CRYPTO-GRAM, April 15, 2011

Bruce Schneier <[email protected]> Fri, 15 Apr 2011 02:13:34 -0500

Newsgroups	gmane.comp.security.crypto-gram
Message-ID	<[email protected]>

CRYPTO-GRAM

April 15, 2011

by Bruce Schneier
Chief Security Technology Officer, BT
[email protected]
http://www.schneier.com

A free monthly newsletter providing summaries, analyses, insights, and
commentaries on security: computer and otherwise.

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<http://www.schneier.com/crypto-gram.html>.

You can read this issue on the web at
<http://www.schneier.com/crypto-gram-1104.html>. These same essays and
news items appear in the "Schneier on Security" blog at
<http://www.schneier.com/blog>, along with a lively comment section. An
RSS feed is available.

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In this issue:
Detecting Cheaters
Ebook Fraud
Unanticipated Security Risk of Keeping Your Money in a Home Safe
News
Changing Incentives Creates Security Risks
Euro Coin Recycling Scam
Security Fears of Wi-Fi in London Underground
Schneier News
Epsilon Hack
Schneier's Law
How did the CIA and FBI Know that Australian Government
Computers Were Hacked?

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Detecting Cheaters

Our brains are specially designed to deal with cheating in social
exchanges. The evolutionary psychology explanation is that we evolved
brain heuristics for the social problems that our prehistoric ancestors
had to deal with. Once humans became good at cheating, they then had to
become good at detecting cheating -- otherwise, the social group would
fall apart.

Perhaps the most vivid demonstration of this can be seen with variations
on what's known as the Wason selection task, named after the
psychologist who first studied it. Back in the 1960s, it was a test of
logical reasoning; today, its used more as a demonstration of
evolutionary psychology. But before we get to the experiment, let's get
into the mathematical background.

Propositional calculus is a system for deducing conclusions from true
premises. It uses variables for statements because the logic works
regardless of what the statements are. College courses on the subject
are taught by either the mathematics or the philosophy department, and
they're not generally considered to be easy classes. Two particular
rules of inference are relevant here: *modus ponens* and *modus
tollens*. Both allow you to reason from a statement of the form, "if P,
then Q." (If Socrates was a man, then Socrates was mortal. If you are
to eat dessert, then you must first eat your vegetables. If it is
raining, then Gwendolyn had Crunchy Wunchies for breakfast. That sort of
thing.) *Modus ponens* goes like this:

If P, then Q. P. Therefore, Q.

In other words, if you assume the conditional rule is true, and if you
assume the antecedent of that rule is true, then the consequent is true.
So,

If Socrates was a man, then Socrates was mortal. Socrates was a
man. Therefore, Socrates was mortal.

*Modus tollens* is more complicated:

If P, then Q. Not Q. Therefore, not P.

If Socrates was a man, then Socrates was mortal. Socrates was not
mortal. Therefore, Socrates was not a man.

This makes sense: if Socrates was not mortal, then he'd be a demigod or
a stone statue or something.

Both are valid forms of logical reasoning. If you know "if P, then Q"
and "P," then you know "Q." If you know "if P, then Q" and "not Q,"
then you know "not P." (The other two similar forms don't work. If you
know "if P, then Q" and "Q," you don't know anything about "P." And if
you know "if P, then Q" and "not P," then you don't know anything about
"Q.")

If I explained this in front of an audience full of normal people, not
mathematicians or philosophers, most of them would be lost.
Unsurprisingly, they would have trouble either explaining the rules or
using them properly. Just ask any grad student who has had to teach a
formal logic class; people have trouble with this.

Consider the Wason selection task. Subjects are presented with four
cards next to each other on a table. Each card represents a person,
with each side listing some statement about that person. The subject is
then given a general rule and asked which cards he would have to turn
over to ensure that the four people satisfied that rule. For example,
the general rule might be, "If a person travels to Boston, then he or
she takes a plane." The four cards might correspond to travelers and
have a destination on one side and a mode of transport on the other. On
the side facing the subject, they read: "went to Boston," "went to New
York," "took a plane," and "took a car." Formal logic states that the
rule is violated if someone goes to Boston without taking a plane.
Translating into propositional calculus, there's the general rule: "if
P, then Q." The four cards are "P," "not P," "Q," and "not Q." To
verify that "if P, then Q" is a valid rule, you have to verify *modus
ponens* by turning over the "P" card and making sure that the reverse
says "Q." To verify *modus tollens*, you turn over the "not Q" card and
make sure that the reverse doesn't say "P."

