Re: Axiom musings...

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Axiom's SPAD code compiles to Common Lisp.
The AKCL version of Common Lisp compiles to C.
Three languages and 2 compilers is a lot to maintain.
Further, there are very few people able to write SPAD
and even fewer people able to maintain it.

I've decided that the SANE version of Axiom will be
implemented in pure Common Lisp. I've outlined Axiom's
category / type hierarchy in the Common Lisp Object
System (CLOS). I am now experimenting with re-writing
the functions into Common Lisp.

This will have several long-term effects. It simplifies
the implementation issues. SPAD code blocks a lot of
actions and optimizations that Common Lisp provides.
The Common Lisp language has many more people
who can read, modify, and maintain code. It provides for
interoperability with other Common Lisp projects with
no effort. Common Lisp is an international standard
which ensures that the code will continue to run.

The input / output mathematics will remain the same.
Indeed, with the new generalizations for first-class
dependent types it will be more general.

This is a big change, similar to eliminating BOOT code
and moving to Literate Programming. This will provide a
better platform for future research work. Current research
is focused on merging Axiom's computer algebra mathematics
with Lean's proof language. The goal is to create a system for
 "computational mathematics".

Research is the whole point of Axiom.

Tim



On Sat, Jan 22, 2022 at 9:16 PM Tim Daly <[email protected]> wrote:

> I can't stress enough how important it is to listen to Hamming's talk
> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Da1zDuOPkMSw
>
> Axiom will begin to die the day I stop working on it.
>
> However, proving Axiom correct "down to the metal", is fundamental.
> It will merge computer algebra and logic, spawning years of new
> research.
>
> Work on fundamental problems.
>
> Tim
>
>
> On Thu, Dec 30, 2021 at 6:46 PM Tim Daly <[email protected]> wrote:
>
>> One of the interesting questions when obtaining a result
>> is "what functions were called and what was their return value?"
>> Otherwise known as the "show your work" idea.
>>
>> There is an idea called the "writer monad" [0], usually
>> implemented to facilitate logging. We can exploit this
>> idea to provide "show your work" capability. Each function
>> can provide this information inside the monad enabling the
>> question to be answered at any time.
>>
>> For those unfamiliar with the monad idea, the best explanation
>> I've found is this video [1].
>>
>> Tim
>>
>> [0] Deriving the writer monad from first principles
>> https://williamyaoh.com/posts/2020-07-26-deriving-writer-monad.html
>>
>> [1] The Absolute Best Intro to Monads for Software Engineers
>> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3DC2w45qRc3aU
>>
>> On Mon, Dec 13, 2021 at 12:30 AM Tim Daly <[email protected]> wrote:
>>
>>> ...(snip)...
>>>
>>> Common Lisp has an "open compiler". That allows the ability
>>> to deeply modify compiler behavior using compiler macros
>>> and macros in general. CLOS takes advantage of this to add
>>> typed behavior into the compiler in a way that ALLOWS strict
>>> typing such as found in constructive type theory and ML.
>>> Judgments, ala Crary, are front-and-center.
>>>
>>> Whether you USE the discipline afforded is the real question.
>>>
>>> Indeed, the Axiom research struggle is essentially one of how
>>> to have a disciplined use of first-class dependent types. The
>>> struggle raises issues of, for example, compiling a dependent
>>> type whose argument is recursive in the compiled type. Since
>>> the new type is first-class it can be constructed at what you
>>> improperly call "run-time". However, it appears that the recursive
>>> type may have to call the compiler at each recursion to generate
>>> the next step since in some cases it cannot generate "closed code".
>>>
>>> I am embedding proofs (in LEAN language) into the type
>>> hierarchy so that theorems, which depend on the type hierarchy,
>>> are correctly inherited. The compiler has to check the proofs of
>>> functions
>>> at compile time using these. Hacking up nonsense just won't cut it. Thi=
nk
>>> of the problem of embedding LEAN proofs in ML or ML in LEAN.
>>> (Actually, Jeremy Avigad might find that research interesting.)
>>>
>>> So Matrix(3,3,Float) has inverses (assuming Float is a
>>> field (cough)). The type inherits this theorem and proofs of
>>> functions can use this. But Matrix(3,4,Integer) does not have
>>> inverses so the proofs cannot use this. The type hierarchy has
>>> to ensure that the proper theorems get inherited.
>>>
>>> Making proof technology work at compile time is hard.
>>> (Worse yet, LEAN is a moving target. Sigh.)
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>> On Thu, Nov 25, 2021 at 9:43 AM Tim Daly <[email protected]> wrote:
>>>
>>>>
>>>> As you know I've been re-architecting Axiom to use first class
>>>> dependent types and proving the algorithms correct. For example,
>>>> the GCD of natural numbers or the GCD of polynomials.
>>>>
>>>> The idea involves "boxing up" the proof with the algorithm (aka
>>>> proof carrying code) in the ELF file (under a crypto hash so it
>>>> can't be changed).
>>>>
>>>> Once the code is running on the CPU, the proof is run in parallel
>>>> on the field programmable gate array (FPGA). Intel data center
>>>> servers have CPUs with built-in FPGAs these days.
>>>>
>>>> There is a bit of a disconnect, though. The GCD code is compiled
>>>> machine code but the proof is LEAN-level.
>>>>
>>>> What would be ideal is if the compiler not only compiled the GCD
>>>> code to machine code, it also compiled the proof to "machine code".
>>>> That is, for each machine instruction, the FPGA proof checker
>>>> would ensure that the proof was not violated at the individual
>>>> instruction level.
>>>>
>>>> What does it mean to "compile a proof to the machine code level"?
>>>>
>>>> The Milawa effort (Myre14.pdf) does incremental proofs in layers.
>>>> To quote from the article [0]:
>>>>
>>>>    We begin with a simple proof checker, call it A, which is short
>>>>    enough to verify by the ``social process'' of mathematics -- and
>>>>   more recently with a theorem prover for a more expressive logic.
>>>>
>>>>    We then develop a series of increasingly powerful proof checkers,
>>>>   call the B, C, D, and so on. We show each of these programs only
>>>>    accepts the same formulas as A, using A to verify B, and B to verif=
y
>>>>    C, and so on. Then, since we trust A, and A says B is trustworthy, =
we
>>>>    can trust B. Then, since we trust B, and B says C is trustworthy, w=
e
>>>>    can trust C.
>>>>
>>>> This gives a technique for "compiling the proof" down the the machine
>>>> code level. Ideally, the compiler would have judgments for each step o=
f
>>>> the compilation so that each compile step has a justification. I don't
>>>> know of any compiler that does this yet. (References welcome).
>>>>
>>>> At the machine code level, there are techniques that would allow
>>>> the FPGA proof to "step in sequence" with the executing code.
>>>> Some work has been done on using "Hoare Logic for Realistically
>>>> Modelled Machine Code" (paper attached, Myre07a.pdf),
>>>> "Decompilation into Logic -- Improved (Myre12a.pdf).
>>>>
>>>> So the game is to construct a GCD over some type (Nats, Polys, etc.
>>>> Axiom has 22), compile the dependent type GCD to machine code.
>>>> In parallel, the proof of the code is compiled to machine code. The
>>>> pair is sent to the CPU/FPGA and, while the algorithm runs, the FPGA
>>>> ensures the proof is not violated, instruction by instruction.
>>>>
>>>> (I'm ignoring machine architecture issues such pipelining, out-of-orde=
r,
>>>> branch prediction, and other machine-level things to ponder. I'm looki=
ng
>>>> at the RISC-V Verilog details by various people to understand better b=
ut
>>>> it is still a "misty fog" for me.)
>>>>
>>>> The result is proven code "down to the metal".
>>>>
>>>> Tim
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> [0]
>>>> https://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/moore/acl2/manuals/current/manual/inde=
x-seo.php/ACL2____MILAWA
>>>>
>>>> On Thu, Nov 25, 2021 at 6:05 AM Tim Daly <[email protected]> wrote:
>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>> As you know I've been re-architecting Axiom to use first class
>>>>> dependent types and proving the algorithms correct. For example,
>>>>> the GCD of natural numbers or the GCD of polynomials.
>>>>>
>>>>> The idea involves "boxing up" the proof with the algorithm (aka
>>>>> proof carrying code) in the ELF file (under a crypto hash so it
>>>>> can't be changed).
>>>>>
>>>>> Once the code is running on the CPU, the proof is run in parallel
>>>>> on the field programmable gate array (FPGA). Intel data center
>>>>> servers have CPUs with built-in FPGAs these days.
>>>>>
>>>>> There is a bit of a disconnect, though. The GCD code is compiled
>>>>> machine code but the proof is LEAN-level.
>>>>>
>>>>> What would be ideal is if the compiler not only compiled the GCD
>>>>> code to machine code, it also compiled the proof to "machine code".
>>>>> That is, for each machine instruction, the FPGA proof checker
>>>>> would ensure that the proof was not violated at the individual
>>>>> instruction level.
>>>>>
>>>>> What does it mean to "compile a proof to the machine code level"?
>>>>>
>>>>> The Milawa effort (Myre14.pdf) does incremental proofs in layers.
>>>>> To quote from the article [0]:
>>>>>
>>>>>    We begin with a simple proof checker, call it A, which is short
>>>>>    enough to verify by the ``social process'' of mathematics -- and
>>>>>   more recently with a theorem prover for a more expressive logic.
>>>>>
>>>>>    We then develop a series of increasingly powerful proof checkers,
>>>>>   call the B, C, D, and so on. We show each of these programs only
>>>>>    accepts the same formulas as A, using A to verify B, and B to veri=
fy
>>>>>    C, and so on. Then, since we trust A, and A says B is trustworthy,
>>>>> we
>>>>>    can trust B. Then, since we trust B, and B says C is trustworthy, =
we
>>>>>    can trust C.
>>>>>
>>>>> This gives a technique for "compiling the proof" down the the machine
>>>>> code level. Ideally, the compiler would have judgments for each step =
of
>>>>> the compilation so that each compile step has a justification. I don'=
t
>>>>> know of any compiler that does this yet. (References welcome).
>>>>>
>>>>> At the machine code level, there are techniques that would allow
>>>>> the FPGA proof to "step in sequence" with the executing code.
>>>>> Some work has been done on using "Hoare Logic for Realistically
>>>>> Modelled Machine Code" (paper attached, Myre07a.pdf),
>>>>> "Decompilation into Logic -- Improved (Myre12a.pdf).
>>>>>
>>>>> So the game is to construct a GCD over some type (Nats, Polys, etc.
>>>>> Axiom has 22), compile the dependent type GCD to machine code.
>>>>> In parallel, the proof of the code is compiled to machine code. The
>>>>> pair is sent to the CPU/FPGA and, while the algorithm runs, the FPGA
>>>>> ensures the proof is not violated, instruction by instruction.
>>>>>
>>>>> (I'm ignoring machine architecture issues such pipelining,
>>>>> out-of-order,
>>>>> branch prediction, and other machine-level things to ponder. I'm
>>>>> looking
>>>>> at the RISC-V Verilog details by various people to understand better
>>>>> but
>>>>> it is still a "misty fog" for me.)
>>>>>
>>>>> The result is proven code "down to the metal".
>>>>>
>>>>> Tim
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>> [0]
>>>>> https://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/moore/acl2/manuals/current/manual/ind=
ex-seo.php/ACL2____MILAWA
>>>>>
>>>>> On Sat, Nov 13, 2021 at 5:28 PM Tim Daly <[email protected]> wrote:
>>>>>
>>>>>> Full support for general, first-class dependent types requires
>>>>>> some changes to the Axiom design. That implies some language
>>>>>> design questions.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Given that mathematics is such a general subject with a lot of
>>>>>> "local" notation and ideas (witness logical judgment notation)
>>>>>> careful thought is needed to design a language that is able to
>>>>>> handle a wide range.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Normally language design is a two-level process. The language
>>>>>> designer creates a language and then an implementation. Various
>>>>>> design choices affect the final language.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> There is "The Metaobject Protocol" (MOP)
>>>>>>
>>>>>> https://www.amazon.com/Art-Metaobject-Protocol-Gregor-Kiczales/dp/02=
62610744
>>>>>> which encourages a three-level process. The language designer
>>>>>> works at a Metalevel to design a family of languages, then the
>>>>>> language specializations, then the implementation. A MOP design
>>>>>> allows the language user to optimize the language to their problem.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> A simple paper on the subject is "Metaobject Protocols"
>>>>>> https://users.cs.duke.edu/~vahdat/ps/mop.pdf
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Tim
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> On Mon, Oct 25, 2021 at 7:42 PM Tim Daly <[email protected]> wrote:
>>>>>>
>>>>>>> I have a separate thread of research on Self-Replicating Systems
>>>>>>> (ref: Kinematics of Self Reproducing Machines
>>>>>>> http://www.molecularassembler.com/KSRM.htm)
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> which led to watching "Strange Dreams of Stranger Loops" by Will By=
rd
>>>>>>> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3DAffW-7ika0E
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Will referenced a PhD Thesis by Jon Doyle
>>>>>>> "A Model for Deliberation, Action, and Introspection"
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> I also read the thesis by J.C.G. Sturdy
>>>>>>> "A Lisp through the Looking Glass"
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Self-replication requires the ability to manipulate your own
>>>>>>> representation in such a way that changes to that representation
>>>>>>> will change behavior.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> This leads to two thoughts in the SANE research.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> First, "Declarative Representation". That is, most of the things
>>>>>>> about the representation should be declarative rather than
>>>>>>> procedural. Applying this idea as much as possible makes it
>>>>>>> easier to understand and manipulate.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Second, "Explicit Call Stack". Function calls form an implicit
>>>>>>> call stack. This can usually be displayed in a running lisp system.
>>>>>>> However, having the call stack explicitly available would mean
>>>>>>> that a system could "introspect" at the first-class level.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> These two ideas would make it easy, for example, to let the
>>>>>>> system "show the work". One of the normal complaints is that
>>>>>>> a system presents an answer but there is no way to know how
>>>>>>> that answer was derived. These two ideas make it possible to
>>>>>>> understand, display, and even post-answer manipulate
>>>>>>> the intermediate steps.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Having the intermediate steps also allows proofs to be
>>>>>>> inserted in a step-by-step fashion. This aids the effort to
>>>>>>> have proofs run in parallel with computation at the hardware
>>>>>>> level.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Tim
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> On Thu, Oct 21, 2021 at 9:50 AM Tim Daly <[email protected]> wrote=
:
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> So the current struggle involves the categories in Axiom.
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> The categories and domains constructed using categories
>>>>>>>> are dependent types. When are dependent types "equal"?
>>>>>>>> Well, hummmm, that depends on the arguments to the
>>>>>>>> constructor.
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> But in order to decide(?) equality we have to evaluate
>>>>>>>> the arguments (which themselves can be dependent types).
>>>>>>>> Indeed, we may, and in general, we must evaluate the
>>>>>>>> arguments at compile time (well, "construction time" as
>>>>>>>> there isn't really a compiler / interpreter separation anymore.)
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> That raises the question of what "equality" means. This
>>>>>>>> is not simply a "set equality" relation. It falls into the
>>>>>>>> infinite-groupoid of homotopy type theory. In general
>>>>>>>> it appears that deciding category / domain equivalence
>>>>>>>> might force us to climb the type hierarchy.
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> Beyond that, there is the question of "which proof"
>>>>>>>> applies to the resulting object. Proofs depend on their
>>>>>>>> assumptions which might be different for different
>>>>>>>> constructions. As yet I have no clue how to "index"
>>>>>>>> proofs based on their assumptions, nor how to
>>>>>>>> connect these assumptions to the groupoid structure.
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> My brain hurts.
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> Tim
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> On Mon, Oct 18, 2021 at 2:00 AM Tim Daly <[email protected]>
>>>>>>>> wrote:
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> "Birthing Computational Mathematics"
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> The Axiom SANE project is difficult at a very fundamental
>>>>>>>>> level. The title "SANE" was chosen due to the various
>>>>>>>>> words found in a thesuarus... "rational", "coherent",
>>>>>>>>> "judicious" and "sound".
