Re: Literate Executables

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In fact, making your program 'literate' (aka, a book ) is easy.

The first steps (1)-(6) are only done once to get your program in book form.
Note that this works with any programming language. I normally use Lisp
but I'll illustrate it with C code.

The last step (7) will create a PDF and also execute your code.
You run step (7) which just requires typing 'make' any time you
want to see the book and run the code.

So now you're in a "hot loop", writing explanations and changing your
literate code, typing 'make' to remake the book and rerun the code while
continuing to create a literate program in a PDF.

To explain in detail, assume you have "hello.c" and want it literate.

(1) convert your program to a latex file. Copy hello.c to hello.tex.

Starting with the your hello.c:

====================================
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
  printf("hello\n");
  return 0;
}
=====================================

At the command line type:
=====================================
cp hello.c hello.tex
=====================================

(2) wrap your code into latex using macros (attached below)

There is a latex macro pair (attached in a latex style file below called
chunk.sty) which defines \begin{chunk} and \end{chunk} that wrap anything
in a verbatim-style block. The \begin{chunk} takes an argument which is any
word or sentence, as in \begin{chunk}{int main}. So you walk your source
file(s)
inserting these macros around every function / struct / define, etc. So,
for hello.c
you create a copy, call it hello.tex which contains your C code with latex
blocks.
This is tedious but trivial.

Your hello.tex file looks like (the chunk name can be anything)
======================================================
\begin{chunk}{includes}
#include stdio.h
\end{chunk}

\begin{chunk}{main}
int main() {
  printf("hello\n"};
  return 0;
}
\end{chunk}
========================================================

(3) automate the extraction from your hello.tex to hello.c

Now you'd like to make it so your program can be extracted easily.
Make a new chunk using any name that collects your chunks: The
third macro, called getchunk, will insert the named chunk inline.

at the end of hello.tex add a new chunk:
===================================================
\begin{chunk}{all}
\getchunk{includes}
\getchunk{main}
\end{chunk}
====================================================

(4) check that you can recreate the original hello.c from hello.tex

The second too is a program called 'tanglec' which, given the name of a
chunk will extract it to stdout. So we ask for the whole program and put it
into
extracted.c with and check that it is byte compatible with hello.c:
(Note: tanglec is attached below. gcc -o tanglec tanglec.c)

at the command line type:
===========================================
./tanglec hello.tex all >extracted.c
diff -Naur extracted.c hello.c
===========================================

(5) make hello.tex into a PDF. Just add some trivial latex header/footer.
For example add a header: (Note: chunk.sty is attached below)

So now your hello.tex looks like:
============================================

\documentclass[dvipdfm]{book}
\usepackage{chunk}
\begin{document}
\title{A Literate Hello}
\author{Timothy Daly}
\maketitle

\chapter{We need includes}
\section{This is the usual one for printf}
\begin{chunk}{includes}
#include <stdio.h>
\end{chunk}

\chapter{This is where the magic happens}
\begin{chunk}{main}
int main() {
  printf("hello\n");
  return 0;
}
\end{chunk}
\begin{chunk}{all}
\getchunk{includes}
\getchunk{main}
\end{chunk}

\end{document}

=================================================

(6) create a trivial makefile (note that indented lines require TABS, not
spaces)

in a file called 'makefile'
===================================================
doit:
    latex hello.tex
    dvipdfm hello.dvi
    evince hello.pdf &
    tanglec hello.tex all >hello.c
    gcc -o hello hello.c
    ./hello
==================================================

(7)

At the command line
===============================================
make
================================================

WIN! Now you write all your explanation and your code in the latex file.
Then type 'make' which recreates the book and runs the code. The
explanation and the code are always in sync. Now your code is a book.

Now you can add pictures, URLs, a table of contents, an index,
cross references, a bibliography, and even a spiffy new cover!
Oh, and someone can actually read your explanation of your code.

Make Knuth happy! Win a Pulitzer prize!

Tim



On Sat, Dec 3, 2022 at 8:20 AM Tim Daly <[email protected]> wrote:

> Java code has the pseudo-ability to re-generate the original source
> through decompilation. Unfortunately given the size of any executable
> it would be years worth of work to reverse-engineer the understanding
> without explanation. I struggle to even understand the traceback of
> any Java failure :-)
>
> Open source, by definition, already has the source available.
> Only the URL of the github repository and the hash number corresponding
> to the current executable is needed.
>
> I haven't worked for IBM since 1995, the year IBM Research eliminated
> the math department, including me. My ground-breaking work in Artificial
> Intelligence has yet to be cited by anyone so their decision was probably
> wise.
>
> Tim
>
>
> On Sat, Dec 3, 2022 at 1:01 AM Terence Kelly <[email protected]>
> wrote:
>
>>
>> Hi Tim,
>>
>> Your observations seem sound.  Keep in mind, however, that we're not
>> confronted with an either/or choice.  The chicken/egg aspect of literate
>> executables means that, in your context, we can arrange for the PDF to
>> generate code *and* for the code to generate PDF.  Cyclic dependency
>> graphs take some getting used to, but one can learn to love them.
>>
>> If literate execution isn't right for Axiom, perhaps it can benefit other
>> IBM open source projects.  If you circulate the paper among your
>> colleagues I'd be interested to see if they find useful applications.
>>
>> _Queue_ readers are remarkably creative and routinely find uses for Drill
>> Bits ideas that I never anticipated.  I wonder what your colleagues will
>> come up with.
>>
>> Thanks.
>>
>> -- Terence
>>
>>
>> On Fri, 2 Dec 2022, Tim Daly wrote:
>>
>> > ...
>> >
>> > The above considerations leads me to the conclusion that the PDF is the
>> > thing that generates code rather than the code generating the PDF.
>>
>