Shifting back to the example, you need to turn over the "went to Boston"
card to make sure that person took a plane, and you need to turn over
the "took a car" card to make sure that person didn't go to Boston. You
don't -- as many people think -- need to turn over the "took a plane"
card to see if it says "went to Boston"; because you don't care. The
person might have been flying to Boston, New York, San Francisco, or
London. The rule only says that people going to Boston fly; it doesn't
break the rule if someone flies elsewhere.

If you're confused, you aren't alone. When Wason first did this study,
fewer than 10 percent of his subjects got it right. Others replicated
the study and got similar results. The best result I've seen is "fewer
than 25 percent." Training in formal logic doesn't seem to help very
much. Neither does ensuring that the example is drawn from events and
topics with which the subjects are familiar. People are just bad at the
Wason selection task. They also tend to only take college logic classes
upon requirement.

This isn't just another "math is hard" story. There's a point to this.
The one variation of this task that people are surprisingly good at
getting right is when the rule has to do with cheating and privilege.
For example, change the four cards to children in a family -- "gets
dessert," "doesn't get dessert," "ate vegetables," and "didn't eat
vegetables" -- and change the rule to "If a child gets dessert, he or
she ate his or her vegetables." Many people -- 65 to 80 percent -- get
it right immediately. They turn over the "ate dessert" card, making
sure the child ate his vegetables, and they turn over the "didn't eat
vegetables" card, making sure the child didn't get dessert. Another way
of saying this is that they turn over the "benefit received" card to
make sure the cost was paid. And they turn over the "cost not paid"
card to make sure no benefit was received. They look for cheaters.

The difference is startling. Subjects don't need formal logic training.
They don't need math or philosophy. When asked to explain their
reasoning, they say things like the answer "popped out at them."

Researchers, particularly evolutionary psychologists Leda Cosmides and
John Tooby, have run this experiment with a variety of wordings and
settings and on a variety of subjects: adults in the US, UK, Germany,
Italy, France, and Hong Kong; Ecuadorian schoolchildren; and Shiriar
tribesmen in Ecuador. The results are the same: people are bad at the
Wason selection task, except when the wording involves cheating.

In the world of propositional calculus, there's absolutely no difference
between a rule about traveling to Boston by plane and a rule about
eating vegetables to get dessert. But in our brains, there's an
enormous difference: the first is a arbitrary rule about the world, and
the second is a rule of social exchange. It's of the form "If you take
Benefit B, you must first satisfy Requirement R."

Our brains are optimized to detect cheaters in a social exchange. We're
good at it. Even as children, we intuitively notice when someone gets a
benefit he didn't pay the cost for. Those of us who grew up with a
sibling have experienced how the one child not only knew that the other
cheated, but felt compelled to announce it to the rest of the family.
As adults, we might have learned that life isn't fair, but we still know
who among our friends cheats in social exchanges. We know who doesn't
pay his or her fair share of a group meal. At an airport, we might not
notice the rule "If a plane is flying internationally, then it boards 15
minutes earlier than domestic flights." But we'll certainly notice who
breaks the "If you board first, then you must be a first-class
passenger" rule.

This essay was originally published in IEEE Security & Privacy
http://www.schneier.com/essay-337.html
It is an excerpt from the draft of my new book.
http://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2011/02/societal_securi.html

Another explanation of the Wason Selection Task, with a possible
correlation with psychopathy.
http://thelastpsychiatrist.com/2010/12/test_of_psychopathy.html

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Ebook Fraud

There is an interesting post -- and discussion -- on the blog Making
Light about ebook fraud. Currently there are two types of fraud. The
first is content farming, discussed in two interesting blog posts linked
to below. People are creating automatically generated content,
web-collected content, or fake content, turning it into a book, and
selling it on an ebook site like Amazon.com. Then they use multiple
identities to give it good reviews. (If it gets a bad review, the
scammer just relists the same content under a new name.) That second
blog post contains a screen shot of something called "Autopilot Kindle
Cash," which promises to teach people how to post dozens of ebooks to
Amazon.com per day.