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> These are very high level, amorphous ideas. But so is
>>>>>>>>> the design of SANE. Breaking away from tradition in
>>>>>>>>> computer algebra, type theory, and proof assistants
>>>>>>>>> is very difficult. Ideas tend to fall into standard jargon
>>>>>>>>> which limits both the frame of thinking (e.g. dependent
>>>>>>>>> types) and the content (e.g. notation).
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> Questioning both frame and content is very difficult.
>>>>>>>>> It is hard to even recognize when they are accepted
>>>>>>>>> "by default" rather than "by choice". What does the idea
>>>>>>>>> "power tools" mean in a primitive, hand labor culture?
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> Christopher Alexander [0] addresses this problem in
>>>>>>>>> a lot of his writing. Specifically, in his book "Notes on
>>>>>>>>> the Synthesis of Form", in his chapter 5 "The Selfconsious
>>>>>>>>> Process", he addresses this problem directly. This is a
>>>>>>>>> "must read" book.
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> Unlike building design and contruction, however, there
>>>>>>>>> are almost no constraints to use as guides. Alexander
>>>>>>>>> quotes Plato's Phaedrus:
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>   "First, the taking in of scattered particulars under
>>>>>>>>>    one Idea, so that everyone understands what is being
>>>>>>>>>    talked about ... Second, the separation of the Idea
>>>>>>>>>    into parts, by dividing it at the joints, as nature
>>>>>>>>>    directs, not breaking any limb in half as a bad
>>>>>>>>>    carver might."
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> Lisp, which has been called "clay for the mind" can
>>>>>>>>> build virtually anything that can be thought. The
>>>>>>>>> "joints" are also "of one's choosing" so one is
>>>>>>>>> both carver and "nature".
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> Clearly the problem is no longer "the tools".
>>>>>>>>> *I* am the problem constraining the solution.
>>>>>>>>> Birthing this "new thing" is slow, difficult, and
>>>>>>>>> uncertain at best.
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> Tim
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> [0] Alexander, Christopher "Notes on the Synthesis
>>>>>>>>> of Form" Harvard University Press 1964
>>>>>>>>> ISBN 0-674-62751-2
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> On Sun, Oct 10, 2021 at 4:40 PM Tim Daly <[email protected]>
>>>>>>>>> wrote:
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> Re: writing a paper... I'm not connected to Academia
>>>>>>>>>> so anything I'd write would never make it into print.
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> "Language level parsing" is still a long way off. The talk
>>>>>>>>>> by Guy Steele [2] highlights some of the problems we
>>>>>>>>>> currently face using mathematical metanotation.
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> For example, a professor I know at CCNY (City College
>>>>>>>>>> of New York) didn't understand Platzer's "funny
>>>>>>>>>> fraction notation" (proof judgements) despite being
>>>>>>>>>> an expert in Platzer's differential equations area.
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> Notation matters and is not widely common.
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> I spoke to Professor Black (in LTI) about using natural
>>>>>>>>>> language in the limited task of a human-robot cooperation
>>>>>>>>>> in changing a car tire.  I looked at the current machine
>>>>>>>>>> learning efforts. They are no where near anything but
>>>>>>>>>> toy systems, taking too long to train and are too fragile.
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> Instead I ended up using a combination of AIML [3]
>>>>>>>>>> (Artificial Intelligence Markup Language), the ALICE
>>>>>>>>>> Chatbot [4], Forgy's OPS5 rule based program [5],
>>>>>>>>>> and Fahlman's SCONE [6] knowledge base. It was
>>>>>>>>>> much less fragile in my limited domain problem.
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> I have no idea how to extend any system to deal with
>>>>>>>>>> even undergraduate mathematics parsing.
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> Nor do I have any idea how I would embed LEAN
>>>>>>>>>> knowledge into a SCONE database, although I
>>>>>>>>>> think the combination would be useful and interesting.
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> I do believe that, in the limited area of computational
>>>>>>>>>> mathematics, we are capable of building robust, proven
>>>>>>>>>> systems that are quite general and extensible. As you
>>>>>>>>>> might have guessed I've given it a lot of thought over
>>>>>>>>>> the years :-)
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> A mathematical language seems to need >6 components
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> 1) We need some sort of a specification language, possibly
>>>>>>>>>> somewhat 'propositional' that introduces the assumptions
>>>>>>>>>> you mentioned (ref. your discussion of numbers being
>>>>>>>>>> abstract and ref. your discussion of relevant choice of
>>>>>>>>>> assumptions related to a problem).
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> This is starting to show up in the hardware area (e.g.
>>>>>>>>>> Lamport's TLC[0])
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> Of course, specifications relate to proving programs
>>>>>>>>>> and, as you recall, I got a cold reception from the
>>>>>>>>>> LEAN community about using LEAN for program proofs.
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> 2) We need "scaffolding". That is, we need a theory
>>>>>>>>>> that can be reduced to some implementable form
>>>>>>>>>> that provides concept-level structure.
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> Axiom uses group theory for this. Axiom's "category"
>>>>>>>>>> structure has "Category" things like Ring. Claiming
>>>>>>>>>> to be a Ring brings in a lot of "Signatures" of functions
>>>>>>>>>> you have to implement to properly be a Ring.
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> Scaffolding provides a firm mathematical basis for
>>>>>>>>>> design. It provides a link between the concept of a
>>>>>>>>>> Ring and the expectations you can assume when
>>>>>>>>>> you claim your "Domain" "is a Ring". Category
>>>>>>>>>> theory might provide similar structural scaffolding
>>>>>>>>>> (eventually... I'm still working on that thought garden)
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> LEAN ought to have a textbook(s?) that structures
>>>>>>>>>> the world around some form of mathematics. It isn't
>>>>>>>>>> sufficient to say "undergraduate math" is the goal.
>>>>>>>>>> There needs to be some coherent organization so
>>>>>>>>>> people can bring ideas like Group Theory to the
>>>>>>>>>> organization. Which brings me to ...
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> 3) We need "spreading". That is, we need to take
>>>>>>>>>> the various definitions and theorems in LEAN and
>>>>>>>>>> place them in their proper place in the scaffold.
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> For example, the Ring category needs the definitions
>>>>>>>>>> and theorems for a Ring included in the code for the
>>>>>>>>>> Ring category. Similarly, the Commutative category
>>>>>>>>>> needs the definitions and theorems that underlie
>>>>>>>>>> "commutative" included in the code.
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> That way, when you claim to be a "Commutative Ring"
>>>>>>>>>> you get both sets of definitions and theorems. That is,
>>>>>>>>>> the inheritance mechanism will collect up all of the
>>>>>>>>>> definitions and theorems and make them available
>>>>>>>>>> for proofs.
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> I am looking at LEAN's definitions and theorems with
>>>>>>>>>> an eye to "spreading" them into the group scaffold of
>>>>>>>>>> Axiom.
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> 4) We need "carriers" (Axiom calls them representations,
>>>>>>>>>> aka "REP"). REPs allow data structures to be defined
>>>>>>>>>> independent of the implementation.
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> For example, Axiom can construct Polynomials that
>>>>>>>>>> have their coefficients in various forms of representation.
>>>>>>>>>> You can define "dense" (all coefficients in a list),
>>>>>>>>>> "sparse" (only non-zero coefficients), "recursive", etc.
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> A "dense polynomial" and a "sparse polynomial" work
>>>>>>>>>> exactly the same way as far as the user is concerned.
>>>>>>>>>> They both implement the same set of functions. There
>>>>>>>>>> is only a difference of representation for efficiency and
>>>>>>>>>> this only affects the implementation of the functions,
>>>>>>>>>> not their use.
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> Axiom "got this wrong" because it didn't sufficiently
>>>>>>>>>> separate the REP from the "Domain". I plan to fix this.
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> LEAN ought to have a "data structures" subtree that
>>>>>>>>>> has all of the definitions and axioms for all of the
>>>>>>>>>> existing data structures (e.g. Red-Black trees). This
>>>>>>>>>> would be a good undergraduate project.
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> 5) We need "Domains" (in Axiom speak). That is, we
>>>>>>>>>> need a box that holds all of the functions that implement
>>>>>>>>>> a "Domain". For example, a "Polynomial Domain" would
>>>>>>>>>> hold all of the functions for manipulating polynomials
>>>>>>>>>> (e.g polynomial multiplication). The "Domain" box
>>>>>>>>>> is a dependent type that:
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>   A) has an argument list of "Categories" that this "Domain"
>>>>>>>>>>       box inherits. Thus, the "Integer Domain" inherits
>>>>>>>>>>       the definitions and axioms from "Commutative"
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>      Functions in the "Domain" box can now assume
>>>>>>>>>>      and use the properties of being commutative. Proofs
>>>>>>>>>>      of functions in this domain can use the definitions
>>>>>>>>>>      and proofs about being commutative.
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>   B) contains an argument that specifies the "REP"
>>>>>>>>>>        (aka, the carrier). That way you get all of the
>>>>>>>>>>        functions associated with the data structure
>>>>>>>>>>       available for use in the implementation.
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>       Functions in the Domain box can use all of
>>>>>>>>>>       the definitions and axioms about the representation
>>>>>>>>>>       (e.g. NonNegativeIntegers are always positive)
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>   C) contains local "spread" definitions and axioms
>>>>>>>>>>        that can be used in function proofs.
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>       For example, a "Square Matrix" domain would
>>>>>>>>>>       have local axioms that state that the matrix is
>>>>>>>>>>       always square. Thus, functions in that box could
>>>>>>>>>>       use these additional definitions and axioms in
>>>>>>>>>>       function proofs.
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>   D) contains local state. A "Square Matrix" domain
>>>>>>>>>>        would be constructed as a dependent type that
>>>>>>>>>>        specified the size of the square (e.g. a 2x2
>>>>>>>>>>        matrix would have '2' as a dependent parameter.
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>   E) contains implementations of inherited functions.
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>        A "Category" could have a signature for a GCD
>>>>>>>>>>        function and the "Category" could have a default
>>>>>>>>>>        implementation. However, the "Domain" could
>>>>>>>>>>        have a locally more efficient implementation which
>>>>>>>>>>        overrides the inherited implementation.
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>       Axiom has about 20 GCD implementations that
>>>>>>>>>>       differ locally from the default in the category. They
>>>>>>>>>>       use properties known locally to be more efficient.
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>   F) contains local function signatures.
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>       A "Domain" gives the user more and more unique
>>>>>>>>>>       functions. The signature have associated
>>>>>>>>>>       "pre- and post- conditions" that can be used
>>>>>>>>>>       as assumptions in the function proofs.
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>       Some of the user-available functions are only
>>>>>>>>>>       visible if the dependent type would allow them
>>>>>>>>>>       to exist. For example, a general Matrix domain
>>>>>>>>>>       would have fewer user functions that a Square
>>>>>>>>>>       Matrix domain.
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>       In addition, local "helper" functions need their
>>>>>>>>>>       own signatures that are not user visible.
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>   G) the function implementation for each signature.
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>        This is obviously where all the magic happens
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>   H) the proof of each function.
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>        This is where I'm using LEAN.
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>        Every function has a proof. That proof can use
>>>>>>>>>>        all of the definitions and axioms inherited from
>>>>>>>>>>        the "Category", "Representation", the "Domain
>>>>>>>>>>        Local", and the signature pre- and post-
>>>>>>>>>>        conditions.
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>    I) literature links. Algorithms must contain a link
>>>>>>>>>>       to at least one literature reference. Of course,
>>>>>>>>>>       since everything I do is a Literate Program
>>>>>>>>>>       this is obviously required. Knuth said so :-)
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> LEAN ought to have "books" or "pamphlets" that
>>>>>>>>>> bring together all of this information for a domain
>>>>>>>>>> such as Square Matrices. That way a user can
>>>>>>>>>> find all of the related ideas, available functions,
>>>>>>>>>> and their corresponding proofs in one place.
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> 6) User level presentation.
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>     This is where the systems can differ significantly.
>>>>>>>>>>     Axiom and LEAN both have GCD but they use
>>>>>>>>>>     that for different purposes.
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>     I'm trying to connect LEAN's GCD and Axiom's GCD
>>>>>>>>>>     so there is a "computational mathematics" idea that
>>>>>>>>>>     allows the user to connect proofs and implementations.
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> 7) Trust
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> Unlike everything else, computational mathematics
>>>>>>>>>> can have proven code that gives various guarantees.
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> I have been working on this aspect for a while.
>>>>>>>>>> I refer to it as trust "down to the metal" The idea is
>>>>>>>>>> that a proof of the GCD function and the implementation
>>>>>>>>>> of the GCD function get packaged into the ELF format.
>>>>>>>>>> (proof carrying code). When the GCD algorithm executes
>>>>>>>>>> on the CPU, the GCD proof is run through the LEAN
>>>>>>>>>> proof checker on an FPGA in parallel.
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> (I just recently got a PYNQ Xilinx board [1] with a CPU
>>>>>>>>>> and FPGA together. I'm trying to implement the LEAN
>>>>>>>>>> proof checker on the FPGA).
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> We are on the cusp of a revolution in computational
>>>>>>>>>> mathematics. But the two pillars (proof and computer
>>>>>>>>>> algebra) need to get know each other.
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> Tim
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> [0] Lamport, Leslie "Chapter on TLA+"
>>>>>>>>>> in "Software Specification Methods"
>>>>>>>>>> https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9781852333539
>>>>>>>>>> (I no longer have CMU library access or I'd send you
>>>>>>>>>> the book PDF)
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> [1] https://www.tul.com.tw/productspynq-z2.html
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> [2] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3DdCuZkaaou0Q
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> [3] "ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE MARKUP LANGUAGE"
>>>>>>>>>> https://arxiv.org/pdf/1307.3091.pdf
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> [4] ALICE Chatbot
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> http://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/cys/v19n4/1405-5546-cys-19-04-00625=
.pdf
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> [5] OPS5 User Manual
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> https://kilthub.cmu.edu/articles/journal_contribution/OPS5_user_=
s_manual/6608090/1
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> [6] Scott Fahlman "SCONE"
>>>>>>>>>> http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~sef/scone/
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> On 9/27/21, Tim Daly <[email protected]> wrote:
>>>>>>>>>> > I have tried to maintain a list of names of people who have
>>>>>>>>>> > helped Axiom, going all the way back to the pre-Scratchpad
>>>>>>>>>> > days. The names are listed at the beginning of each book.
>>>>>>>>>> > I also maintain a bibliography of publications I've read or
>>>>>>>>>> > that have had an indirect influence on Axiom.
>>>>>>>>>> >
>>>>>>>>>> > Credit is "the coin of the realm". It is easy to share and wro=
ng
>>>>>>>>>> > to ignore. It is especially damaging to those in Academia who
>>>>>>>>>> > are affected by credit and citations in publications.
>>>>>>>>>> >
>>>>>>>>>> > Apparently I'm not the only person who feels that way. The ACM
>>>>>>>>>> > Turing award seems to have ignored a lot of work:
>>>>>>>>>> >
>>>>>>>>>> > Scientific Integrity, the 2021 Turing Lecture, and the 2018
>>>>>>>>>> Turing
>>>>>>>>>> > Award for Deep Learning
>>>>>>>>>> >
>>>>>>>>>> https://people.idsia.ch/~juergen/scientific-integrity-turing-awa=
rd-deep-learning.html
>>>>>>>>>> >
>>>>>>>>>> > I worked on an AI problem at IBM Research called Ketazolam.
>>>>>>>>>> > (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketazolam). The idea was to
>>>>>>>>>> recognize
>>>>>>>>>> > and associated 3D chemical drawings with their drug
>>>>>>>>>> counterparts.
>>>>>>>>>> > I used Rumelhart, and McClelland's books. These books containe=
d
>>>>>>>>>> > quite a few ideas that seem to be "new and innovative" among t=
he
>>>>>>>>>> > machine learning crowd... but the books are from 1987. I don't
>>>>>>>>>> believe
>>>>>>>>>> > I've seen these books mentioned in any recent bibliography.
>>>>>>>>>> >
>>>>>>>>>> https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/parallel-distributed-processing-v=
olume-1
>>>>>>>>>> >
>>>>>>>>>> >
>>>>>>>>>> >
>>>>>>>>>> >
>>>>>>>>>> > On 9/27/21, Tim Daly <[email protected]> wrote:
>>>>>>>>>> >> Greg Wilson asked "How Reliable is Scientific Software?"
