Re: Zsh's and ksh's bang (!) expansion flags have different meanings
Philippe Altherr <[email protected]> Tue, 28 Jul 2026 16:01:49 +0200
| Newsgroups | gmane.comp.shells.zsh.devel |
|---|---|
| Message-ID | <CAGdYchsV8MQdKz7ALh38WYwNDYOvGD++bK9BB1e5hvgBXUqSRQ@mail.gmail.com> |
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>
> As I've mentioned in the past, if you see ksh-like behavior in zsh that
> doesn't quite match ksh, it's often because the ksh behavior was
> implemented based on reading examples from the ksh manual pages way back
> when ksh was proprietary software and unavailable for running a compariso=
n.
> Other times it's because the ksh behavior or syntax conflicted with
> something else zsh was already doing.
For the case ${!vname[subscript]}, I think that Zsh's ksh emulation is
actually closer to ksh's documentation than ksh itself. Here is ksh's
documentation about ${!vname[subscript]} from
https://manpages.debian.org/trixie/ksh93u+m/ksh93.1.en.html:
${!vname[subscript]}
*Expands to name of the subscript* unless subscript is *, @. or of the form
sub1 .. sub2. When subscript is *, the list of array subscripts for vname
is generated. For a variable that is not an array, the value is 0 if the
variable is set. Otherwise it is the empty string. When subscript is @,
same as above, except that when used in double quotes, each array subscript
yields a separate argument. When subscript is of the form sub1 .. sub2 it
expands to the list of subscripts between sub1 and sub2 inclusive using the
same quoting rules as @.
Also consider this (ksh code):
$ typeset arr=3D(aa bb cc)
$ echo ${!arr[@]}
0 1 2 # Names of the subscripts
$ echo ${!arr[1..2]}
1 2 # Names of the subscripts
$ echo ${!arr[1..1]}
1 # Names of the subscript
$ echo ${!arr[1]}
arr[1] # What?!?
--- expected
> +++ actual
> @@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
> +characters
> .k02.array
> -.k02.array
> characters
> Test K02parameter.ztst failed: output differs from expected as shown abov=
e
> for:
> () {
> typeset -n .k02.ref=3D.k02.array
> emulate -L ksh
> print -l ${!.k02.ref} ${(!).k02.ref} ${.k02.ref}
> }
> Was testing: namerefs with namespaces
> K02parameter.ztst: test failed.
>
Oops, I forgot to run the whole test suite. Here is an updated patch:
- Don't map ksh's ! to Zsh's (!k), map it to (k)
<https://github.com/zsh-users/zsh/compare/master...paltherr:zsh:dont-map-ks=
h-bang-to-zsh-bang>
> Below is a patch that changes Zsh's emulation of ksh to map ksh's ! to
> just (k) instead of (!k). Note that the flag combination (!k) is forbidde=
n,
> which I think is right.
>
> This doesn't look right to me? The test is prefixed with
>
> .k02.array=3D(characters in an array)
>
> ${!.k02.ref} should not return "characters" ...? That makes '!' just
> a no-op for this case.
>
Let's forget about namespaces for a moment and consider the following
definitions:
typeset arr0=3D(abc def ghi)
typeset -n ref1=3Darr0
typeset -n ref2=3Dref1
It's true that with my patch (which maps ${!name=E2=80=A6} to ${(k)name=E2=
=80=A6}), the !
in "${!ref1}" becomes a no-op. But why only complain about the no-opity of
! in "${!ref1}" and not in "${!arr0}"? Ksh expands both to "arr0", not just
the former. In fact, ksh also expands "${!ref2}" to "arr0", while without
my patch Zsh expands it to "ref1". With my patch, Zsh uniformly handles !
as a no-op in ${!name} while currently it sometimes performs something and
sometimes that something happens to match what ksh does. That doesn't sound
very compelling to me.
Furthermore, the current behavior maps "${!arr0[1]}", "${!ref1[1]}", and
"${!ref2[1]}" to "1", "r", and "e", while my patch maps all of them to "1",
which is much closer to ksh's behavior of mapping all of them to "arr0[1]".