The second type of fraud is stealing a book and selling it as an ebook.
So someone could scan a real book and sell it on an ebook site, even
though he doesn't own the copyright. It could be a book that isn't
already available as an ebook, or it could be a "low cost" version of a
book that is already available. Amazon doesn't seem particularly
motivated to deal with this sort of fraud. And it too is suitable for
automation.

Broadly speaking, there's nothing new here. All complex ecosystems have
parasites, and every open communications system we've ever built gets
overrun by scammers and spammers. Far from making editors superfluous,
systems that democratize publishing have an even greater need for
editors. The solutions are not new, either: reputation-based systems,
trusted recommenders, white lists, takedown notices. Google has
implemented a bunch of security countermeasures against content farming;
ebook sellers should implement them as well. It'll be interesting to
see what particular sort of mix works in this case.

http://nielsenhayden.com/makinglight/archives/012933.html

http://www.impactmedia.co.uk/blog/search-marketing/are-ebooks-the-new-content-farms-2901/
or http://tinyurl.com/5rvs5kw
http://www.publishingtrends.com/2011/03/the-kindle-swindle/

"All complex ecosystems have parasites":
http://craphound.com/complexecosystems.txt

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Unanticipated Security Risk of Keeping Your Money in a Home Safe

In Japan, lots of people -- especially older people -- keep their life
savings in cash in their homes. (The country's banks pay very low
interest rates, so the incentive to deposit that money into bank
accounts is lower than in other countries.) This is all well and good,
until a tsunami destroys your home and washes your money out to sea.
Then, when it washes up onto the beach, the police collect it.

They have thousands, and -- in most cases -- no way of determining who
owns them.

After three months, the money goes to the government.

http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20110411/ap_on_bi_ge/as_japan_earthquake_lost_money
or http://tinyurl.com/3emdp5x

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News

Hacking cars with MP3 files: "By adding extra code to a digital music
file, they were able to turn a song burned to CD into a Trojan horse.
When played on the car's stereo, this song could alter the firmware of
the car's stereo system, giving attackers an entry point to change other
components on the car."
http://www.itworld.com/security/139794/with-hacking-music-can-take-control-your-car
or http://tinyurl.com/4klcuot
http://www.technologyreview.com/computing/35094/
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/10/business/10hack.html

Hacking ATM users by gluing down keys.
http://www.sfexaminer.com/local/crime/2011/03/glue-gun-goons-target-unwary-atm-users
or http://tinyurl.com/4uhfgn3

Zombie fungus: as far as natural-world security stories go, this one is
pretty impressive.
http://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2011/03/zombie_fungus.html

RSA Security, Inc. hacked. The company, not the algorithm.
http://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2011/03/rsa_security_in.html

I didn't post the video of a Times Square video screen being hacked with
an iPhone when I first saw it because I suspected a hoax. Turns out, I
was right. It wasn't even two guys faking hacking a Times Square video
screen. It was a movie studio faking two guys faking hacking a Times
Square video screen.
http://blog.movies.yahoo.com/blog/951-buzzy-viral-video-actually-a-promotion-for-limitless
or http://tinyurl.com/67wj3er

This is a really interesting paper: "Folk Models of Home Computer
Security," by Rick Wash. It was presented at SOUPS, the Symposium on
Usable Privacy and Security, last year.
http://www.rickwash.com/papers/rwash-homesec-soups10-final.pdf

I found this article on the difference between threats and
vulnerabilities to be very interesting. I like his taxonomy.
http://jps.anl.gov/Volume4_iss2/Paper3-RGJohnston.pdf

Technology for transmitting data through steel.
http://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2011/03/transmitting_da.html
What's interesting is that this technology can be used to transmit
through TEMPEST shielding.