>>>>>>>>>> >>
>>>>>>>>>> https://neverworkintheory.org/2021/09/25/how-reliable-is-scienti=
fic-software.html
>>>>>>>>>> >>
>>>>>>>>>> >> which is a really interesting read. For example"
>>>>>>>>>> >>
>>>>>>>>>> >>  [Hatton1994], is now a quarter of a century old, but its
>>>>>>>>>> conclusions
>>>>>>>>>> >> are still fresh. The authors fed the same data into nine
>>>>>>>>>> commercial
>>>>>>>>>> >> geophysical software packages and compared the results; they
>>>>>>>>>> found
>>>>>>>>>> >> that, "numerical disagreement grows at around the rate of 1% =
in
>>>>>>>>>> >> average absolute difference per 4000 fines of implemented
>>>>>>>>>> code, and,
>>>>>>>>>> >> even worse, the nature of the disagreement is nonrandom"
>>>>>>>>>> (i.e., the
>>>>>>>>>> >> authors of different packages make similar mistakes).
>>>>>>>>>> >>
>>>>>>>>>> >>
>>>>>>>>>> >> On 9/26/21, Tim Daly <[email protected]> wrote:
>>>>>>>>>> >>> I should note that the lastest board I've just unboxed
>>>>>>>>>> >>> (a PYNQ-Z2) is a Zynq Z-7020 chip from Xilinx (AMD).
>>>>>>>>>> >>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>> What makes it interesting is that it contains 2 hard
>>>>>>>>>> >>> core processors and an FPGA, connected by 9 paths
>>>>>>>>>> >>> for communication. The processors can be run
>>>>>>>>>> >>> independently so there is the possibility of a parallel
>>>>>>>>>> >>> version of some Axiom algorithms (assuming I had
>>>>>>>>>> >>> the time, which I don't).
>>>>>>>>>> >>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>> Previously either the hard (physical) processor was
>>>>>>>>>> >>> separate from the FPGA with minimal communication
>>>>>>>>>> >>> or the soft core processor had to be created in the FPGA
>>>>>>>>>> >>> and was much slower.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>> Now the two have been combined in a single chip.
>>>>>>>>>> >>> That means that my effort to run a proof checker on
>>>>>>>>>> >>> the FPGA and the algorithm on the CPU just got to
>>>>>>>>>> >>> the point where coordination is much easier.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>> Now all I have to do is figure out how to program this
>>>>>>>>>> >>> beast.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>> There is no such thing as a simple job.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>> Tim
>>>>>>>>>> >>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>> On 9/26/21, Tim Daly <[email protected]> wrote:
>>>>>>>>>> >>>> I'm familiar with most of the traditional approaches
>>>>>>>>>> >>>> like Theorema. The bibliography contains most of the
>>>>>>>>>> >>>> more interesting sources. [0]
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>> There is a difference between traditional approaches to
>>>>>>>>>> >>>> connecting computer algebra and proofs and my approach.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>> Proving an algorithm, like the GCD, in Axiom is hard.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>> There are many GCDs (e.g. NNI vs POLY) and there
>>>>>>>>>> >>>> are theorems and proofs passed at runtime in the
>>>>>>>>>> >>>> arguments of the newly constructed domains. This
>>>>>>>>>> >>>> involves a lot of dependent type theory and issues of
>>>>>>>>>> >>>> compile time / runtime argument evaluation. The issues
>>>>>>>>>> >>>> that arise are difficult and still being debated in the typ=
e
>>>>>>>>>> >>>> theory community.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>> I am putting the definitions, theorems, and proofs (DTP)
>>>>>>>>>> >>>> directly into the category/domain hierarchy. Each category
>>>>>>>>>> >>>> will have the DTP specific to it. That way a commutative
>>>>>>>>>> >>>> domain will inherit a commutative theorem and a
>>>>>>>>>> >>>> non-commutative domain will not.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>> Each domain will have additional DTPs associated with
>>>>>>>>>> >>>> the domain (e.g. NNI vs Integer) as well as any DTPs
>>>>>>>>>> >>>> it inherits from the category hierarchy. Functions in the
>>>>>>>>>> >>>> domain will have associated DTPs.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>> A function to be proven will then inherit all of the releva=
nt
>>>>>>>>>> >>>> DTPs. The proof will be attached to the function and
>>>>>>>>>> >>>> both will be sent to the hardware (proof-carrying code).
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>> The proof checker, running on a field programmable
>>>>>>>>>> >>>> gate array (FPGA), will be checked at runtime in
>>>>>>>>>> >>>> parallel with the algorithm running on the CPU
>>>>>>>>>> >>>> (aka "trust down to the metal"). (Note that Intel
>>>>>>>>>> >>>> and AMD have built CPU/FPGA combined chips,
>>>>>>>>>> >>>> currently only available in the cloud.)
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>> I am (slowly) making progress on the research.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>> I have the hardware and nearly have the proof
>>>>>>>>>> >>>> checker from LEAN running on my FPGA.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>> I'm in the process of spreading the DTPs from
>>>>>>>>>> >>>> LEAN across the category/domain hierarchy.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>> The current Axiom build extracts all of the functions
>>>>>>>>>> >>>> but does not yet have the DTPs.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>> I have to restructure the system, including the compiler
>>>>>>>>>> >>>> and interpreter to parse and inherit the DTPs. I
>>>>>>>>>> >>>> have some of that code but only some of the code
>>>>>>>>>> >>>> has been pushed to the repository (volume 15) but
>>>>>>>>>> >>>> that is rather trivial, out of date, and incomplete.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>> I'm clearly not smart enough to prove the Risch
>>>>>>>>>> >>>> algorithm and its associated machinery but the needed
>>>>>>>>>> >>>> definitions and theorems will be available to someone
>>>>>>>>>> >>>> who wants to try.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>> [0] https://github.com/daly/PDFS/blob/master/bookvolbib.pdf
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>> On 8/19/21, Tim Daly <[email protected]> wrote:
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>> =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>> REVIEW (Axiom on WSL2 Windows)
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>> So the steps to run Axiom from a Windows desktop
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>> 1 Windows) install XMing on Windows for X11 server
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>> http://www.straightrunning.com/XmingNotes/
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>> 2 WSL2) Install Axiom in WSL2
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>> sudo apt install axiom
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>> 3 WSL2) modify /usr/bin/axiom to fix the bug:
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>> (someone changed the axiom startup script.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>> It won't work on WSL2. I don't know who or
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>> how to get it fixed).
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>> sudo emacs /usr/bin/axiom
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>> (split the line into 3 and add quote marks)
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>> export SPADDEFAULT=3D/usr/local/axiom/mnt/linux
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>> export AXIOM=3D/usr/lib/axiom-20170501
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>> export "PATH=3D/usr/lib/axiom-20170501/bin:$PATH"
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>> 4 WSL2) create a .axiom.input file to include startup cmds=
:
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>> emacs .axiom.input
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>> )cd "/mnt/c/yourpath"
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>> )sys pwd
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>> 5 WSL2) create a "myaxiom" command that sets the
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>     DISPLAY variable and starts axiom
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>> emacs myaxiom
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>> #! /bin/bash
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>> export DISPLAY=3D:0.0
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>> axiom
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>> 6 WSL2) put it in the /usr/bin directory
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>> chmod +x myaxiom
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>> sudo cp myaxiom /usr/bin/myaxiom
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>> 7 WINDOWS) start the X11 server
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>> (XMing XLaunch Icon on your desktop)
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>> 8 WINDOWS) run myaxiom from PowerShell
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>> (this should start axiom with graphics available)
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>> wsl myaxiom
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>> 8 WINDOWS) make a PowerShell desktop
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> https://superuser.com/questions/886951/run-powershell-script-whe=
n-you-open-powershell
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>> Tim
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>> On 8/13/21, Tim Daly <[email protected]> wrote:
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>> A great deal of thought is directed toward making the SAN=
E
>>>>>>>>>> version
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>> of Axiom as flexible as possible, decoupling mechanism
>>>>>>>>>> from theory.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>> An interesting publication by Brian Cantwell Smith [0],
>>>>>>>>>> "Reflection
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>> and Semantics in LISP" seems to contain interesting ideas
>>>>>>>>>> related
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>> to our goal. Of particular interest is the ability to
>>>>>>>>>> reason about
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>> and
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>> perform self-referential manipulations. In a
>>>>>>>>>> dependently-typed
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>> system it seems interesting to be able "adapt" code to
>>>>>>>>>> handle
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>> run-time computed arguments to dependent functions. The
>>>>>>>>>> abstract:
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>    "We show how a computational system can be constructed
>>>>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>> "reason",
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>> effectively
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>    and consequentially, about its own inferential
>>>>>>>>>> processes. The
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>> analysis proceeds in two
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>    parts. First, we consider the general question of
>>>>>>>>>> computational
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>> semantics, rejecting
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>    traditional approaches, and arguing that the
>>>>>>>>>> declarative and
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>> procedural aspects of
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>    computational symbols (what they stand for, and what
>>>>>>>>>> behaviour
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>> they
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>> engender) should be
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>    analysed independently, in order that they may be
>>>>>>>>>> coherently
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>> related. Second, we
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>    investigate self-referential behavior in computational
>>>>>>>>>> processes,
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>> and show how to embed an
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>    effective procedural model of a computational calculus
>>>>>>>>>> within that
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>> calculus (a model not
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>    unlike a meta-circular interpreter, but connected to t=
he
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>> fundamental operations of the
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>    machine in such a way as to provide, at any point in a
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>> computation,
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>> fully articulated
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>    descriptions of the state of that computation, for
>>>>>>>>>> inspection and
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>> possible modification). In
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>    terms of the theories that result from these
>>>>>>>>>> investigations, we
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>> present a general architecture
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>    for procedurally reflective processes, able to shift
>>>>>>>>>> smoothly
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>> between dealing with a given
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>    subject domain, and dealing with their own reasoning
>>>>>>>>>> processes
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>> over
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>> that domain.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>    An instance of the general solution is worked out in
>>>>>>>>>> the context
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>> an applicative
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>    language. Specifically, we present three successive
>>>>>>>>>> dialects of
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>> LISP: 1-LISP, a distillation of
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>    current practice, for comparison purposes; 2-LISP, a
>>>>>>>>>> dialect
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>> constructed in terms of our
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>    rationalised semantics, in which the concept of
>>>>>>>>>> evaluation is
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>> rejected in favour of
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>    independent notions of simplification and reference,
>>>>>>>>>> and in which
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>> the respective categories
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>    of notation, structure, semantics, and behaviour are
>>>>>>>>>> strictly
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>> aligned; and 3-LISP, an
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>    extension of 2-LISP endowed with reflective powers."
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>> Axiom SANE builds dependent types on the fly. The ability
>>>>>>>>>> to access
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>> both the refection
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>> of the tower of algebra and the reflection of the tower o=
f
>>>>>>>>>> proofs at
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>> the time of construction
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>> makes the construction of a new domain or specific
>>>>>>>>>> algorithm easier
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>> and more general.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>> This is of particular interest because one of the efforts
>>>>>>>>>> is to build
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>> "all the way down to the
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>> metal". If each layer is constructed on top of previous
>>>>>>>>>> proven layers
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>> and the new layer
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>> can "reach below" to lower layers then the tower of layer=
s
>>>>>>>>>> can be
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>> built without duplication.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>> Tim
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>> [0], Smith, Brian Cantwell "Reflection and Semantics in
>>>>>>>>>> LISP"
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>> POPL '84: Proceedings of the 11th ACM SIGACT-SIGPLAN
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>> ymposium on Principles of programming languagesJanuary 1
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>> 984 Pages 23=E2=80=9335https://doi.org/10.1145/800017.800=
513
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>> On 6/29/21, Tim Daly <[email protected]> wrote:
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> Having spent time playing with hardware it is perfectly
>>>>>>>>>> clear that
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> future computational mathematics efforts need to adapt t=
o
>>>>>>>>>> using
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> parallel processing.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> I've spent a fair bit of time thinking about structuring
>>>>>>>>>> Axiom to
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> be parallel. Most past efforts have tried to focus on
>>>>>>>>>> making a
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> particular algorithm parallel, such as a matrix multiply=
.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> But I think that it might be more effective to make each
>>>>>>>>>> domain
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> run in parallel. A computation crosses multiple domains
>>>>>>>>>> so a
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> particular computation could involve multiple parallel
>>>>>>>>>> copies.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> For example, computing the Cylindrical Algebraic
>>>>>>>>>> Decomposition
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> could recursively decompose the plane. Indeed, any
>>>>>>>>>> tree-recursive
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> algorithm could be run in parallel "in the large" by
>>>>>>>>>> creating new
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> running copies of the domain for each sub-problem.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> So the question becomes, how does one manage this?
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> A similar problem occurs in robotics where one could hav=
e
>>>>>>>>>> multiple
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> wheels, arms, propellers, etc. that need to act
>>>>>>>>>> independently but
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> in coordination.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> The robot solution uses ROS2. The three ideas are ROSCOR=
E,
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> TOPICS with publish/subscribe, and SERVICES with
>>>>>>>>>> request/response.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> These are communication paths defined between processes.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> ROS2 has a "roscore" which is basically a phonebook of
>>>>>>>>>> "topics".
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> Any process can create or look up the current active
>>>>>>>>>> topics. eq:
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>    rosnode list
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> TOPICS:
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> Any process can PUBLISH a topic (which is basically a
>>>>>>>>>> typed data
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> structure), e.g the topic /hw with the String data "Hell=
o
>>>>>>>>>> World".
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> eg:
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>    rostopic pub /hw std_msgs/String "Hello, World"
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> Any process can SUBSCRIBE to a topic, such as /hw, and
>>>>>>>>>> get a
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> copy of the data.  eg:
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>    rostopic echo /hw   =3D=3D> "Hello, World"
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> Publishers talk, subscribers listen.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> SERVICES:
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> Any process can make a REQUEST of a SERVICE and get a
>>>>>>>>>> RESPONSE.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> This is basically a remote function call.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> Axiom in parallel?
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> So domains could run, each in its own process. It could
>>>>>>>>>> provide
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> services, one for each function. Any other process could
>>>>>>>>>> request
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> a computation and get the result as a response. Domains
>>>>>>>>>> could
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> request services from other domains, either waiting for
>>>>>>>>>> responses
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> or continuing while the response is being computed.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> The output could be sent anywhere, to a terminal, to a
>>>>>>>>>> browser,
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> to a network, or to another process using the
>>>>>>>>>> publish/subscribe
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> protocol, potentially all at the same time since there
>>>>>>>>>> can be many
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> subscribers to a topic.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> Available domains could be dynamically added by announci=
ng
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> themselves as new "topics" and could be dynamically
>>>>>>>>>> looked-up
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> at runtime.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> This structure allows function-level / domain-level
>>>>>>>>>> parallelism.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> It is very effective in the robot world and I think it
>>>>>>>>>> might be a
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> good structuring mechanism to allow computational
>>>>>>>>>> mathematics
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> to take advantage of multiple processors in a discipline=
d
>>>>>>>>>> fashion.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> Axiom has a thousand domains and each could run on its
>>>>>>>>>> own core.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> In addition. notice that each domain is independent of
>>>>>>>>>> the others.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> So if we want to use BLAS Fortran code, it could just be
>>>>>>>>>> another
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> service node. In fact, any "foreign function" could
>>>>>>>>>> transparently
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> cooperate in a distributed Axiom.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> Another key feature is that proofs can be "by node".
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> Tim
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> On 6/5/21, Tim Daly <[email protected]> wrote:
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>> Axiom is based on first-class dependent types. Deciding
>>>>>>>>>> when
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>> two types are equivalent may involve computation. See
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>> Christiansen, David Thrane "Checking Dependent Types wi=
th
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>> Normalization by Evaluation" (2019)
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>> This puts an interesting constraint on building types.