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<div dir=3D"ltr"><div><div>In fact, making your program &#39;literate&#39; =
(aka, a book ) is easy.</div><div><br></div><div>The first steps (1)-(6) ar=
e only done once to get your program in book form.</div><div>Note that this=
 works with any programming language. I normally use Lisp</div><div>but I&#=
39;ll illustrate it with C code.<br></div><div><br></div><div>The last step=
 (7) will create a PDF and also execute your code.</div><div>You run step (=
7) which just requires typing &#39;make&#39; any time you <br></div><div>wa=
nt to see the book and run the code.</div><div><br></div><div>So now you&#3=
9;re in a &quot;hot loop&quot;, writing explanations and changing your<br><=
/div><div>literate code, typing &#39;make&#39; to remake the book and rerun=
 the code while</div><div>continuing to create a literate program in a PDF.=
</div><div><br></div><div>To explain in detail, assume you have &quot;hello=
.c&quot; and want it literate.<br></div><div><br></div><div>(1) convert you=
r program to a latex file. Copy hello.c to hello.tex.</div><div><br></div><=
div>Starting with the your hello.c:</div><div><br></div><div>=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D<br></div><div>#include &lt;stdio.h&gt;</div><div>int =
main() {</div><div>=C2=A0 printf(&quot;hello\n&quot;);</div><div>=C2=A0 ret=
urn 0;</div><div>}</div><div>=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D</div><di=
v><br></div><div>At the command line type:</div><div>=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D<br></div><div>cp hello.c hello.tex</div><div>=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D<br></div><div><br></div><div>(2) wrap your code in=
to latex using macros (attached below)<br></div><div><br></div><div>There i=
s a latex macro pair (attached in a latex style file below called</div><div=
>chunk.sty) which defines \begin{chunk} and \end{chunk} that wrap anything<=
/div><div>in a verbatim-style block. The \begin{chunk} takes an argument wh=
ich is any</div><div>word or sentence, as in \begin{chunk}{int main}. So yo=
u walk your source file(s)</div><div>inserting these macros around every fu=
nction / struct / define, etc. So, for hello.c</div><div>you create a copy,=
 call it hello.tex which contains your C code with latex blocks.</div><div>=
This is tedious but trivial.<br></div><div><br></div><div>Your hello.tex fi=
le looks like (the chunk name can be anything)<br></div><div>=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
<br></div><div>\begin{chunk}{includes}</div><div>#include stdio.h</div><div=
>\end{chunk}</div><div><br></div><div>\begin{chunk}{main}</div><div>int mai=
n() {</div><div>=C2=A0 printf(&quot;hello\n&quot;};</div><div>=C2=A0 return=
 0;</div><div>}</div><div>\end{chunk}</div><div>=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D<br></div=
><div><br></div><div>(3) automate the extraction from your hello.tex to hel=
lo.c<br></div><div><br></div><div>Now you&#39;d like to make it so your pro=
gram can be extracted easily.<br></div><div>Make a new chunk using any name=
 that collects your chunks: The</div><div>third macro, called getchunk, wil=
l insert the named chunk inline.<br></div><div><br></div><div>at the end of=
 hello.tex add a new chunk:<br></div><div>=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D<br></div><div>\begin{chunk}{a=
ll}</div><div>\getchunk{includes}</div><div>\getchunk{main}</div><div>\end{=
chunk}</div><div>=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D<br></div><div><br></div><div>(4) check that you ca=
n recreate the original hello.c from hello.tex<br></div><div><br></div><div=
>The second too is a program called &#39;tanglec&#39; which, given the name=
 of a</div><div>chunk will extract it to stdout. So we ask for the whole pr=
ogram and put it into</div><div>extracted.c with and check that it is byte =
compatible with hello.c:</div><div>(Note: tanglec is attached below. gcc -o=
 tanglec tanglec.c)<br></div><div><br></div><div>at the command line type:<=
br></div><div>=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D<br></=
div><div>./tanglec hello.tex all &gt;extracted.c</div><div>diff -Naur extra=
cted.c hello.c</div><div>=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D<br></div><div><br></div><div>(5) make hello.tex into a PDF. Just add=
 some trivial latex header/footer.</div><div>For example add a header: (Not=
e: chunk.sty is attached below)</div><div><br></div><div>So now your hello.=
tex looks like:<br></div><div>=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D<br></div><div><br></div>\documentclass[dvipdfm]{book}<br>\usep=
ackage{chunk}<br>\begin{document}<br>\title{A Literate Hello}<br>\author{Ti=
mothy Daly}<br>\maketitle<br><br>\chapter{We need includes}<br>\section{Thi=
s is the usual one for printf}<br>\begin{chunk}{includes}<br>#include &lt;s=