Detecting words and phrases in encrypted VoIP calls.
http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=1880022.1880029
http://www.cs.unc.edu/~fabian/papers/tissec2010.pdf
I wrote about this in 2008.
http://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2008/06/eavesdropping_o_2.html

Interesting research: "One Bad Apple Spoils the Bunch: Exploiting P2P
Applications to Trace and Profile Tor Users"
http://hal.inria.fr/inria-00574178/en/

A really interesting article on how to authenticate a launch order in a
nuclear command and control system.
http://www.slate.com/id/2286735

Interesting article on William Friedman and biliteral ciphers.
http://www.cabinetmagazine.org/issues/40/sherman.php

Nice infographic on detecting liars.
http://blogs.westword.com/showandtell/2011/03/how_to_spot_a_liar_gratuitous_randomness.php
or http://tinyurl.com/6fuxj7f

New paper by Ross Anderson: "Can We Fix the Security Economics of
Federated Authentication?"
http://spw.stca.herts.ac.uk/2.pdf
Also a blog post on the research.
http://www.lightbluetouchpaper.org/2011/03/24/can-we-fix-federated-authentication/
or http://tinyurl.com/4tavapf

In this amusing story of a terrorist plotter using pencil-and-paper
cryptography instead of actually secure cryptography, there's this great
paragraph: "Despite urging by the Yemen-based al Qaida leader Anwar Al
Anlaki, Karim also rejected the use of a sophisticated code program
called 'Mujhaddin Secrets', which implements all the AES candidate
cyphers, 'because "kaffirs", or non-believers, know about it so it must
be less secure.'" Actually, that's not how peer review works.
http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/03/22/ba_jihadist_trial_sentencing/

The FBI asks for cryptanalysis help from the community.
http://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2011/march/cryptanalysis_032911/cryptanalysis_032911
or http://tinyurl.com/4aqdqhs
http://www.networkworld.com/community/blog/fbi-wants-public-help-solving-encrypted-notes
or http://tinyurl.com/4d56zsz
http://news.yahoo.com/s/yblog_thelookout/20110329/ts_yblog_thelookout/fbi-asks-public-for-help-breaking-encrypted-notes-tied-to-1999-murder
or http://tinyurl.com/47rmo62

Comodo Group issues bogus SSL certificates. This isn't good.
http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/03/comodo-compromise/
http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2008/08/revealed-the-in/
http://threatpost.com/en_us/blogs/phony-web-certificates-issued-google-yahoo-skype-others-032311#
or http://tinyurl.com/4rdgqrb
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-12847072
http://www.zdnet.com/blog/security/microsoft-warns-fraudulent-digital-certificates-issued-for-high-value-websites/8488
or http://tinyurl.com/4e6tzsp
https://www.comodo.com/Comodo-Fraud-Incident-2011-03-23.html
Fake certs for Google, Yahoo, and Skype? Wow. This isn't the first
time Comodo has screwed up with certificates. The safest thing for us
users to do would be to remove the Comodo root certificate from our
browsers so that none of their certificates work, but we don't have the
capability to do that. The browser companies -- Microsoft, Mozilla,
Opera, etc. -- could do that, but my guess is they won't. The economic
incentives don't work properly. Comodo is likely to sue any browser
company that takes this sort of action, and Comodo's customers might as
well. So it's smarter for the browser companies to just ignore the
issue and pass the problem to us users.

34 SCADA vulnerabilities published. It's hard to tell how serious this is.
http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/03/scada-vulnerabilities/

Here's some very clever thinking from India's chief economic adviser.
In order to reduce bribery, he proposes legalizing the giving of bribes.
The idea is that after a bribe is given, both the briber and the
bribee are partners in the crime, and neither wants the bribe to become
public. However, if it is legal it give the bribe but illegal to take
it, then after the bribe the bribe giver is much more likely to
cooperate with the police. He notes that this only works for a certain
class of bribes: when you have to bribe officials for something you are
already entitled to receive. It won't work for any long-term bribery
relationship, or in any situation where the briber would otherwise not
want the bribe to become public.
http://finmin.nic.in/WorkingPaper/Act_Giving_Bribe_Legal.pdf
http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/03/30/kaushik-basu-says-make-bribe-giving-legal/
or http://tinyurl.com/3e6zytr

"Terror, Security, and Money: Balancing the Risks, Benefits, and Costs
of Homeland Security," by John Mueller and Mark Stewart. Of course,
it's not cost effective.
http://polisci.osu.edu/faculty/jmueller/MID11TSM.PDF