>>>>>>>>>> The
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>> constructed types has to export a function to decide if=
 a
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>> given type is "equivalent" to itself.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>> The notion of "equivalence" might involve category idea=
s
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>> of natural transformation and univalence. Sigh.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>> That's an interesting design point.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>> Tim
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>> On 5/5/21, Tim Daly <[email protected]> wrote:
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> It is interesting that programmer's eyes and
>>>>>>>>>> expectations adapt
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> to the tools they use. For instance, I use emacs and
>>>>>>>>>> expect to
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> work directly in files and multiple buffers. When I tr=
y
>>>>>>>>>> to use one
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> of the many IDE tools I find they tend to "get in the
>>>>>>>>>> way". I
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> already
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> know or can quickly find whatever they try to tell me.
>>>>>>>>>> If you use
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> an
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> IDE you probably find emacs "too sparse" for
>>>>>>>>>> programming.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> Recently I've been working in a sparse programming
>>>>>>>>>> environment.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> I'm exploring the question of running a proof checker
>>>>>>>>>> in an FPGA.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> The FPGA development tools are painful at best and not
>>>>>>>>>> intuitive
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> since you SEEM to be programming but you're actually
>>>>>>>>>> describing
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> hardware gates, connections, and timing. This is an
>>>>>>>>>> environment
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> where everything happens all-at-once and all-the-time
>>>>>>>>>> (like the
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> circuits in your computer). It is the "assembly
>>>>>>>>>> language of
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> circuits".
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> Naturally, my eyes have adapted to this rather raw
>>>>>>>>>> level.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> That said, I'm normally doing literate programming all
>>>>>>>>>> the time.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> My typical file is a document which is a mixture of
>>>>>>>>>> latex and
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> lisp.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> It is something of a shock to return to that world. It
>>>>>>>>>> is clear
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> why
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> people who program in Python find lisp to be a "sea of
>>>>>>>>>> parens".
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> Yet as a lisp programmer, I don't even see the parens,
>>>>>>>>>> just code.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> It takes a few minutes in a literate document to adapt
>>>>>>>>>> vision to
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> see the latex / lisp combination as natural. The latex
>>>>>>>>>> markup,
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> like the lisp parens, eventually just disappears. What
>>>>>>>>>> remains
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> is just lisp and natural language text.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> This seems painful at first but eyes quickly adapt. Th=
e
>>>>>>>>>> upside
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> is that there is always a "finished" document that
>>>>>>>>>> describes the
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> state of the code. The overhead of writing a paragraph
>>>>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> describe a new function or change a paragraph to
>>>>>>>>>> describe the
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> changed function is very small.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> Using a Makefile I latex the document to generate a
>>>>>>>>>> current PDF
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> and then I extract, load, and execute the code. This
>>>>>>>>>> loop catches
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> errors in both the latex and the source code. Keeping
>>>>>>>>>> an open file
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> my pdf viewer shows all of the changes in the document
>>>>>>>>>> after every
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> run of make. That way I can edit the book as easily as
>>>>>>>>>> the code.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> Ultimately I find that writing the book while writing
>>>>>>>>>> the code is
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> more productive. I don't have to remember why I wrote
>>>>>>>>>> something
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> since the explanation is already there.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> We all have our own way of programming and our own
>>>>>>>>>> tools.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> But I find literate programming to be a real advance
>>>>>>>>>> over IDE
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> style programming and "raw code" programming.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> Tim
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> On 2/27/21, Tim Daly <[email protected]> wrote:
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>> The systems I use have the interesting property of
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>> "Living within the compiler".
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>> Lisp, Forth, Emacs, and other systems that present
>>>>>>>>>> themselves
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>> through the Read-Eval-Print-Loop (REPL) allow the
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>> ability to deeply interact with the system, shaping i=
t
>>>>>>>>>> to your
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>> need.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>> My current thread of study is software architecture.
>>>>>>>>>> See
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3DW2hagw1VhhI&feature=3Dyoutu.be
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>> and https://www.georgefairbanks.com/videos/
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>> My current thinking on SANE involves the ability to
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>> dynamically define categories, representations, and
>>>>>>>>>> functions
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>> along with "composition functions" that permits
>>>>>>>>>> choosing a
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>> combination at the time of use.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>> You might want a domain for handling polynomials.
>>>>>>>>>> There are
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>> a lot of choices, depending on your use case. You
>>>>>>>>>> might want
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>> different representations. For example, you might wan=
t
>>>>>>>>>> dense,
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>> sparse, recursive, or "machine compatible fixnums"
>>>>>>>>>> (e.g. to
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>> interface with C code). If these don't exist it ought
>>>>>>>>>> to be
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>> possible
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>> to create them. Such "lego-like" building blocks
>>>>>>>>>> require careful
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>> thought about creating "fully factored" objects.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>> Given that goal, the traditional barrier of "compiler=
"
>>>>>>>>>> vs
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>> "interpreter"
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>> does not seem useful. It is better to "live within th=
e
>>>>>>>>>> compiler"
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>> which
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>> gives the ability to define new things "on the fly".
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>> Of course, the SANE compiler is going to want an
>>>>>>>>>> associated
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>> proof of the functions you create along with the othe=
r
>>>>>>>>>> parts
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>> such as its category hierarchy and representation
>>>>>>>>>> properties.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>> There is no such thing as a simple job. :-)
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>> Tim
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>> On 2/18/21, Tim Daly <[email protected]> wrote:
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>> The Axiom SANE compiler / interpreter has a few
>>>>>>>>>> design points.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>> 1) It needs to mix interpreted and compiled code in
>>>>>>>>>> the same
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>> function.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>> SANE allows dynamic construction of code as well as
>>>>>>>>>> dynamic type
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>> construction at runtime. Both of these can occur in =
a
>>>>>>>>>> runtime
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>> object.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>> So there is potentially a mixture of interpreted and
>>>>>>>>>> compiled
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>> code.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>> 2) It needs to perform type resolution at compile
>>>>>>>>>> time without
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>> overhead
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>> where possible. Since this is not always possible
>>>>>>>>>> there needs to
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>> be
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>> a "prefix thunk" that will perform the resolution.
>>>>>>>>>> Trivially,
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>> for
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>> example,
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>> if we have a + function we need to type-resolve the
>>>>>>>>>> arguments.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>> However, if we can prove at compile time that the
>>>>>>>>>> types are both
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>> bounded-NNI and the result is bounded-NNI (i.e.
>>>>>>>>>> fixnum in lisp)
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>> then we can inline a call to + at runtime. If not, w=
e
>>>>>>>>>> might have
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>> + applied to NNI and POLY(FLOAT), which requires a
>>>>>>>>>> thunk to
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>> resolve types. The thunk could even "specialize and
>>>>>>>>>> compile"
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>> the code before executing it.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>> It turns out that the Forth implementation of
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>> "threaded-interpreted"
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>> languages model provides an efficient and effective
>>>>>>>>>> way to do
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>> this.[0]
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>> Type resolution can be "inserted" in intermediate
>>>>>>>>>> thunks.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>> The model also supports dynamic overloading and tail
>>>>>>>>>> recursion.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>> Combining high-level CLOS code with low-level
>>>>>>>>>> threading gives an
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>> easy to understand and robust design.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>> Tim
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>> [0] Loeliger, R.G. "Threaded Interpretive Languages"
>>>>>>>>>> (1981)
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>> ISBN 0-07-038360-X
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>> On 2/5/21, Tim Daly <[email protected]> wrote:
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> I've worked hard to make Axiom depend on almost no
>>>>>>>>>> other
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> tools so that it would not get caught by "code rot"
>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> libraries.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> However, I'm also trying to make the new SANE
>>>>>>>>>> version much
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> easier to understand and debug.To that end I've bee=
n
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> experimenting
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> with some ideas.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> It should be possible to view source code, of
>>>>>>>>>> course. But the
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> source
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> code is not the only, nor possibly the best,
>>>>>>>>>> representation of
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> ideas.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> In particular, source code gets compiled into data
>>>>>>>>>> structures.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> In
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> Axiom
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> these data structures really are a graph of related
>>>>>>>>>> structures.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> For example, looking at the gcd function from NNI,
>>>>>>>>>> there is the
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> representation of the gcd function itself. But ther=
e
>>>>>>>>>> is also a
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> structure
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> that is the REP (and, in the new system, is separat=
e
>>>>>>>>>> from the
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> domain).
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> Further, there are associated specification and pro=
of
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> structures.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> Even
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> further, the domain inherits the category
>>>>>>>>>> structures, and from
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> those
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> it
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> inherits logical axioms and definitions through the
>>>>>>>>>> proof
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> structure.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> Clearly the gcd function is a node in a much larger
>>>>>>>>>> graph
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> structure.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> When trying to decide why code won't compile it
>>>>>>>>>> would be useful
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> be able to see and walk these structures. I've
>>>>>>>>>> thought about
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> using
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> browser but browsers are too weak. Either everythin=
g
>>>>>>>>>> has to be
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> "in
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> a
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> single tab to show the graph" or "the nodes of the
>>>>>>>>>> graph are in
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> different
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> tabs". Plus, constructing dynamic graphs that chang=
e
>>>>>>>>>> as the
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> software
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> changes (e.g. by loading a new spad file or creatin=
g
>>>>>>>>>> a new
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> function)
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> represents the huge problem of keeping the browser
>>>>>>>>>> "in sync
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> with
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> Axiom workspace". So something more dynamic and
>>>>>>>>>> embedded is
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> needed.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> Axiom source gets compiled into CLOS data
>>>>>>>>>> structures. Each of
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> these
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> new SANE structures has an associated surface
>>>>>>>>>> representation,
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> so
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> they
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> can be presented in user-friendly form.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> Also, since Axiom is literate software, it should b=
e
>>>>>>>>>> possible
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> look
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> at
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> the code in its literate form with the surrounding
>>>>>>>>>> explanation.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> Essentially we'd like to have the ability to "deep
>>>>>>>>>> dive" into
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> Axiom
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> workspace, not only for debugging, but also for
>>>>>>>>>> understanding
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> what
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> functions are used, where they come from, what they
>>>>>>>>>> inherit,
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> and
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> how they are used in a computation.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> To that end I'm looking at using McClim, a lisp
>>>>>>>>>> windowing
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> system.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> Since the McClim windows would be part of the lisp
>>>>>>>>>> image, they
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> have
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> access to display (and modify) the Axiom workspace
>>>>>>>>>> at all
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> times.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> The only hesitation is that McClim uses quicklisp
>>>>>>>>>> and drags in
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> a
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> lot
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> of other subsystems. It's all lisp, of course.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> These ideas aren't new. They were available on
>>>>>>>>>> Symbolics
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> machines,
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> a truly productive platform and one I sorely miss.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> Tim
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> On 1/19/21, Tim Daly <[email protected]> wrote:
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>> Also of interest is the talk
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>> "The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Dynamic Typing
>>>>>>>>>> for
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>> Practical
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>> Programs"
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>> https://vimeo.com/74354480
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>> which questions whether static typing really has
>>>>>>>>>> any benefit.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>> Tim
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>> On 1/19/21, Tim Daly <[email protected]> wrote:
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>> Peter Naur wrote an article of interest:
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>> http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~remzi/Naur.pdf
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>> In particular, it mirrors my notion that Axiom
>>>>>>>>>> needs
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>> to embrace literate programming so that the "theo=
ry
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>> of the problem" is presented as well as the "theo=
ry
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>> of the solution". I quote the introduction:
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>> This article is, to my mind, the most accurate
>>>>>>>>>> account
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>> of what goes on in designing and coding a program=
.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>> I refer to it regularly when discussing how much
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>> documentation to create, how to pass along tacit
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>> knowledge, and the value of the XP's
>>>>>>>>>> metaphor-setting
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>> exercise. It also provides a way to examine a
>>>>>>>>>> methodolgy's
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>> economic structure.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>> In the article, which follows, note that the
>>>>>>>>>> quality of the
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>> designing programmer's work is related to the
>>>>>>>>>> quality of
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>> the match between his theory of the problem and
>>>>>>>>>> his theory
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>> of the solution. Note that the quality of a later
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>> programmer's
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>> work is related to the match between his theories
>>>>>>>>>> and the
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>> previous programmer's theories.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>> Using Naur's ideas, the designer's job is not to
>>>>>>>>>> pass along
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>> "the design" but to pass along "the theories"
>>>>>>>>>> driving the
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>> design.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>> The latter goal is more useful and more
>>>>>>>>>> appropriate. It also
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>> highlights that knowledge of the theory is tacit
>>>>>>>>>> in the
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>> owning,
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>> and
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>> so passing along the thoery requires passing alon=
g
>>>>>>>>>> both
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>> explicit
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>> and tacit knowledge.