tdio.h&gt;<br>\end{chunk}<br><br>\chapter{This is where the magic happens}<=
br>\begin{chunk}{main}<br>int main() { <br>=C2=A0 printf(&quot;hello\n&quot=
;); <br>=C2=A0 return 0; <br>}<br>\end{chunk}<br>\begin{chunk}{all}<br>\get=
chunk{includes}<br>\getchunk{main}<br>\end{chunk}<br><br>\end{document}<br>=
<div><br></div><div>=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D<br></div><div><br></div><div>(6) create a trivial makefi=
le (note that indented lines require TABS, not spaces)<br></div><div><br></=
div><div>in a file called &#39;makefile&#39; <br></div><div>=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D<br></div>do=
it:<br></div><div>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 latex hello.tex<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 =
dvipdfm hello.dvi<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 evince hello.pdf &amp;<br>=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0 tanglec hello.tex all &gt;hello.c<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 gcc -o he=
llo hello.c<br><div>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 ./hello</div><div>=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D<br></div><div><br=
></div><div>(7) <br></div><div><br></div><div>At the command line</div><div=
>=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D</div>=
<div>make</div><div>=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D<br></div><div><br></div><div>WIN! Now you write all your ex=
planation and your code in the latex file.</div><div>Then type &#39;make&#3=
9; which recreates the book and runs the code. The</div><div>explanation an=
d the code are always in sync. Now your code is a book.</div><div><br></div=
><div>Now you can add pictures, URLs, a table of contents, an index,</div><=
div>cross references, a bibliography, and even a spiffy new cover!</div><di=
v>Oh, and someone can actually read your explanation of your code.<br></div=
><div><br></div><div>Make Knuth happy! Win a Pulitzer prize!<br></div><br><=
/div>Tim<br><div><div><br></div><div><br></div></div></div><br><div class=
=3D"gmail_quote"><div dir=3D"ltr" class=3D"gmail_attr">On Sat, Dec 3, 2022 =
at 8:20 AM Tim Daly &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:[email protected]">axiomcas@gmai=
l.com</a>&gt; wrote:<br></div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"ma=
rgin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:=
1ex"><div dir=3D"ltr"><div>Java code has the pseudo-ability to re-generate =
the original source</div><div>through decompilation. Unfortunately given th=
e size of any executable</div><div>it would be years worth of work to rever=
se-engineer the understanding</div><div>without explanation. I struggle to =
even understand the traceback of</div><div>any Java failure :-)</div><div><=
br></div><div>Open source, by definition, already has the source available.=
</div><div>Only the URL of the github repository and the hash number corres=
ponding</div><div>to the current executable is needed.<br></div><div><br></=
div><div>I haven&#39;t worked for IBM since 1995, the year IBM Research eli=
minated</div><div>the math department, including me. My ground-breaking wor=
k in Artificial</div><div>Intelligence has yet to be cited by anyone so the=
ir decision was probably wise.<br></div><div><br></div><div>Tim</div><div><=
br></div></div><br><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><div dir=3D"ltr" class=3D"gma=
il_attr">On Sat, Dec 3, 2022 at 1:01 AM Terence Kelly &lt;<a href=3D"mailto=
:[email protected]" target=3D"_blank">[email protected]</a>&gt; w=
rote:<br></div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0px 0px 0p=
x 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><br>
Hi Tim,<br>
<br>
Your observations seem sound.=C2=A0 Keep in mind, however, that we&#39;re n=
ot <br>
confronted with an either/or choice.=C2=A0 The chicken/egg aspect of litera=
te <br>
executables means that, in your context, we can arrange for the PDF to <br>
generate code *and* for the code to generate PDF.=C2=A0 Cyclic dependency <=
br>
graphs take some getting used to, but one can learn to love them.<br>
<br>
If literate execution isn&#39;t right for Axiom, perhaps it can benefit oth=
er <br>
IBM open source projects.=C2=A0 If you circulate the paper among your <br>
colleagues I&#39;d be interested to see if they find useful applications.<b=
r>
<br>
_Queue_ readers are remarkably creative and routinely find uses for Drill <=
br>
Bits ideas that I never anticipated.=C2=A0 I wonder what your colleagues wi=
ll <br>
come up with.<br>
<br>
Thanks.<br>
<br>
-- Terence<br>
<br>
<br>
On Fri, 2 Dec 2022, Tim Daly wrote:<br>
<br>
&gt; ...<br>
&gt; <br>
&gt; The above considerations leads me to the conclusion that the PDF is th=
e <br>
&gt; thing that generates code rather than the code generating the PDF.<br>
</blockquote></div>
</blockquote></div>

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