An optical stun ray has been patented; no idea if it actually works.
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=patent-watch-apr-11

New research allows a computer to be pinpointed to within 690 meters,
from over the Internet. Impressive, and scary.
http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn20336-internet-probe-can-track-you-down-to-within-690-metres.html
or http://tinyurl.com/6hfz8gz

Terrorist alerts of Facebook and Twitter. What could possibly go wrong?
http://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2011/04/get_your_terror.html

The former CIA general counsel, John A. Rizzo, talks about his agency's
assassination program, which has increased dramatically under the Obama
administration.
http://www.newsweek.com/2011/02/13/inside-the-killing-machine.html
And the ACLU Deputy Legal Director comments on the interview.
http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/commentary/la-oe-jaffer-nationalsecurity-20110406,0,5838521.story
or http://tinyurl.com/6hbnzx7

New French law mandates sites save personal information even when it is
no longer required.
http://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2011/04/new_french_law.html

Israel is thinking about creating a counter-cyberterrorism unit. You'd
think the country would already have one of those.
http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/04/06/isreal_mulls_elite_counter_hacker_unit/
or http://tinyurl.com/67a368q

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Changing Incentives Creates Security Risks

One of the things I am writing about in my new book is how security
equilibriums change. They often change because of technology, but they
sometimes change because of incentives.

An interesting example of this is the recent scandal in the Washington,
DC, public school system over teachers changing their students' test
answers.

In the U.S., under the No Child Left Behind Act, students have to pass
certain tests; otherwise, schools are penalized. In the District of
Columbia, things went further. Michelle Rhee, chancellor of the public
school system from 2007 to 2010, offered teachers $8,000 bonuses -- and
threatened them with termination -- for improving test scores. Scores
did increase significantly during the period, and the schools were held
up as examples of how incentives affect teaching behavior.

It turns out that a lot of those score increases were faked. In
addition to teaching students, teachers cheated on their students' tests
by changing wrong answers to correct ones. That's how the cheating was
discovered; researchers looked at the actual test papers and found more
erasures than usual, and many more erasures from wrong answers to
correct ones than could be explained by anything other than deliberate
manipulation.

Teachers were always able to manipulate their students' test answers,
but before, there wasn't much incentive to do so. With Rhee's changes,
there was a much greater incentive to cheat.

The point is that whatever security measures were in place to prevent
teacher cheating before the financial incentives and threats of firing
wasn't sufficient to prevent teacher cheating afterwards. Because Rhee
significantly increased the costs of cooperation (by threatening to fire
teachers of poorly performing students) and increased the benefits of
defection ($8,000), she created a security risk. And she should have
increased security measures to restore balance to those incentives.

http://www.usatoday.com/news/education/2011-03-28-1Aschooltesting28_CV_N.htm
or http://tinyurl.com/6epluee

This is not isolated to DC. It has happened elsewhere as well.
http://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2010/06/cheating_on_tes_1.html

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Euro Coin Recycling Scam

This story is just plain weird. Regularly, damaged coins are taken out
of circulation. They're destroyed and then sold to scrap metal dealers.
That makes sense, but it seems that one- and two-euro coins aren't
destroyed very well. They're both bi-metal designs, and they're just
separated into an inner core and an outer ring and then sold to Chinese
scrap metal dealers. The dealers, being no dummies, put the two parts
back together and sold them back to a German bank at face value. The
bank was chosen because they accept damaged coins and don't inspect them
very carefully.

Is this not entirely predictable? If you're going to take coins out of
circulation, you had better use a metal shredder. (Except for U.S.
pennies, which are worth more in component metals.)

http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,754238,00.html

Pennies.
http://www.snopes.com/business/money/pennycost.asp

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Security Fears of Wi-Fi in London Underground

The London Underground is getting Wi-Fi. Of course there are security
fears. The article below worries that this will enable people to use
their laptop as a cell phone, and that in Afghanistan and Iraq bomb
attacks have been detonated using cell phones. Also, eavesdropping
software exists.