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>> Tim
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>>
>>>>>>>>>> >>
>>>>>>>>>> >
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>

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<div dir=3D"ltr"><div>Axiom&#39;s SPAD code compiles to Common Lisp.</div><=
div>The AKCL version of Common Lisp compiles to C.</div><div>Three language=
s and 2 compilers is a lot to maintain.</div><div>Further, there are very f=
ew people able to write SPAD</div><div>and even fewer people able to mainta=
in it.<br></div><div><br></div><div>I&#39;ve decided that the SANE version =
of Axiom will be <br></div><div>implemented in pure Common Lisp. I&#39;ve o=
utlined Axiom&#39;s<br></div><div>category / type hierarchy in the Common L=
isp Object</div><div>System (CLOS). I am now experimenting with re-writing<=
/div><div>the functions into Common Lisp.<br></div><div><br></div><div>This=
 will have several long-term effects. It simplifies</div><div>the implement=
ation issues. SPAD code blocks a lot of</div><div>actions and optimizations=
 that Common Lisp provides.</div><div>The Common Lisp language has many mor=
e people<br></div><div>who can read, modify, and maintain code. It provides=
 for</div><div>interoperability with other Common Lisp projects with</div><=
div>no effort. Common Lisp is an international standard</div><div>which ens=
ures that the code will continue to run.<br></div><div><br></div><div>The i=
nput / output mathematics will remain the same.</div><div>Indeed, with the =
new generalizations for first-class</div><div>dependent types it will be mo=
re general.</div><div><br></div><div>This is a big change, similar to elimi=
nating BOOT code</div><div>and moving to Literate Programming. This will pr=
ovide a</div><div>better platform for future research work. Current researc=
h</div><div>is focused on merging Axiom&#39;s computer algebra mathematics<=
/div><div>with Lean&#39;s proof language. The goal is to create a system fo=
r</div><div>=C2=A0&quot;computational mathematics&quot;.<br></div><div><br>=
</div><div>Research is the whole point of Axiom.</div><div><br></div><div>T=
im</div><div><br></div><div><br></div></div><br><div class=3D"gmail_quote">=
<div dir=3D"ltr" class=3D"gmail_attr">On Sat, Jan 22, 2022 at 9:16 PM Tim D=
aly &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a>&gt; wr=
ote:<br></div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0px 0px 0px=
 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir=3D=
"ltr"><div>I can&#39;t stress enough how important it is to listen to Hammi=
ng&#39;s talk</div><div><a href=3D"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Da1zDuO=
PkMSw" target=3D"_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Da1zDuOPkMSw</a><=
/div><div><br></div><div>Axiom will begin to die the day I stop working on =
it.</div><div><br></div><div>However, proving Axiom correct &quot;down to t=
he metal&quot;, is fundamental.</div><div>It will merge computer algebra an=
d logic, spawning years of new</div><div>research.</div><div><br></div><div=
>Work on fundamental problems.</div><div><br></div><div>Tim</div><div><br><=
/div></div><br><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><div dir=3D"ltr" class=3D"gmail_a=
ttr">On Thu, Dec 30, 2021 at 6:46 PM Tim Daly &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:axiomca=
[email protected]" target=3D"_blank">[email protected]</a>&gt; wrote:<br></div><=
blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-l=
eft:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir=3D"ltr"><div>One =
of the interesting questions when obtaining a result</div><div>is &quot;wha=
t functions were called and what was their return value?&quot;</div><div>Ot=
herwise known as the &quot;show your work&quot; idea.</div><div><br></div><=
div>There is an idea called the &quot;writer monad&quot; [0], usually <br><=
/div><div>implemented to facilitate logging. We can exploit this</div><div>=
idea to provide &quot;show your work&quot; capability. Each function</div><=
div>can provide this information inside the monad enabling the</div><div>qu=
estion to be answered at any time.</div><div><br></div><div>For those unfam=
iliar with the monad idea, the best explanation</div><div>I&#39;ve found is=
 this video [1].</div><div><br></div><div>Tim<br></div><div><br></div><div>=
[0] Deriving the writer monad from first principles<br></div><div><a href=
=3D"https://williamyaoh.com/posts/2020-07-26-deriving-writer-monad.html" ta=
rget=3D"_blank">https://williamyaoh.com/posts/2020-07-26-deriving-writer-mo=
nad.html</a></div><div><br></div><div>[1] The Absolute Best Intro to Monads=
 for Software Engineers</div><div><a href=3D"https://www.youtube.com/watch?=
v=3DC2w45qRc3aU" target=3D"_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3DC2w45q=
Rc3aU</a></div></div><br><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><div dir=3D"ltr" class=
=3D"gmail_attr">On Mon, Dec 13, 2021 at 12:30 AM Tim Daly &lt;<a href=3D"ma=
ilto:[email protected]" target=3D"_blank">[email protected]</a>&gt; wrote=
:<br></div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0px 0px 0px 0.=
8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir=3D"lt=
r"><div>...(snip)...<br></div><div><br></div><div>Common Lisp has an &quot;=
open compiler&quot;. That allows the ability</div><div>to deeply modify com=
piler behavior using compiler macros</div><div>and macros in general. CLOS =
takes advantage of this to add</div><div>typed behavior into the compiler i=
n a way that ALLOWS strict</div><div>typing such as found in constructive t=
ype theory and ML.</div><div>Judgments, ala Crary, are front-and-center.<br=
></div><div><br></div><div>Whether you USE the discipline afforded is the r=
eal question.</div><div><br></div><div>Indeed, the Axiom research struggle =
is essentially one of how</div><div>to have a disciplined use of first-clas=
s dependent types. The</div><div>struggle raises issues of, for example, co=
mpiling a dependent</div><div>type whose argument is recursive in the compi=
led type. Since</div><div>the new type is first-class it can be constructed=
 at what you</div><div>improperly call &quot;run-time&quot;. However, it ap=
pears that the recursive</div><div>type may have to call the compiler at ea=
ch recursion to generate</div><div>the next step since in some cases it can=
not generate &quot;closed code&quot;.<br></div><div><br></div><div>I am emb=
edding proofs (in LEAN language) into the type</div><div>hierarchy so that =
theorems, which depend on the type hierarchy,<br></div><div>are correctly i=
nherited. The compiler has to check the proofs of functions</div><div>at co=
mpile time using these. Hacking up nonsense just won&#39;t cut it. Think</d=
iv><div>of the problem of embedding LEAN proofs in ML or ML in LEAN.</div><=
div>(Actually, Jeremy Avigad might find that research interesting.)</div><d=
iv><br></div><div>So Matrix(3,3,Float) has inverses (assuming Float is a</d=
iv><div>field (cough)). The type inherits this theorem and proofs of</div><=
div>functions can use this. But Matrix(3,4,Integer) does not have</div><div=
>inverses so the proofs cannot use this. The type hierarchy has</div><div>t=
o ensure that the proper theorems get inherited.<br></div><div><br></div><d=
iv>Making proof technology work at compile time is hard.</div><div>(Worse y=
et, LEAN is a moving target. Sigh.)<br></div><div><br><br></div></div><br><=
div class=3D"gmail_quote"><div dir=3D"ltr" class=3D"gmail_attr">On Thu, Nov=
 25, 2021 at 9:43 AM Tim Daly &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:[email protected]" tar=
get=3D"_blank">[email protected]</a>&gt; wrote:<br></div><blockquote class=
=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rg=
b(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir=3D"ltr"><div dir=3D"ltr"><div><br=
></div><div dir=3D"ltr"><div>As you know I&#39;ve been re-architecting Axio=
m to use first class</div><div>dependent types and proving the algorithms c=
orrect. For example,</div><div>the GCD of natural numbers or the GCD of pol=
ynomials.</div><div><br></div><div>The idea involves &quot;boxing up&quot; =
the proof with the algorithm (aka</div><div>proof carrying code) in the ELF=
 file (under a crypto hash so it</div><div>can&#39;t be changed).</div><div=
><br></div><div>Once the code is running on the CPU, the proof is run in pa=
rallel</div><div>on the field programmable gate array (FPGA). Intel data ce=
nter</div><div>servers have CPUs with built-in FPGAs these days.</div><div>=
<br></div><div>There is a bit of a disconnect, though. The GCD code is comp=
iled</div><div>machine code but the proof is LEAN-level.</div><div><br></di=
v><div>What would be ideal is if the compiler not only compiled the GCD</di=
v><div>code to machine code, it also compiled the proof to &quot;machine co=
de&quot;.</div><div>That is, for each machine instruction, the FPGA proof c=
hecker</div><div>would ensure that the proof was not violated at the indivi=
dual</div><div>instruction level.<br></div><div><br></div><div>What does it=
 mean to &quot;compile a proof to the machine code level&quot;?</div><div><=
br></div><div>The Milawa effort (Myre14.pdf) does incremental proofs in lay=
ers.</div><div>To quote from the article [0]:<br></div><div><br></div><div>=
=C2=A0=C2=A0 We begin with a simple proof checker, call it A, which is shor=
t</div><div>=C2=A0=C2=A0 enough to verify by the ``social process&#39;&#39;=
 of mathematics -- and</div><div>=C2=A0 more recently with a theorem prover=
 for a more expressive logic.</div><div><br></div><div>=C2=A0=C2=A0 We then=
 develop a series of increasingly powerful proof checkers,</div><div>=C2=A0=
 call the B, C, D, and so on. We show each of these programs only</div><div=
>=C2=A0=C2=A0 accepts the same formulas as A, using A to verify B, and B to=
 verify</div><div>=C2=A0=C2=A0 C, and so on. Then, since we trust A, and A =
says B is trustworthy, we</div><div>=C2=A0=C2=A0 can trust B. Then, since w=
e trust B, and B says C is trustworthy, we</div><div>=C2=A0=C2=A0 can trust=
 C. <br></div><div><br></div><div>This gives a technique for &quot;compilin=
g the proof&quot; down the the machine</div><div>code level. Ideally, the c=
ompiler would have judgments for each step of</div><div>the compilation so =
that each compile step has a justification. I don&#39;t</div><div>know of a=
ny compiler that does this yet. (References welcome).<br></div><div><div><b=
r></div><div>At the machine code level, there are techniques that would all=
ow</div><div>the FPGA proof to &quot;step in sequence&quot; with the execut=
ing code.<br></div><div>Some work has been done on using &quot;Hoare Logic =
for Realistically</div><div>Modelled Machine Code&quot; (paper attached, My=
re07a.pdf),</div><div>&quot;Decompilation into Logic -- Improved (Myre12a.p=
df).</div><div><br></div><div>So the game is to construct a GCD over some t=
ype (Nats, Polys, etc.</div><div>Axiom has 22), compile the dependent type =
GCD to machine code.</div><div>In parallel, the proof of the code is compil=
ed to machine code. The</div><div>pair is sent to the CPU/FPGA and, while t=
he algorithm runs, the FPGA</div><div>ensures the proof is not violated, in=
struction by instruction.</div><div><br></div><div>(I&#39;m ignoring machin=
e architecture issues such pipelining, out-of-order,</div><div>branch predi=
ction, and other machine-level things to ponder. I&#39;m looking</div><div>=
at the RISC-V Verilog details by various people to understand better but</d=
iv><div>it is still a &quot;misty fog&quot; for me.)<br></div><div><br></di=
v><div>The result is proven code &quot;down to the metal&quot;.</div><div><=
br></div><div>Tim</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>[0=
] <a href=3D"https://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/moore/acl2/manuals/current/man=
ual/index-seo.php/ACL2____MILAWA" target=3D"_blank">https://www.cs.utexas.e=
du/users/moore/acl2/manuals/current/manual/index-seo.php/ACL2____MILAWA</a>=
</div></div></div></div></div><br><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><div dir=3D"lt=
r" class=3D"gmail_attr">On Thu, Nov 25, 2021 at 6:05 AM Tim Daly &lt;<a hre=
f=3D"mailto:[email protected]" target=3D"_blank">[email protected]</a>&gt=
; wrote:<br></div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0px 0px=
 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div di=
r=3D"ltr"><br><div dir=3D"ltr"><div>As you know I&#39;ve been re-architecti=
ng Axiom to use first class</div><div>dependent types and proving the algor=
ithms correct. For example,</div><div>the GCD of natural numbers or the GCD=
 of polynomials.</div><div><br></div><div>The idea involves &quot;boxing up=
&quot; the proof with the algorithm (aka</div><div>proof carrying code) in =
the ELF file (under a crypto hash so it</div><div>can&#39;t be changed).</d=
iv><div><br></div><div>Once the code is running on the CPU, the proof is ru=
n in parallel</div><div>on the field programmable gate array (FPGA). Intel =
data center</div><div>servers have CPUs with built-in FPGAs these days.</di=
v><div><br></div><div>There is a bit of a disconnect, though. The GCD code =
is compiled</div><div>machine code but the proof is LEAN-level.</div><div><=
br></div><div>What would be ideal is if the compiler not only compiled the =
GCD</div><div>code to machine code, it also compiled the proof to &quot;mac=
hine code&quot;.</div><div>That is, for each machine instruction, the FPGA =
proof checker</div><div>would ensure that the proof was not violated at the=
 individual</div><div>instruction level.<br></div><div><br></div><div>What =
does it mean to &quot;compile a proof to the machine code level&quot;?</div=
><div><br></div><div>The Milawa effort (Myre14.pdf) does incremental proofs=
 in layers.</div><div>To quote from the article [0]:<br></div><div><br></di=
v><div>=C2=A0=C2=A0 We begin with a simple proof checker, call it A, which =
is short</div><div>=C2=A0=C2=A0 enough to verify by the ``social process&#3=
9;&#39; of mathematics -- and</div><div>=C2=A0 more recently with a theorem=
 prover for a more expressive logic.</div><div><br></div><div>=C2=A0=C2=A0 =
We then develop a series of increasingly powerful proof checkers,</div><div=
>=C2=A0 call the B, C, D, and so on. We show each of these programs only</d=
iv><div>=C2=A0=C2=A0 accepts the same formulas as A, using A to verify B, a=
nd B to verify</div><div>=C2=A0=C2=A0 C, and so on. Then, since we trust A,=
 and A says B is trustworthy, we</div><div>=C2=A0=C2=A0 can trust B. Then, =
since we trust B, and B says C is trustworthy, we</div><div>=C2=A0=C2=A0 ca=
n trust C. <br></div><div><br></div><div>This gives a technique for &quot;c=
ompiling the proof&quot; down the the machine</div><div>code level. Ideally=
, the compiler would have judgments for each step of</div><div>the compilat=
ion so that each compile step has a justification. I don&#39;t</div><div>kn=
ow of any compiler that does this yet. (References welcome).<br></div><div>=
<div><br></div><div>At the machine code level, there are techniques that wo=
uld allow</div><div>the FPGA proof to &quot;step in sequence&quot; with the=
 executing code.<br></div><div>Some work has been done on using &quot;Hoare=
 Logic for Realistically</div><div>Modelled Machine Code&quot; (paper attac=
hed, Myre07a.pdf),</div><div>&quot;Decompilation into Logic -- Improved (My=
re12a.pdf).</div><div><br></div><div>So the game is to construct a GCD over=
 some type (Nats, Polys, etc.</div><div>Axiom has 22), compile the dependen=
t type GCD to machine code.</div><div>In parallel, the proof of the code is=
 compiled to machine code. The</div><div>pair is sent to the CPU/FPGA and, =
while the algorithm runs, the FPGA</div><div>ensures the proof is not viola=
ted, instruction by instruction.</div><div><br></div><div>(I&#39;m ignoring=
 machine architecture issues such pipelining, out-of-order,</div><div>branc=
h prediction, and other machine-level things to ponder. I&#39;m looking</di=
v><div>at the RISC-V Verilog details by various people to understand better=
 but</div><div>it is still a &quot;misty fog&quot; for me.)<br></div><div><=
br></div><div>The result is proven code &quot;down to the metal&quot;.</div=
><div><br></div><div>Tim</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div>=
<div>[0] <a href=3D"https://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/moore/acl2/manuals/curr=
ent/manual/index-seo.php/ACL2____MILAWA" target=3D"_blank">https://www.cs.u=
texas.edu/users/moore/acl2/manuals/current/manual/index-seo.php/ACL2____MIL=
AWA</a></div></div></div></div><br><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><div dir=3D"l=
tr" class=3D"gmail_attr">On Sat, Nov 13, 2021 at 5:28 PM Tim Daly &lt;<a hr=
ef=3D"mailto:[email protected]" target=3D"_blank">[email protected]</a>&g=
t; wrote:<br></div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0px 0p=
x 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div d=
ir=3D"ltr"><div>Full support for general, first-class dependent types requi=
res</div><div>some changes to the Axiom design. That implies some language<=
/div><div>design questions.</div><div><br></div><div>Given that mathematics=
 is such a general subject with a lot of</div><div>&quot;local&quot; notati=
on and ideas (witness logical judgment notation)</div><div>careful thought =
is needed to design a language that is able to</div><div>handle a wide rang=
e.</div><div><br></div><div>Normally language design is a two-level process=
. The language</div><div>designer creates a language and then an implementa=
tion. Various</div><div>design choices affect the final language.<br></div>=
<div><br></div><div>There is &quot;The Metaobject Protocol&quot; (MOP)<br><=
/div><div><a href=3D"https://www.amazon.com/Art-Metaobject-Protocol-Gregor-=
Kiczales/dp/0262610744" target=3D"_blank">https://www.amazon.com/Art-Metaob=
ject-Protocol-Gregor-Kiczales/dp/0262610744</a></div><div>which encourages =
a three-level process. The language designer <br></div><div>works at a Meta=
level to design a family of languages, then the</div><div>language speciali=
zations, then the implementation. A MOP design</div><div>allows the languag=
e user to optimize the language to their problem.</div><div><br></div><div>=
A simple paper on the subject is &quot;Metaobject Protocols&quot;</div><div=
><a href=3D"https://users.cs.duke.edu/~vahdat/ps/mop.pdf" target=3D"_blank"=
>https://users.cs.duke.edu/~vahdat/ps/mop.pdf</a></div><div><br></div><div>=
Tim</div><div><br></div></div><br><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><div dir=3D"lt=
r" class=3D"gmail_attr">On Mon, Oct 25, 2021 at 7:42 PM Tim Daly &lt;<a hre=
f=3D"mailto:[email protected]" target=3D"_blank">[email protected]</a>&gt=
; wrote:<br></div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0px 0px=
 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div di=
r=3D"ltr"><div>I have a separate thread of research on Self-Replicating Sys=
tems</div><div>(ref: Kinematics of Self Reproducing Machines</div><div><a h=
ref=3D"http://www.molecularassembler.com/KSRM.htm" target=3D"_blank">http:/=
/www.molecularassembler.com/KSRM.htm</a>)<br></div><div><br></div><div>whic=
h led to watching &quot;Strange Dreams of Stranger Loops&quot; by Will Byrd=
</div><div><a href=3D"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3DAffW-7ika0E" target=
=3D"_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3DAffW-7ika0E</a></div><div><br=
></div><div>Will referenced a PhD Thesis by Jon Doyle</div><div>&quot;A Mod=
el for Deliberation, Action, and Introspection&quot;</div><div><br></div><d=
iv>I also read the thesis by J.C.G. Sturdy</div><div>&quot;A Lisp through t=
he Looking Glass&quot;</div><div><br></div><div>Self-replication requires t=
he ability to manipulate your own</div><div>representation in such a way th=
at changes to that representation</div><div>will change behavior.</div><div=
><br></div><div>This leads to two thoughts in the SANE research.</div><div>=
<br></div><div>First, &quot;Declarative Representation&quot;. That is, most=
 of the things</div><div>about the representation should be declarative rat=
her than</div><div>procedural. Applying this idea as much as possible makes=
 it</div><div>easier to understand and manipulate.<br></div><div><br></div>=
<div>Second, &quot;Explicit Call Stack&quot;. Function calls form an implic=
it</div><div>call stack. This can usually be displayed in a running lisp sy=
stem.</div><div>However, having the call stack explicitly available would m=
ean</div><div>that a system could &quot;introspect&quot; at the first-class=
 level.</div><div><br></div><div>These two ideas would make it easy, for ex=
ample, to let the</div><div>system &quot;show the work&quot;. One of the no=
rmal complaints is that</div><div>a system presents an answer but there is =
no way to know how</div><div>that answer was derived. These two ideas make =
it possible to</div><div>understand, display, and even post-answer manipula=
te</div><div>the intermediate steps.</div><div><br></div><div>Having the in=
termediate steps also allows proofs to be</div><div>inserted in a step-by-s=
tep fashion. This aids the effort to</div><div>have proofs run in parallel =
with computation at the hardware</div><div>level.<br></div><div><br></div><=
div>Tim</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><d=
iv><br> </div></div><br><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><div dir=3D"ltr" class=
=3D"gmail_attr">On Thu, Oct 21, 2021 at 9:50 AM Tim Daly &lt;<a href=3D"mai=
lto:[email protected]" target=3D"_blank">[email protected]</a>&gt; wrote:=
<br></div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8=
ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir=3D"ltr=
"><div>So the current struggle involves the categories in Axiom.</div><div>=
<br></div><div>The categories and domains constructed using categories</div=
><div>are dependent types. When are dependent types &quot;equal&quot;?</div=
><div>Well, hummmm, that depends on the arguments to the</div><div>construc=
tor.</div><div><br></div><div>But in order to decide(?) equality we have to=
 evaluate</div><div>the arguments (which themselves can be dependent types)=
.</div><div>Indeed, we may, and in general, we must evaluate the <br></div>=
<div>arguments at compile time (well, &quot;construction time&quot; as</div=
><div>there isn&#39;t really a compiler / interpreter separation anymore.)<=
br></div><div><br></div><div>That raises the question of what &quot;equalit=
y&quot; means. This</div><div>is not simply a &quot;set equality&quot; rela=
tion. It falls into the</div><div>infinite-groupoid of homotopy type theory=
. In general</div><div>it appears that deciding category / domain equivalen=
ce</div><div>might force us to climb the type hierarchy.</div><div><br></di=
v><div>Beyond that, there is the question of &quot;which proof&quot;</div><=
div>applies to the resulting object. Proofs depend on their</div><div>assum=
ptions which might be different for different</div><div>constructions. As y=
et I have no clue how to &quot;index&quot;</div><div>proofs based on their =
assumptions, nor how to <br></div><div>connect these assumptions to the gro=
upoid structure.</div><div><br></div><div>My brain hurts.</div><div><br></d=
iv><div>Tim</div><div><br></div></div><br><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><div d=
ir=3D"ltr" class=3D"gmail_attr">On Mon, Oct 18, 2021 at 2:00 AM Tim Daly &l=
t;<a href=3D"mailto:[email protected]" target=3D"_blank">[email protected]=
m</a>&gt; wrote:<br></div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin=
:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"=
><div dir=3D"ltr"><div>&quot;Birthing Computational Mathematics&quot;</div>=
<div><br></div><div>The Axiom SANE project is difficult at a very fundament=
al</div><div>level. The title &quot;SANE&quot; was chosen due to the variou=
s</div><div>words found in a thesuarus... &quot;rational&quot;, &quot;coher=
ent&quot;,</div><div>&quot;judicious&quot; and &quot;sound&quot;.</div><div=
><br></div><div>These are very high level, amorphous ideas. But so is</div>=
