

The Rabbit doesn=E2=80=99t have a memory manager in place to throw a segmen=
tation fault when you go outside of the requested memory range.

=20

The =E2=80=9Csz=E2=80=9D parameter to xalloc() is the amount of space to re=
serve.  In the _xalloc() call, you pass a pointer to a long with your desir=
ed allocation, and it will update that value with the actual amount of spac=
e reserved (which may be slightly larger than what you asked for).

=20

Bottom line: If you ask for 512 bytes, don=E2=80=99t try to write past that=
 512-byte boundary.

=20

-Tom





=20

On Sep 8, 2017, at 1:59 PM, 'Yang Hong' [email protected] <mailto:yang@om=
niverter.com>  [rabbit-semi] <[email protected] <mailto:rabbit-se=
[email protected]> > wrote:

=20

=20

Hello,

=20

I am using xalloc to get a block of memory for my data, my data is structur=
e with many variables, roughly about 512 word, so after I read manual of xa=
lloc, I should set 512x2 bytes memory for those data, but when I try to set=
 512 as memory size, I still can save those data without any problem, I wou=
ld like to know why? And also I don=E2=80=99t understand sz explanation in =
the help below.=20

=20

=20

SYNTAX: long xalloc(long sz);

=20

DESCRIPTION: Allocates memory in extended memory.  If xalloc() fails,

a run-time error will occur.  This is a wrapper function for _xalloc(),

for backwards compatibility.  It is the same as

  _xalloc(&sz, 1, XALLOC_MAYBBB)

except that the actual allocated amount is not returned since the parameter

is not a pointer.  The returned address is always even (word) aligned.

=20

NOTE: xalloc is not thread safe, since it accesses a global static structur=
e

with no locking.

=20

PARAMETER1: sz: The number of bytes to allocate.  This is rounded up

to the next higher even number. ( what does it mean?)

=20

RETURN VALUE: The 20-bit physical address of the allocated data.

=20

KEYWORDS: xalloc, premain

=20

=20

=20

YANG HONG

Application Engineer/Technical Support

Omniverter Inc.