This is just silly. We could have a similar conversation regarding any
piece of our infrastructure. Yes, the bad guys could use it, just as
they use telephones and automobiles and all-night restaurants. If we
didn't deploy technologies because of this fear, we'd still be living in
the Middle Ages.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-12856289

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Schneier News

I'm speaking at InfoSec Europe in London on April 20.
http://www.infosec.co.uk/page.cfm/Link=687

I'm also speaking at the Activate conference in New York on April 28.
http://www.guardian.co.uk/activate/new-york-programme

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Epsilon Hack

I have no idea why the Epsilon hack is getting so much press.

Yes, millions of names and e-mail addresses might have been stolen.
Yes, other customer information might have been stolen, too. Yes, this
personal information could be used to create more personalized and
better targeted phishing attacks.

So what? These sorts of breaches happen all the time, and even more
personal information is stolen.

I get that over 50 companies were affected, and some of them are big
names. But the hack of the century? Hardly.

http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-04-04/marriott-hilton-hit-by-data-breach-giving-access-to-customer-information.html
or http://tinyurl.com/3ar42xk
http://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/view/17088/epsilon-hack-50-companies-hit-by-data-breach/
or http://tinyurl.com/42l987f
http://articles.cnn.com/2011-04-04/tech/epsilon.stolen.emails_1_fake-e-mail-phishing-security-breach
or http://tinyurl.com/3ouylro
http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2011-04-04-epsilon-hacking-poses-phishing-threat.htm
or http://tinyurl.com/3o3696f
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/04/03/epsilon-hack_n_844212.html

"The hack of the century":
http://blogs.computerworld.com/18079/epsilon_breach_hack_of_the_century
or http://tinyurl.com/3f56qkn

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Schneier's Law

Back in 1998, I wrote: "Anyone, from the most clueless amateur to the
best cryptographer, can create an algorithm that he himself can't break."

In 2004, Cory Doctorow called this Schneier's law: "...what I think of
as Schneier's Law: 'any person can invent a security system so clever
that she or he can't think of how to break it.'"

The general idea is older than my writing. Wikipedia points out that in
The Codebreakers, David Kahn writes: "Few false ideas have more firmly
gripped the minds of so many intelligent men than the one that, if they
just tried, they could invent a cipher that no one could break."

The idea is even older. Back in 1864, Charles Babbage wrote: "One of
the most singular characteristics of the art of deciphering is the
strong conviction possessed by every person, even moderately acquainted
with it, that he is able to construct a cipher which nobody else can
decipher."

My phrasing is different, though. Here's my original quote in context:
"Anyone, from the most clueless amateur to the best cryptographer, can
create an algorithm that he himself can't break. It's not even hard.
What is hard is creating an algorithm that no one else can break, even
after years of analysis. And the only way to prove that is to subject
the algorithm to years of analysis by the best cryptographers around."

And here's me in 2006: "Anyone can invent a security system that he
himself cannot break. I've said this so often that Cory Doctorow has
named it 'Schneier's Law': When someone hands you a security system and
says, 'I believe this is secure,' the first thing you have to ask is,
'Who the hell are you?' Show me what you've broken to demonstrate that
your assertion of the system's security means something."

And that's the point I want to make. It's not that people believe they
can create an unbreakable cipher; it's that people create a cipher that
they themselves can't break, and then use that as evidence they've
created an unbreakable cipher.

Me in 1998:
http://www.schneier.com/crypto-gram-9810.html#cipherdesign

Me in 2006:
http://www.schneier.com/crypto-gram-0608.html#7

Cory Doctorow:
http://craphound.com/msftdrm.txt

Charles Babbage:
http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Extras/Babbage_deciphering.html

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How did the CIA and FBI Know that Australian Government
Computers Were Hacked?

Newspapers are reporting that, for about a month, hackers had access to
computers "of at least 10 federal ministers including the Prime
Minister, Foreign Minister and Defence Minister."

That's not much of a surprise. What is odd is the statement that
"Australian intelligence agencies were tipped off to the cyber-spy raid
by US intelligence officials within the Central Intelligence Agency and
the Federal Bureau of Investigation."

How did the CIA and the FBI know? Did they see some intelligence
traffic and assume that those computers were where the stolen e-mails
were coming from? Or something else?

http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/national/hackers-log-in-to-federal-mps-emails/story-e6freuzr-1226029677394
or http://tinyurl.com/6hm3fk9

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