<div>the design of SANE. Breaking away from tradition in</div><div>computer=
 algebra, type theory, and proof assistants</div><div>is very difficult. Id=
eas tend to fall into standard jargon</div><div>which limits both the frame=
 of thinking (e.g. dependent</div><div>types) and the content (e.g. notatio=
n).</div><div><br></div><div>Questioning both frame and content is very dif=
ficult.</div><div>It is hard to even recognize when they are accepted</div>=
<div>&quot;by default&quot; rather than &quot;by choice&quot;. What does th=
e idea<br></div><div>&quot;power tools&quot; mean in a primitive, hand labo=
r culture?<br></div><div><br></div><div>Christopher Alexander [0] addresses=
 this problem in</div><div>a lot of his writing. Specifically, in his book =
&quot;Notes on</div><div>the Synthesis of Form&quot;, in his chapter 5 &quo=
t;The Selfconsious</div><div>Process&quot;, he addresses this problem direc=
tly. This is a</div><div>&quot;must read&quot; book.<br></div><div><br></di=
v><div>Unlike building design and contruction, however, there</div><div>are=
 almost no constraints to use as guides. Alexander</div><div>quotes Plato&#=
39;s Phaedrus:</div><div><br></div><div>=C2=A0 &quot;First, the taking in o=
f scattered particulars under</div><div>=C2=A0=C2=A0 one Idea, so that ever=
yone understands what is being</div><div>=C2=A0=C2=A0 talked about ... Seco=
nd, the separation of the Idea</div><div>=C2=A0=C2=A0 into parts, by dividi=
ng it at the joints, as nature</div><div>=C2=A0=C2=A0 directs, not breaking=
 any limb in half as a bad <br></div><div>=C2=A0=C2=A0 carver might.&quot;<=
br></div><div><br></div><div>Lisp, which has been called &quot;clay for the=
 mind&quot; can</div><div>build virtually anything that can be thought. The=
 <br></div><div>&quot;joints&quot; are also &quot;of one&#39;s choosing&quo=
t; so one is</div><div>both carver and &quot;nature&quot;.<br></div><div><b=
r></div><div>Clearly the problem is no longer &quot;the tools&quot;.</div><=
div>*I* am the problem constraining the solution.</div><div>Birthing this &=
quot;new thing&quot; is slow, difficult, and</div><div>uncertain at best.</=
div><div><br></div><div>Tim</div><div><br></div><div>[0] Alexander, Christo=
pher &quot;Notes on the Synthesis</div><div>of Form&quot; Harvard Universit=
y Press 1964 <br></div><div>ISBN 0-674-62751-2</div><div><br></div></div><b=
r><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><div dir=3D"ltr" class=3D"gmail_attr">On Sun, =
Oct 10, 2021 at 4:40 PM Tim Daly &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:[email protected]" =
target=3D"_blank">[email protected]</a>&gt; wrote:<br></div><blockquote cl=
ass=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid=
 rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">Re: writing a paper... I&#39;m not conn=
ected to Academia<br>
so anything I&#39;d write would never make it into print.<br>
<br>
&quot;Language level parsing&quot; is still a long way off. The talk<br>
by Guy Steele [2] highlights some of the problems we<br>
currently face using mathematical metanotation.<br>
<br>
For example, a professor I know at CCNY (City College<br>
of New York) didn&#39;t understand Platzer&#39;s &quot;funny<br>
fraction notation&quot; (proof judgements) despite being<br>
an expert in Platzer&#39;s differential equations area.<br>
<br>
Notation matters and is not widely common.<br>
<br>
I spoke to Professor Black (in LTI) about using natural<br>
language in the limited task of a human-robot cooperation<br>
in changing a car tire.=C2=A0 I looked at the current machine<br>
learning efforts. They are no where near anything but<br>
toy systems, taking too long to train and are too fragile.<br>
<br>
Instead I ended up using a combination of AIML [3]<br>
(Artificial Intelligence Markup Language), the ALICE<br>
Chatbot [4], Forgy&#39;s OPS5 rule based program [5],<br>
and Fahlman&#39;s SCONE [6] knowledge base. It was<br>
much less fragile in my limited domain problem.<br>
<br>
I have no idea how to extend any system to deal with<br>
even undergraduate mathematics parsing.<br>
<br>
Nor do I have any idea how I would embed LEAN<br>
knowledge into a SCONE database, although I<br>
think the combination would be useful and interesting.<br>
<br>
I do believe that, in the limited area of computational<br>
mathematics, we are capable of building robust, proven<br>
systems that are quite general and extensible. As you<br>
might have guessed I&#39;ve given it a lot of thought over<br>
the years :-)<br>
<br>
A mathematical language seems to need &gt;6 components<br>
<br>
1) We need some sort of a specification language, possibly<br>
somewhat &#39;propositional&#39; that introduces the assumptions<br>
you mentioned (ref. your discussion of numbers being<br>
abstract and ref. your discussion of relevant choice of<br>
assumptions related to a problem).<br>
<br>
This is starting to show up in the hardware area (e.g.<br>
Lamport&#39;s TLC[0])<br>
<br>
Of course, specifications relate to proving programs<br>
and, as you recall, I got a cold reception from the<br>
LEAN community about using LEAN for program proofs.<br>
<br>
2) We need &quot;scaffolding&quot;. That is, we need a theory<br>
that can be reduced to some implementable form<br>
that provides concept-level structure.<br>
<br>
Axiom uses group theory for this. Axiom&#39;s &quot;category&quot;<br>
structure has &quot;Category&quot; things like Ring. Claiming<br>
to be a Ring brings in a lot of &quot;Signatures&quot; of functions<br>
you have to implement to properly be a Ring.<br>
<br>
Scaffolding provides a firm mathematical basis for<br>
design. It provides a link between the concept of a<br>
Ring and the expectations you can assume when<br>
you claim your &quot;Domain&quot; &quot;is a Ring&quot;. Category<br>
theory might provide similar structural scaffolding<br>
(eventually... I&#39;m still working on that thought garden)<br>
<br>
LEAN ought to have a textbook(s?) that structures<br>
the world around some form of mathematics. It isn&#39;t<br>
sufficient to say &quot;undergraduate math&quot; is the goal.<br>
There needs to be some coherent organization so<br>
people can bring ideas like Group Theory to the<br>
organization. Which brings me to ...<br>
<br>
3) We need &quot;spreading&quot;. That is, we need to take<br>
the various definitions and theorems in LEAN and<br>
place them in their proper place in the scaffold.<br>
<br>
For example, the Ring category needs the definitions<br>
and theorems for a Ring included in the code for the<br>
Ring category. Similarly, the Commutative category<br>
needs the definitions and theorems that underlie<br>
&quot;commutative&quot; included in the code.<br>
<br>
That way, when you claim to be a &quot;Commutative Ring&quot;<br>
you get both sets of definitions and theorems. That is,<br>
the inheritance mechanism will collect up all of the<br>
definitions and theorems and make them available<br>
for proofs.<br>
<br>
I am looking at LEAN&#39;s definitions and theorems with<br>
an eye to &quot;spreading&quot; them into the group scaffold of<br>
Axiom.<br>
<br>
4) We need &quot;carriers&quot; (Axiom calls them representations,<br>
aka &quot;REP&quot;). REPs allow data structures to be defined<br>
independent of the implementation.<br>
<br>
For example, Axiom can construct Polynomials that<br>
have their coefficients in various forms of representation.<br>
You can define &quot;dense&quot; (all coefficients in a list),<br>
&quot;sparse&quot; (only non-zero coefficients), &quot;recursive&quot;, etc=
.<br>
<br>
A &quot;dense polynomial&quot; and a &quot;sparse polynomial&quot; work<br>
exactly the same way as far as the user is concerned.<br>
They both implement the same set of functions. There<br>
is only a difference of representation for efficiency and<br>
this only affects the implementation of the functions,<br>
not their use.<br>
<br>
Axiom &quot;got this wrong&quot; because it didn&#39;t sufficiently<br>
separate the REP from the &quot;Domain&quot;. I plan to fix this.<br>
<br>
LEAN ought to have a &quot;data structures&quot; subtree that<br>
has all of the definitions and axioms for all of the<br>
existing data structures (e.g. Red-Black trees). This<br>
would be a good undergraduate project.<br>
<br>
5) We need &quot;Domains&quot; (in Axiom speak). That is, we<br>
need a box that holds all of the functions that implement<br>
a &quot;Domain&quot;. For example, a &quot;Polynomial Domain&quot; would<br=
>
hold all of the functions for manipulating polynomials<br>
(e.g polynomial multiplication). The &quot;Domain&quot; box<br>
is a dependent type that:<br>
<br>
=C2=A0 A) has an argument list of &quot;Categories&quot; that this &quot;Do=
main&quot;<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 box inherits. Thus, the &quot;Integer Domain&quot; inh=
erits<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 the definitions and axioms from &quot;Commutative&quot=
;<br>
<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0Functions in the &quot;Domain&quot; box can now assume<=
br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0and use the properties of being commutative. Proofs<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0of functions in this domain can use the definitions<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0and proofs about being commutative.<br>
<br>
=C2=A0 B) contains an argument that specifies the &quot;REP&quot;<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0(aka, the carrier). That way you get all of the<=
br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0functions associated with the data structure<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 available for use in the implementation.<br>
<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 Functions in the Domain box can use all of<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 the definitions and axioms about the representation<br=
>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 (e.g. NonNegativeIntegers are always positive)<br>
<br>
=C2=A0 C) contains local &quot;spread&quot; definitions and axioms<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0that can be used in function proofs.<br>
<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 For example, a &quot;Square Matrix&quot; domain would<=
br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 have local axioms that state that the matrix is<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 always square. Thus, functions in that box could<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 use these additional definitions and axioms in<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 function proofs.<br>
<br>
=C2=A0 D) contains local state. A &quot;Square Matrix&quot; domain<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0would be constructed as a dependent type that<br=
>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0specified the size of the square (e.g. a 2x2<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0matrix would have &#39;2&#39; as a dependent par=
ameter.<br>
<br>
=C2=A0 E) contains implementations of inherited functions.<br>
<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0A &quot;Category&quot; could have a signature fo=
r a GCD<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0function and the &quot;Category&quot; could have=
 a default<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0implementation. However, the &quot;Domain&quot; =
could<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0have a locally more efficient implementation whi=
ch<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0overrides the inherited implementation.<br>
<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 Axiom has about 20 GCD implementations that<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 differ locally from the default in the category. They<=
br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 use properties known locally to be more efficient.<br>
<br>
=C2=A0 F) contains local function signatures.<br>
<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 A &quot;Domain&quot; gives the user more and more uniq=
ue<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 functions. The signature have associated<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 &quot;pre- and post- conditions&quot; that can be used=
<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 as assumptions in the function proofs.<br>
<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 Some of the user-available functions are only<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 visible if the dependent type would allow them<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 to exist. For example, a general Matrix domain<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 would have fewer user functions that a Square<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 Matrix domain.<br>
<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 In addition, local &quot;helper&quot; functions need t=
heir<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 own signatures that are not user visible.<br>
<br>
=C2=A0 G) the function implementation for each signature.<br>
<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0This is obviously where all the magic happens<br=
>
<br>
=C2=A0 H) the proof of each function.<br>
<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0This is where I&#39;m using LEAN.<br>
<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0Every function has a proof. That proof can use<b=
r>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0all of the definitions and axioms inherited from=
<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0the &quot;Category&quot;, &quot;Representation&q=
uot;, the &quot;Domain<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0Local&quot;, and the signature pre- and post-<br=
>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0conditions.<br>
<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0I) literature links. Algorithms must contain a link<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 to at least one literature reference. Of course,<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 since everything I do is a Literate Program<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 this is obviously required. Knuth said so :-)<br>
<br>
<br>
LEAN ought to have &quot;books&quot; or &quot;pamphlets&quot; that<br>
bring together all of this information for a domain<br>
such as Square Matrices. That way a user can<br>
find all of the related ideas, available functions,<br>
and their corresponding proofs in one place.<br>
<br>
6) User level presentation.<br>
<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 This is where the systems can differ significantly.<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 Axiom and LEAN both have GCD but they use<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 that for different purposes.<br>
<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 I&#39;m trying to connect LEAN&#39;s GCD and Axiom&#39;s GCD<=
br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 so there is a &quot;computational mathematics&quot; idea that=
<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 allows the user to connect proofs and implementations.<br>
<br>
7) Trust<br>
<br>
Unlike everything else, computational mathematics<br>
can have proven code that gives various guarantees.<br>
<br>
I have been working on this aspect for a while.<br>
I refer to it as trust &quot;down to the metal&quot; The idea is<br>
that a proof of the GCD function and the implementation<br>
of the GCD function get packaged into the ELF format.<br>
(proof carrying code). When the GCD algorithm executes<br>
on the CPU, the GCD proof is run through the LEAN<br>
proof checker on an FPGA in parallel.<br>
<br>
(I just recently got a PYNQ Xilinx board [1] with a CPU<br>
and FPGA together. I&#39;m trying to implement the LEAN<br>
proof checker on the FPGA).<br>
<br>
We are on the cusp of a revolution in computational<br>
mathematics. But the two pillars (proof and computer<br>
algebra) need to get know each other.<br>
<br>
Tim<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
[0] Lamport, Leslie &quot;Chapter on TLA+&quot;<br>
in &quot;Software Specification Methods&quot;<br>
<a href=3D"https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9781852333539" rel=3D"noreferre=
r" target=3D"_blank">https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9781852333539</a><br>
(I no longer have CMU library access or I&#39;d send you<br>
the book PDF)<br>
<br>
[1] <a href=3D"https://www.tul.com.tw/productspynq-z2.html" rel=3D"noreferr=
er" target=3D"_blank">https://www.tul.com.tw/productspynq-z2.html</a><br>
<br>
[2] <a href=3D"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3DdCuZkaaou0Q" rel=3D"norefe=
rrer" target=3D"_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3DdCuZkaaou0Q</a><b=
r>
<br>
[3] &quot;ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE MARKUP LANGUAGE&quot;<br>
<a href=3D"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1307.3091.pdf" rel=3D"noreferrer" target=
=3D"_blank">https://arxiv.org/pdf/1307.3091.pdf</a><br>
<br>
[4] ALICE Chatbot<br>
<a href=3D"http://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/cys/v19n4/1405-5546-cys-19-04-00625=
.pdf" rel=3D"noreferrer" target=3D"_blank">http://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/cys=
/v19n4/1405-5546-cys-19-04-00625.pdf</a><br>
<br>
[5] OPS5 User Manual<br>
<a href=3D"https://kilthub.cmu.edu/articles/journal_contribution/OPS5_user_=
s_manual/6608090/1" rel=3D"noreferrer" target=3D"_blank">https://kilthub.cm=
u.edu/articles/journal_contribution/OPS5_user_s_manual/6608090/1</a><br>
<br>
[6] Scott Fahlman &quot;SCONE&quot;<br>
<a href=3D"http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~sef/scone/" rel=3D"noreferrer" target=3D"=
_blank">http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~sef/scone/</a><br>
<br>
On 9/27/21, Tim Daly &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:[email protected]" target=3D"_b=
lank">[email protected]</a>&gt; wrote:<br>
&gt; I have tried to maintain a list of names of people who have<br>
&gt; helped Axiom, going all the way back to the pre-Scratchpad<br>
&gt; days. The names are listed at the beginning of each book.<br>
&gt; I also maintain a bibliography of publications I&#39;ve read or<br>
&gt; that have had an indirect influence on Axiom.<br>
&gt;<br>
&gt; Credit is &quot;the coin of the realm&quot;. It is easy to share and w=
rong<br>
&gt; to ignore. It is especially damaging to those in Academia who<br>
&gt; are affected by credit and citations in publications.<br>
&gt;<br>
&gt; Apparently I&#39;m not the only person who feels that way. The ACM<br>
&gt; Turing award seems to have ignored a lot of work:<br>
&gt;<br>
&gt; Scientific Integrity, the 2021 Turing Lecture, and the 2018 Turing<br>
&gt; Award for Deep Learning<br>
&gt; <a href=3D"https://people.idsia.ch/~juergen/scientific-integrity-turin=
g-award-deep-learning.html" rel=3D"noreferrer" target=3D"_blank">https://pe=
ople.idsia.ch/~juergen/scientific-integrity-turing-award-deep-learning.html=
</a><br>
&gt;<br>
&gt; I worked on an AI problem at IBM Research called Ketazolam.<br>
&gt; (<a href=3D"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketazolam" rel=3D"noreferrer=
" target=3D"_blank">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketazolam</a>). The idea =
was to recognize<br>
&gt; and associated 3D chemical drawings with their drug counterparts.<br>
&gt; I used Rumelhart, and McClelland&#39;s books. These books contained<br=
>
&gt; quite a few ideas that seem to be &quot;new and innovative&quot; among=
 the<br>
&gt; machine learning crowd... but the books are from 1987. I don&#39;t bel=
ieve<br>
&gt; I&#39;ve seen these books mentioned in any recent bibliography.<br>
&gt; <a href=3D"https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/parallel-distributed-process=
ing-volume-1" rel=3D"noreferrer" target=3D"_blank">https://mitpress.mit.edu=
/books/parallel-distributed-processing-volume-1</a><br>
&gt;<br>
&gt;<br>
&gt;<br>
&gt;<br>
&gt; On 9/27/21, Tim Daly &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:[email protected]" target=
=3D"_blank">[email protected]</a>&gt; wrote:<br>
&gt;&gt; Greg Wilson asked &quot;How Reliable is Scientific Software?&quot;=
<br>
&gt;&gt; <a href=3D"https://neverworkintheory.org/2021/09/25/how-reliable-i=
s-scientific-software.html" rel=3D"noreferrer" target=3D"_blank">https://ne=
verworkintheory.org/2021/09/25/how-reliable-is-scientific-software.html</a>=
<br>
&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt; which is a really interesting read. For example&quot;<br>
&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;=C2=A0 [Hatton1994], is now a quarter of a century old, but its con=
clusions<br>
&gt;&gt; are still fresh. The authors fed the same data into nine commercia=
l<br>
&gt;&gt; geophysical software packages and compared the results; they found=
<br>
&gt;&gt; that, &quot;numerical disagreement grows at around the rate of 1% =
in<br>
&gt;&gt; average absolute difference per 4000 fines of implemented code, an=
d,<br>
&gt;&gt; even worse, the nature of the disagreement is nonrandom&quot; (i.e=
., the<br>
&gt;&gt; authors of different packages make similar mistakes).<br>
&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt; On 9/26/21, Tim Daly &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:[email protected]" tar=
get=3D"_blank">[email protected]</a>&gt; wrote:<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt; I should note that the lastest board I&#39;ve just unboxed<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt; (a PYNQ-Z2) is a Zynq Z-7020 chip from Xilinx (AMD).<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt; What makes it interesting is that it contains 2 hard<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt; core processors and an FPGA, connected by 9 paths<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt; for communication. The processors can be run<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt; independently so there is the possibility of a parallel<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt; version of some Axiom algorithms (assuming I had<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt; the time, which I don&#39;t).<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt; Previously either the hard (physical) processor was<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt; separate from the FPGA with minimal communication<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt; or the soft core processor had to be created in the FPGA<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt; and was much slower.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt; Now the two have been combined in a single chip.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt; That means that my effort to run a proof checker on<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt; the FPGA and the algorithm on the CPU just got to<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt; the point where coordination is much easier.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt; Now all I have to do is figure out how to program this<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt; beast.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt; There is no such thing as a simple job.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt; Tim<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt; On 9/26/21, Tim Daly &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:[email protected]"=
 target=3D"_blank">[email protected]</a>&gt; wrote:<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; I&#39;m familiar with most of the traditional approaches<b=
r>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; like Theorema. The bibliography contains most of the<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; more interesting sources. [0]<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; There is a difference between traditional approaches to<br=