3075 14th Avenue

Unit #13
Markham, Ontario
L3R 0G9 Canada

Tel: 416 849 2299

Direct: 647 874 1505
USA: 440 290 4499
Fax: 416 849 2298

Web: www.omniverter.com <http://www.omniverter.com/>=20

=20

=20

=20

=20

=20




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      <p><div class=3D"WordSection1"><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"=
font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;">Hello, <o></o=
></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-fam=
ily:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;"><o>&nbsp;</o></span></p><p class=3D"Ms=
oNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sa=
ns-serif;">I am using the bits of integer value to represent digital input =
status. I know I can use set or res to update one by one bit, is it possibl=
e to update multi bits at one time? For example, I save bit 4-7 in one inte=
ger value, then I would like to copy this to the same bits in another integ=
er.<o></o></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt=
;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;"><o>&nbsp;</o></span></p><p cl=
ass=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri=
&quot;,sans-serif;">Regards,<o></o></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span =
style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;"><o>&=
nbsp;</o></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;=
font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;"><o>&nbsp;</o></span></p><p cla=
ss=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&=
quot;,sans-serif;">Yang<o></o></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=
=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;"><o>&nbsp;=
</o></span></p><div><div style=3D"border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.=
0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm;"><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><b><span lang=3D"EN-US" style=3D"f=
ont-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;">From:</span></=
b><span lang=3D"EN-US" style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&=
quot;,sans-serif;"> [email protected] [mailto:rabbit-semi@yahoogr=
oups.com] <br><b>Sent:</b> September 11, 2017 2:10 PM<br><b>To:</b> rabbit-=
[email protected]<br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [rabbit-semi] Question for xall=
oc<o></o></span></p></div></div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><o>&nbsp;</o></p><p =
class=3D"MsoNormal">&nbsp; <o></o></p><div id=3D"ygrp-mlmsg"><div id=3D"ygr=
p-msg"><div id=3D"ygrp-text"><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">When you call xall=
oc(), it reserves a portion of xmem for your use. &nbsp;If you go beyond th=
e length of your allocation, you=E2=80=99ll overwrite something else in mem=
ory which will likely result in a crash at some point. &nbsp;Maybe you=E2=
=80=99re OK right now because nothing else is making use of that space, but=
 you should fix your code to request the correct amount of space to save yo=
urself headaches with future debugging!<o></o></p></div><div><p class=3D"Ms=
oNormal"><o>&nbsp;</o></p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">The Rabbit does=
n=E2=80=99t have a memory manager in place to throw a segmentation fault wh=
en you go outside of the requested memory range.<o></o></p></div><div><p cl=
ass=3D"MsoNormal"><o>&nbsp;</o></p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">The =
=E2=80=9Csz=E2=80=9D parameter to xalloc() is the amount of space to reserv=
e. &nbsp;In the _xalloc() call, you pass a pointer to a long with your desi=
red allocation, and it will update that value with the actual amount of spa=
ce reserved (which may be slightly larger than what you asked for).<o></o><=
/p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><o>&nbsp;</o></p></div><div><p class=
=3D"MsoNormal">Bottom line: If you ask for 512 bytes, don=E2=80=99t try to =
write past that 512-byte boundary.<o></o></p></div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><=
o>&nbsp;</o></p><div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:9=
.0pt;font-family:&quot;Helvetica&quot;,sans-serif;color:black;">-Tom<o></o>=
</span></p></div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:9.0pt;font=
-family:&quot;Helvetica&quot;,sans-serif;color:black;"><br><br></span><o></=
o></p></div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><o>&nbsp;</o></p><div><blockquote style=
=3D"margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;"><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">On S=
ep 8, 2017, at 1:59 PM, 'Yang Hong' <a href=3D"mailto:[email protected]">=
[email protected]</a> [rabbit-semi] &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:rabbit-semi@yah=
oogroups.com">[email protected]</a>&gt; wrote:<o></o></p></div><p=
 class=3D"MsoNormal"><o>&nbsp;</o></p><div><div id=3D"ygrp-mlmsg"><div id=
=3D"ygrp-msg"><div id=3D"ygrp-text"><div style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><p=
 class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Geor=
gia&quot;,serif;"><o>&nbsp;</o></span></p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"=
 style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-famil=
y:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;">Hello,</span><span style=3D"font-size:10=
.0pt;font-family:&quot;Georgia&quot;,serif;"><o></o></span></p><p class=3D"=
MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;=
font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;">&nbsp;</span><span style=3D"fo=
nt-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Georgia&quot;,serif;"><o></o></span></p><p=
 class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span style=3D"font-si=
ze:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;">I am using xalloc to=
 get a block of memory for my data, my data is structure with many variable=
s, roughly about 512 word, so after I read manual of xalloc, I should set 5=
12x2 bytes memory for those data, but when I try to set 512 as memory size,=
 I still can save those data without any problem, I would like to know why?=
 And also I don=E2=80=99t understand sz explanation in the help below.<span=
 class=3D"apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span></span><span style=3D"font-si=
ze:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Georgia&quot;,serif;"><o></o></span></p><p clas=
s=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span style=3D"font-size:11=
.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;">&nbsp;</span><span style=
=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Georgia&quot;,serif;"><o></o></span>=
</p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span style=3D"f=
ont-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;">&nbsp;</span><=
span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Georgia&quot;,serif;"><o><=
/o></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span =
style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;">SYNT=
AX: long xalloc(long sz);</span><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family=
:&quot;Georgia&quot;,serif;"><o></o></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=
=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quo=
t;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;">&nbsp;</span><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;f=
ont-family:&quot;Georgia&quot;,serif;"><o></o></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNor=
mal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-f=
amily:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;">DESCRIPTION: Allocates memory in ext=
ended memory.&nbsp; If xalloc() fails,</span><span style=3D"font-size:10.0p=
t;font-family:&quot;Georgia&quot;,serif;"><o></o></span></p><p class=3D"Mso=
Normal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;fon=
t-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;">a run-time error will occur.&nbsp=
; This is a wrapper function for _xalloc(),</span><span style=3D"font-size:=
10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Georgia&quot;,serif;"><o></o></span></p><p class=
=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span style=3D"font-size:11.=
0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;">for backwards compatibilit=
y.&nbsp; It is the same as</span><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-famil=