>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; connecting computer algebra and proofs and my approach.<br=
>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Proving an algorithm, like the GCD, in Axiom is hard.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; There are many GCDs (e.g. NNI vs POLY) and there<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; are theorems and proofs passed at runtime in the<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; arguments of the newly constructed domains. This<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; involves a lot of dependent type theory and issues of<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; compile time / runtime argument evaluation. The issues<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; that arise are difficult and still being debated in the ty=
pe<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; theory community.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; I am putting the definitions, theorems, and proofs (DTP)<b=
r>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; directly into the category/domain hierarchy. Each category=
<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; will have the DTP specific to it. That way a commutative<b=
r>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; domain will inherit a commutative theorem and a<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; non-commutative domain will not.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Each domain will have additional DTPs associated with<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; the domain (e.g. NNI vs Integer) as well as any DTPs<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; it inherits from the category hierarchy. Functions in the<=
br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; domain will have associated DTPs.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; A function to be proven will then inherit all of the relev=
ant<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; DTPs. The proof will be attached to the function and<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; both will be sent to the hardware (proof-carrying code).<b=
r>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; The proof checker, running on a field programmable<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; gate array (FPGA), will be checked at runtime in<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; parallel with the algorithm running on the CPU<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; (aka &quot;trust down to the metal&quot;). (Note that Inte=
l<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; and AMD have built CPU/FPGA combined chips,<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; currently only available in the cloud.)<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; I am (slowly) making progress on the research.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; I have the hardware and nearly have the proof<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; checker from LEAN running on my FPGA.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; I&#39;m in the process of spreading the DTPs from<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; LEAN across the category/domain hierarchy.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; The current Axiom build extracts all of the functions<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; but does not yet have the DTPs.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; I have to restructure the system, including the compiler<b=
r>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; and interpreter to parse and inherit the DTPs. I<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; have some of that code but only some of the code<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; has been pushed to the repository (volume 15) but<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; that is rather trivial, out of date, and incomplete.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; I&#39;m clearly not smart enough to prove the Risch<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; algorithm and its associated machinery but the needed<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; definitions and theorems will be available to someone<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; who wants to try.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; [0] <a href=3D"https://github.com/daly/PDFS/blob/master/bo=
okvolbib.pdf" rel=3D"noreferrer" target=3D"_blank">https://github.com/daly/=
PDFS/blob/master/bookvolbib.pdf</a><br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; On 8/19/21, Tim Daly &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:axiomcas@gmail.=
com" target=3D"_blank">[email protected]</a>&gt; wrote:<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; REVIEW (Axiom on WSL2 Windows)<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; So the steps to run Axiom from a Windows desktop<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; 1 Windows) install XMing on Windows for X11 server<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; <a href=3D"http://www.straightrunning.com/XmingNotes/"=
 rel=3D"noreferrer" target=3D"_blank">http://www.straightrunning.com/XmingN=
otes/</a><br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; 2 WSL2) Install Axiom in WSL2<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; sudo apt install axiom<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; 3 WSL2) modify /usr/bin/axiom to fix the bug:<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; (someone changed the axiom startup script.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; It won&#39;t work on WSL2. I don&#39;t know who or<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; how to get it fixed).<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; sudo emacs /usr/bin/axiom<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; (split the line into 3 and add quote marks)<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; export SPADDEFAULT=3D/usr/local/axiom/mnt/linux<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; export AXIOM=3D/usr/lib/axiom-20170501<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; export &quot;PATH=3D/usr/lib/axiom-20170501/bin:$PATH&=
quot;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; 4 WSL2) create a .axiom.input file to include startup =
cmds:<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; emacs .axiom.input<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; )cd &quot;/mnt/c/yourpath&quot;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; )sys pwd<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; 5 WSL2) create a &quot;myaxiom&quot; command that sets=
 the<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0DISPLAY variable and starts axiom<b=
r>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; emacs myaxiom<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; #! /bin/bash<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; export DISPLAY=3D:0.0<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; axiom<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; 6 WSL2) put it in the /usr/bin directory<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; chmod +x myaxiom<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; sudo cp myaxiom /usr/bin/myaxiom<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; 7 WINDOWS) start the X11 server<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; (XMing XLaunch Icon on your desktop)<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; 8 WINDOWS) run myaxiom from PowerShell<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; (this should start axiom with graphics available)<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; wsl myaxiom<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; 8 WINDOWS) make a PowerShell desktop<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; <a href=3D"https://superuser.com/questions/886951/run-=
powershell-script-when-you-open-powershell" rel=3D"noreferrer" target=3D"_b=
lank">https://superuser.com/questions/886951/run-powershell-script-when-you=
-open-powershell</a><br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Tim<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; On 8/13/21, Tim Daly &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:axiomcas@gm=
ail.com" target=3D"_blank">[email protected]</a>&gt; wrote:<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; A great deal of thought is directed toward making =
the SANE version<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; of Axiom as flexible as possible, decoupling mecha=
nism from theory.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; An interesting publication by Brian Cantwell Smith=
 [0], &quot;Reflection<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; and Semantics in LISP&quot; seems to contain inter=
esting ideas related<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; to our goal. Of particular interest is the ability=
 to reason about<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; and<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; perform self-referential manipulations. In a depen=
dently-typed<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; system it seems interesting to be able &quot;adapt=
&quot; code to handle<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; run-time computed arguments to dependent functions=
. The abstract:<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;=C2=A0 =C2=A0 &quot;We show how a computational sys=
tem can be constructed to<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; &quot;reason&quot;,<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; effectively<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;=C2=A0 =C2=A0 and consequentially, about its own in=
ferential processes. The<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; analysis proceeds in two<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;=C2=A0 =C2=A0 parts. First, we consider the general=
 question of computational<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; semantics, rejecting<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;=C2=A0 =C2=A0 traditional approaches, and arguing t=
hat the declarative and<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; procedural aspects of<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;=C2=A0 =C2=A0 computational symbols (what they stan=
d for, and what behaviour<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; they<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; engender) should be<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;=C2=A0 =C2=A0 analysed independently, in order that=
 they may be coherently<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; related. Second, we<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;=C2=A0 =C2=A0 investigate self-referential behavior=
 in computational processes,<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; and show how to embed an<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;=C2=A0 =C2=A0 effective procedural model of a compu=
tational calculus within that<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; calculus (a model not<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;=C2=A0 =C2=A0 unlike a meta-circular interpreter, b=
ut connected to the<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; fundamental operations of the<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;=C2=A0 =C2=A0 machine in such a way as to provide, =
at any point in a<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; computation,<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; fully articulated<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;=C2=A0 =C2=A0 descriptions of the state of that com=
putation, for inspection and<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; possible modification). In<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;=C2=A0 =C2=A0 terms of the theories that result fro=
m these investigations, we<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; present a general architecture<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;=C2=A0 =C2=A0 for procedurally reflective processes=
, able to shift smoothly<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; between dealing with a given<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;=C2=A0 =C2=A0 subject domain, and dealing with thei=
r own reasoning processes<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; over<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; that domain.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;=C2=A0 =C2=A0 An instance of the general solution i=
s worked out in the context<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; of<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; an applicative<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;=C2=A0 =C2=A0 language. Specifically, we present th=
ree successive dialects of<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; LISP: 1-LISP, a distillation of<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;=C2=A0 =C2=A0 current practice, for comparison purp=
oses; 2-LISP, a dialect<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; constructed in terms of our<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;=C2=A0 =C2=A0 rationalised semantics, in which the =
concept of evaluation is<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; rejected in favour of<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;=C2=A0 =C2=A0 independent notions of simplification=
 and reference, and in which<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; the respective categories<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;=C2=A0 =C2=A0 of notation, structure, semantics, an=
d behaviour are strictly<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; aligned; and 3-LISP, an<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;=C2=A0 =C2=A0 extension of 2-LISP endowed with refl=
ective powers.&quot;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Axiom SANE builds dependent types on the fly. The =
ability to access<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; both the refection<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; of the tower of algebra and the reflection of the =
tower of proofs at<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; the time of construction<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; makes the construction of a new domain or specific=
 algorithm easier<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; and more general.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; This is of particular interest because one of the =
efforts is to build<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; &quot;all the way down to the<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; metal&quot;. If each layer is constructed on top o=
f previous proven layers<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; and the new layer<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; can &quot;reach below&quot; to lower layers then t=
he tower of layers can be<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; built without duplication.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Tim<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; [0], Smith, Brian Cantwell &quot;Reflection and Se=
mantics in LISP&quot;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; POPL &#39;84: Proceedings of the 11th ACM SIGACT-S=
IGPLAN<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; ymposium on Principles of programming languagesJan=
uary 1<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; 984 Pages 23=E2=80=9335<a href=3D"https://doi.org/=
10.1145/800017.800513" rel=3D"noreferrer" target=3D"_blank">https://doi.org=
/10.1145/800017.800513</a><br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; On 6/29/21, Tim Daly &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:axiomca=
[email protected]" target=3D"_blank">[email protected]</a>&gt; wrote:<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Having spent time playing with hardware it is =
perfectly clear that<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; future computational mathematics efforts need =
to adapt to using<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; parallel processing.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; I&#39;ve spent a fair bit of time thinking abo=
ut structuring Axiom to<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; be parallel. Most past efforts have tried to f=
ocus on making a<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; particular algorithm parallel, such as a matri=
x multiply.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; But I think that it might be more effective to=
 make each domain<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; run in parallel. A computation crosses multipl=
e domains so a<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; particular computation could involve multiple =
parallel copies.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; For example, computing the Cylindrical Algebra=
ic Decomposition<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; could recursively decompose the plane. Indeed,=
 any tree-recursive<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; algorithm could be run in parallel &quot;in th=
e large&quot; by creating new<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; running copies of the domain for each sub-prob=
lem.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; So the question becomes, how does one manage t=
his?<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; A similar problem occurs in robotics where one=
 could have multiple<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; wheels, arms, propellers, etc. that need to ac=
t independently but<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; in coordination.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; The robot solution uses ROS2. The three ideas =
are ROSCORE,<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; TOPICS with publish/subscribe, and SERVICES wi=
th request/response.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; These are communication paths defined between =
processes.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; ROS2 has a &quot;roscore&quot; which is basica=
lly a phonebook of &quot;topics&quot;.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Any process can create or look up the current =
active topics. eq:<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;=C2=A0 =C2=A0 rosnode list<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; TOPICS:<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Any process can PUBLISH a topic (which is basi=
cally a typed data<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; structure), e.g the topic /hw with the String =
data &quot;Hello World&quot;.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; eg:<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;=C2=A0 =C2=A0 rostopic pub /hw std_msgs/String =
&quot;Hello, World&quot;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Any process can SUBSCRIBE to a topic, such as =
/hw, and get a<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; copy of the data.=C2=A0 eg:<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;=C2=A0 =C2=A0 rostopic echo /hw=C2=A0 =C2=A0=3D=
=3D&gt; &quot;Hello, World&quot;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Publishers talk, subscribers listen.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; SERVICES:<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Any process can make a REQUEST of a SERVICE an=
d get a RESPONSE.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; This is basically a remote function call.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Axiom in parallel?<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; So domains could run, each in its own process.=
 It could provide<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; services, one for each function. Any other pro=
cess could request<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; a computation and get the result as a response=
. Domains could<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; request services from other domains, either wa=
iting for responses<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; or continuing while the response is being comp=
uted.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; The output could be sent anywhere, to a termin=
al, to a browser,<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; to a network, or to another process using the =
publish/subscribe<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; protocol, potentially all at the same time sin=
ce there can be many<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; subscribers to a topic.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Available domains could be dynamically added b=
y announcing<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; themselves as new &quot;topics&quot; and could=
 be dynamically looked-up<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; at runtime.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; This structure allows function-level / domain-=
level parallelism.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; It is very effective in the robot world and I =
think it might be a<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; good structuring mechanism to allow computatio=
nal mathematics<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; to take advantage of multiple processors in a =
disciplined fashion.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Axiom has a thousand domains and each could ru=
n on its own core.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; In addition. notice that each domain is indepe=
ndent of the others.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; So if we want to use BLAS Fortran code, it cou=
ld just be another<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; service node. In fact, any &quot;foreign funct=
ion&quot; could transparently<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; cooperate in a distributed Axiom.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Another key feature is that proofs can be &quo=
t;by node&quot;.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Tim<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; On 6/5/21, Tim Daly &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:axio=
[email protected]" target=3D"_blank">[email protected]</a>&gt; wrote:<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Axiom is based on first-class dependent ty=
pes. Deciding when<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; two types are equivalent may involve compu=
tation. See<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Christiansen, David Thrane &quot;Checking =
Dependent Types with<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Normalization by Evaluation&quot; (2019)<b=
r>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; This puts an interesting constraint on bui=
lding types. The<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; constructed types has to export a function=
 to decide if a<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; given type is &quot;equivalent&quot; to it=
self.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; The notion of &quot;equivalence&quot; migh=
t involve category ideas<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; of natural transformation and univalence. =
Sigh.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; That&#39;s an interesting design point.<br=