y:&quot;Georgia&quot;,serif;"><o></o></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" styl=
e=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&qu=
ot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;">&nbsp; _xalloc(&amp;sz, 1, XALLOC_MAYBBB)</sp=
an><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Georgia&quot;,serif;">=
<o></o></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><s=
pan style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;">=
except that the actual allocated amount is not returned since the parameter=
</span><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Georgia&quot;,seri=
f;"><o></o></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;=
"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-seri=
f;">is not a pointer.&nbsp; The returned address is always even (word) alig=
ned.</span><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Georgia&quot;,=
serif;"><o></o></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12.=
0pt;"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-=
serif;">&nbsp;</span><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Geor=
gia&quot;,serif;"><o></o></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-=
bottom:12.0pt;"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&q=
uot;,sans-serif;">NOTE: xalloc is not thread safe, since it accesses a glob=
al static structure</span><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot=
;Georgia&quot;,serif;"><o></o></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"ma=
rgin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Cali=
bri&quot;,sans-serif;">with no locking.</span><span style=3D"font-size:10.0=
pt;font-family:&quot;Georgia&quot;,serif;"><o></o></span></p><p class=3D"Ms=
oNormal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;fo=
nt-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;">&nbsp;</span><span style=3D"font=
-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Georgia&quot;,serif;"><o></o></span></p><p c=
lass=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span style=3D"font-size=
:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;">PARAMETER1: sz:<span c=
lass=3D"apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><span style=3D"color:red;">The =
number of bytes to allocate.&nbsp; This is rounded up</span></span><span st=
yle=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Georgia&quot;,serif;"><o></o></sp=
an></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span style=
=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;color:red;"=
>to the next higher even number. ( what does it mean?)</span><span style=3D=
"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Georgia&quot;,serif;"><o></o></span></p=
><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span style=3D"font=
-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;">&nbsp;</span><spa=
n style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Georgia&quot;,serif;"><o></o>=
</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span sty=
le=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;">RETURN =
VALUE: The 20-bit physical address of the allocated data.</span><span style=
=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Georgia&quot;,serif;"><o></o></span>=
</p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span style=3D"f=
ont-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;">&nbsp;</span><=
span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Georgia&quot;,serif;"><o><=
/o></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span =
style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;">KEYW=
ORDS: xalloc, premain</span><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&qu=
ot;Georgia&quot;,serif;"><o></o></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"=
margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Ca=
libri&quot;,sans-serif;">&nbsp;</span><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-=
family:&quot;Georgia&quot;,serif;"><o></o></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"=
 style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-famil=
y:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;">&nbsp;</span><span style=3D"font-size:10=
.0pt;font-family:&quot;Georgia&quot;,serif;"><o></o></span></p><p class=3D"=
MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;=
font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;">&nbsp;</span><span style=3D"fo=
nt-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Georgia&quot;,serif;"><o></o></span></p><p=
 class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span style=3D"font-si=
ze:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;color:#0070C0;">YANG H=
ONG</span><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Georgia&quot;,s=
erif;"><o></o></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0=
pt;"><i><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,san=
s-serif;color:#0070C0;">Application Engineer/Technical Support</span></i><s=
pan style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Georgia&quot;,serif;"><o></=
o></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><i><spa=
n style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;colo=
r:#0070C0;">Omniverter Inc.</span></i><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-=
family:&quot;Georgia&quot;,serif;"><o></o></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"=
 style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><i><span style=3D"font-size:9.0pt;font-fam=
ily:&quot;Verdana&quot;,sans-serif;color:#0070C0;">3075 14<sup>th</sup><spa=
n class=3D"apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>Avenue</span></i><span style=
=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Georgia&quot;,serif;"><o></o></span>=
</p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><i><span style=
=3D"font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,sans-serif;color:#0070C=
0;">Unit #13<br>Markham, Ontario<br>L3R 0G9 Canada</span></i><span style=3D=
"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Georgia&quot;,serif;"><o></o></span></p=
><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><i><span style=3D"f=
ont-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,sans-serif;color:#0070C0;">T=
el: 416 849 2299</span></i><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quo=
t;Georgia&quot;,serif;"><o></o></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"m=
argin-bottom:12.0pt;"><i><span style=3D"font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;V=
erdana&quot;,sans-serif;color:#0070C0;">Direct: 647 874 1505<br>USA: 440 29=
0 4499<br>Fax: 416 849 2298</span></i><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-=
family:&quot;Georgia&quot;,serif;"><o></o></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"=
 style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><i><span style=3D"font-size:9.0pt;font-fam=
ily:&quot;Verdana&quot;,sans-serif;color:#0070C0;">Web:<span class=3D"apple=
-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href=3D"http://www.omniverter.com/">www.o=
mniverter.com</a></span></i><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&qu=
ot;Georgia&quot;,serif;"><o></o></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"=
margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Ca=
libri&quot;,sans-serif;">&nbsp;</span><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-=
family:&quot;Georgia&quot;,serif;"><o></o></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"=
 style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-famil=
y:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;">&nbsp;</span><span style=3D"font-size:10=
.0pt;font-family:&quot;Georgia&quot;,serif;"><o></o></span></p><p class=3D"=
MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;=
font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;">&nbsp;</span><span style=3D"fo=
nt-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Georgia&quot;,serif;"><o></o></span></p></=
div><div style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=
=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Georgia&quot;,serif;"><o>&nbsp;</o><=
/span></p></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote></div><p class=3D"MsoN=
ormal"><o>&nbsp;</o></p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"co=
lor:white;"><o></o></span></p></div></div></div></div></p>

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