>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Tim<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; On 5/5/21, Tim Daly &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:=
[email protected]" target=3D"_blank">[email protected]</a>&gt; wrote:<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; It is interesting that programmer&#39;=
s eyes and expectations adapt<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; to the tools they use. For instance, I=
 use emacs and expect to<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; work directly in files and multiple bu=
ffers. When I try to use one<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; of the many IDE tools I find they tend=
 to &quot;get in the way&quot;. I<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; already<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; know or can quickly find whatever they=
 try to tell me. If you use<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; an<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; IDE you probably find emacs &quot;too =
sparse&quot; for programming.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Recently I&#39;ve been working in a sp=
arse programming environment.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; I&#39;m exploring the question of runn=
ing a proof checker in an FPGA.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; The FPGA development tools are painful=
 at best and not intuitive<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; since you SEEM to be programming but y=
ou&#39;re actually describing<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; hardware gates, connections, and timin=
g. This is an environment<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; where everything happens all-at-once a=
nd all-the-time (like the<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; circuits in your computer). It is the =
&quot;assembly language of<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; circuits&quot;.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Naturally, my eyes have adapted to thi=
s rather raw level.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; That said, I&#39;m normally doing lite=
rate programming all the time.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; My typical file is a document which is=
 a mixture of latex and<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; lisp.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; It is something of a shock to return t=
o that world. It is clear<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; why<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; people who program in Python find lisp=
 to be a &quot;sea of parens&quot;.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Yet as a lisp programmer, I don&#39;t =
even see the parens, just code.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; It takes a few minutes in a literate d=
ocument to adapt vision to<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; see the latex / lisp combination as na=
tural. The latex markup,<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; like the lisp parens, eventually just =
disappears. What remains<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; is just lisp and natural language text=
.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; This seems painful at first but eyes q=
uickly adapt. The upside<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; is that there is always a &quot;finish=
ed&quot; document that describes the<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; state of the code. The overhead of wri=
ting a paragraph to<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; describe a new function or change a pa=
ragraph to describe the<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; changed function is very small.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Using a Makefile I latex the document =
to generate a current PDF<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; and then I extract, load, and execute =
the code. This loop catches<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; errors in both the latex and the sourc=
e code. Keeping an open file<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; in<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; my pdf viewer shows all of the changes=
 in the document after every<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; run of make. That way I can edit the b=
ook as easily as the code.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Ultimately I find that writing the boo=
k while writing the code is<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; more productive. I don&#39;t have to r=
emember why I wrote something<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; since the explanation is already there=
.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; We all have our own way of programming=
 and our own tools.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; But I find literate programming to be =
a real advance over IDE<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; style programming and &quot;raw code&q=
uot; programming.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Tim<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; On 2/27/21, Tim Daly &lt;<a href=3D"ma=
ilto:[email protected]" target=3D"_blank">[email protected]</a>&gt; wrote=
:<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; The systems I use have the interes=
ting property of<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; &quot;Living within the compiler&q=
uot;.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Lisp, Forth, Emacs, and other syst=
ems that present themselves<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; through the Read-Eval-Print-Loop (=
REPL) allow the<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; ability to deeply interact with th=
e system, shaping it to your<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; need.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; My current thread of study is soft=
ware architecture. See<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; <a href=3D"https://www.youtube.com=
/watch?v=3DW2hagw1VhhI&amp;feature=3Dyoutu.be" rel=3D"noreferrer" target=3D=
"_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3DW2hagw1VhhI&amp;feature=3Dyoutu.=
be</a><br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; and <a href=3D"https://www.georgef=
airbanks.com/videos/" rel=3D"noreferrer" target=3D"_blank">https://www.geor=
gefairbanks.com/videos/</a><br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; My current thinking on SANE involv=
es the ability to<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; dynamically define categories, rep=
resentations, and functions<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; along with &quot;composition funct=
ions&quot; that permits choosing a<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; combination at the time of use.<br=
>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; You might want a domain for handli=
ng polynomials. There are<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; a lot of choices, depending on you=
r use case. You might want<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; different representations. For exa=
mple, you might want dense,<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; sparse, recursive, or &quot;machin=
e compatible fixnums&quot; (e.g. to<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; interface with C code). If these d=
on&#39;t exist it ought to be<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; possible<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; to create them. Such &quot;lego-li=
ke&quot; building blocks require careful<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; thought about creating &quot;fully=
 factored&quot; objects.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Given that goal, the traditional b=
arrier of &quot;compiler&quot; vs<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; &quot;interpreter&quot;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; does not seem useful. It is better=
 to &quot;live within the compiler&quot;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; which<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; gives the ability to define new th=
ings &quot;on the fly&quot;.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Of course, the SANE compiler is go=
ing to want an associated<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; proof of the functions you create =
along with the other parts<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; such as its category hierarchy and=
 representation properties.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; There is no such thing as a simple=
 job. :-)<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Tim<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; On 2/18/21, Tim Daly &lt;<a href=
=3D"mailto:[email protected]" target=3D"_blank">[email protected]</a>&gt;=
 wrote:<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; The Axiom SANE compiler / inte=
rpreter has a few design points.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; 1) It needs to mix interpreted=
 and compiled code in the same<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; function.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; SANE allows dynamic constructi=
on of code as well as dynamic type<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; construction at runtime. Both =
of these can occur in a runtime<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; object.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; So there is potentially a mixt=
ure of interpreted and compiled<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; code.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; 2) It needs to perform type re=
solution at compile time without<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; overhead<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; where possible. Since this is =
not always possible there needs to<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; be<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; a &quot;prefix thunk&quot; tha=
t will perform the resolution. Trivially,<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; for<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; example,<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; if we have a + function we nee=
d to type-resolve the arguments.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; However, if we can prove at co=
mpile time that the types are both<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; bounded-NNI and the result is =
bounded-NNI (i.e. fixnum in lisp)<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; then we can inline a call to +=
 at runtime. If not, we might have<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; + applied to NNI and POLY(FLOA=
T), which requires a thunk to<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; resolve types. The thunk could=
 even &quot;specialize and compile&quot;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; the code before executing it.<=
br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; It turns out that the Forth im=
plementation of<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; &quot;threaded-interpreted&quo=
t;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; languages model provides an ef=
ficient and effective way to do<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; this.[0]<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Type resolution can be &quot;i=
nserted&quot; in intermediate thunks.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; The model also supports dynami=
c overloading and tail recursion.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Combining high-level CLOS code=
 with low-level threading gives an<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; easy to understand and robust =
design.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Tim<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; [0] Loeliger, R.G. &quot;Threa=
ded Interpretive Languages&quot; (1981)<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; ISBN 0-07-038360-X<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; On 2/5/21, Tim Daly &lt;<a hre=
f=3D"mailto:[email protected]" target=3D"_blank">[email protected]</a>&gt=
; wrote:<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; I&#39;ve worked hard to ma=
ke Axiom depend on almost no other<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; tools so that it would not=
 get caught by &quot;code rot&quot; of<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; libraries.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; However, I&#39;m also tryi=
ng to make the new SANE version much<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; easier to understand and d=
ebug.To that end I&#39;ve been<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; experimenting<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; with some ideas.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; It should be possible to v=
iew source code, of course. But the<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; source<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; code is not the only, nor =
possibly the best, representation of<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; the<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; ideas.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; In particular, source code=
 gets compiled into data structures.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; In<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Axiom<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; these data structures real=
ly are a graph of related structures.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; For example, looking at th=
e gcd function from NNI, there is the<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; representation of the gcd =
function itself. But there is also a<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; structure<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; that is the REP (and, in t=
he new system, is separate from the<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; domain).<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Further, there are associa=
ted specification and proof<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; structures.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Even<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; further, the domain inheri=
ts the category structures, and from<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; those<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; it<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; inherits logical axioms an=
d definitions through the proof<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; structure.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Clearly the gcd function i=
s a node in a much larger graph<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; structure.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; When trying to decide why =
code won&#39;t compile it would be useful<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; to<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; be able to see and walk th=
ese structures. I&#39;ve thought about<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; using<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; the<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; browser but browsers are t=
oo weak. Either everything has to be<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; &quot;in<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; a<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; single tab to show the gra=
ph&quot; or &quot;the nodes of the graph are in<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; different<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; tabs&quot;. Plus, construc=
ting dynamic graphs that change as the<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; software<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; changes (e.g. by loading a=
 new spad file or creating a new<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; function)<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; represents the huge proble=
m of keeping the browser &quot;in sync<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; with<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; the<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Axiom workspace&quot;. So =
something more dynamic and embedded is<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; needed.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Axiom source gets compiled=
 into CLOS data structures. Each of<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; these<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; new SANE structures has an=
 associated surface representation,<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; so<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; they<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; can be presented in user-f=
riendly form.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Also, since Axiom is liter=
ate software, it should be possible<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; to<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; look<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; at<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; the code in its literate f=
orm with the surrounding explanation.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Essentially we&#39;d like =
to have the ability to &quot;deep dive&quot; into<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; the<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Axiom<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; workspace, not only for de=
bugging, but also for understanding<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; what<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; functions are used, where =
they come from, what they inherit,<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; and<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; how they are used in a com=
putation.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; To that end I&#39;m lookin=
g at using McClim, a lisp windowing<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; system.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Since the McClim windows w=
ould be part of the lisp image, they<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; have<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; access to display (and mod=
ify) the Axiom workspace at all<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; times.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; The only hesitation is tha=
t McClim uses quicklisp and drags in<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; a<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; lot<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; of other subsystems. It&#3=
9;s all lisp, of course.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; These ideas aren&#39;t new=
. They were available on Symbolics<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; machines,<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; a truly productive platfor=
m and one I sorely miss.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Tim<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; On 1/19/21, Tim Daly &lt;<=
a href=3D"mailto:[email protected]" target=3D"_blank">[email protected]</=
a>&gt; wrote:<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Also of interest is th=
e talk<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; &quot;The Unreasonable=
 Effectiveness of Dynamic Typing for<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Practical<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Programs&quot;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; <a href=3D"https://vim=
eo.com/74354480" rel=3D"noreferrer" target=3D"_blank">https://vimeo.com/743=
54480</a><br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; which questions whethe=
r static typing really has any benefit.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Tim<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; On 1/19/21, Tim Daly &=
lt;<a href=3D"mailto:[email protected]" target=3D"_blank">[email protected]=
om</a>&gt; wrote:<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Peter Naur wrote a=
n article of interest:<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; <a href=3D"http://=
pages.cs.wisc.edu/~remzi/Naur.pdf" rel=3D"noreferrer" target=3D"_blank">htt=
p://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~remzi/Naur.pdf</a><br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; In particular, it =
mirrors my notion that Axiom needs<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; to embrace literat=
e programming so that the &quot;theory<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; of the problem&quo=
t; is presented as well as the &quot;theory<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; of the solution&qu=
ot;. I quote the introduction:<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; This article is, t=
o my mind, the most accurate account<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; of what goes on in=
 designing and coding a program.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; I refer to it regu=
larly when discussing how much<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; documentation to c=
reate, how to pass along tacit<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; knowledge, and the=
 value of the XP&#39;s metaphor-setting<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; exercise. It also =
provides a way to examine a methodolgy&#39;s<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; economic structure=
.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; In the article, wh=
ich follows, note that the quality of the<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; designing programm=
er&#39;s work is related to the quality of<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; the match between =
his theory of the problem and his theory<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; of the solution. N=
ote that the quality of a later<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; programmer&#39;s<b=
r>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; work is related to=
 the match between his theories and the<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; previous programme=
r&#39;s theories.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Using Naur&#39;s i=
deas, the designer&#39;s job is not to pass along<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; &quot;the design&q=
uot; but to pass along &quot;the theories&quot; driving the<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; design.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; The latter goal is=
 more useful and more appropriate. It also<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; highlights that kn=
owledge of the theory is tacit in the<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; owning,<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; and<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; so passing along t=
he thoery requires passing along both<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; explicit<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; and tacit knowledg=
e.<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Tim<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;<br>
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