If we want to bring Zsh's emulation of ${!name=E2=80=A6} closer to ksh's be=
havior,
then instead of mapping ${!name=E2=80=A6} to ${(!k)name=E2=80=A6}, I would =
rather adopt my
patch to map it to ${(k)name=E2=80=A6} and extend (k) to plain variables in=
ksh
emulation. The following patch does that:
- In ksh emulation, extend (k) expansion flag to plain variable names
<https://github.com/paltherr/zsh/compare/extend-k-flag-to-plain-vars-start.=
..paltherr:zsh:extend-k-flag-to-plain-vars>
(DO
NOT COMMIT - just a proof of concept)
With that patch, all of "${!arr0}", "${!ref1}", and "${!ref2}" expand to
"arr0", like in ksh. The comparison with ksh becomes much greener:
Zsh's ksh emulation
ksh
Zsh's ksh emulation
${!var} <=3D> ${(!k)var}
${!var} <=3D> ${(k)var}
+ extend (k) in ksh emulation
!str
!str[1]
!str[1,2]
!str[@]
!arr
!arr[1]
!arr[1,2]
!arr[@]
!hsh
!hsh[1]
!hsh[@]
abc - str0 - str1
b - t - t
bc - tr - tr
abc - str0 - str1
aa - arr0 - arr1
1 - r - r
<error> - rr - rr
aa bb cc - arr0 - arr1
aa - hsh0 - hsh1
1 - s - s
0 1 2 - hsh0 - hsh1
str0 - str0 - str0
str0[1] - str1[1] - str2[1]
str0[1,2] - str1[1,2] - str2[1,2]
0 - 0 - 0
arr0 - arr0 - arr0
arr0[1] - arr0[1] - arr0[1]
arr0[2] - arr0[2] - arr0[2]
0 1 2 - 0 1 2 - 0 1 2
hsh0 - hsh0 - hsh0
hsh0[1] - hsh0[1] - hsh0[1]
0 1 2 - 0 1 2 - 0 1 2
str0 - str0 - str0
b - b - b
bc - bc - bc
abc - abc - abc
arr0 - arr0 - arr0
1 - 1 - 1
<error> - <error> - <error>
aa bb cc - aa bb cc - aa bb cc
hsh0 - hsh0 - hsh0
1 - 1 - 1
0 1 2 - 0 1 2 - 0 1 2
For the time being, I would revert ${!name=E2=80=A6} to ${(k)name=E2=80=A6}=
(as it used to
be before named references) and later discuss whether we want to extend (k)
to plain variables in ksh emulation.
Note that (k) can only be extended to plain variables in ksh emulation
because in Zsh ${hash} expands to all values of hash, so ${(k)hash} has to
expand to all keys of hash, it can't expand to "hash".
Philippe
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<div dir=3D"ltr"><div dir=3D"ltr"><div dir=3D"ltr"><blockquote class=3D"gma=
il_quote" style=3D"margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,2=
04,204);padding-left:1ex">As I've mentioned in the past, if you see ksh=
-like behavior in zsh that doesn't quite match ksh, it's often beca=
use the ksh behavior was implemented based on reading examples from the ksh=
manual pages way back when ksh was proprietary software and unavailable fo=
r running a comparison.</blockquote><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=
=3D"margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding=
-left:1ex"><br>Other times it's because the ksh behavior or syntax conf=
licted with something else zsh was already doing.</blockquote><div><br></di=
v><div>For the case ${!vname[subscript]}, I think that Zsh's ksh emulat=
ion is actually closer to ksh's=C2=A0documentation than ksh itself. Her=
e is ksh's documentation about=C2=A0${!vname[subscript]} from=C2=A0<a h=
ref=3D"https://manpages.debian.org/trixie/ksh93u+m/ksh93.1.en.html" target=
=3D"_blank">https://manpages.debian.org/trixie/ksh93u+m/ksh93.1.en.html</a>=
:</div><div><br></div><div>${!vname[subscript]}<br></div></div><blockquote =
style=3D"margin:0 0 0 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div dir=3D"ltr"><div><=
b>Expands to name of the subscript</b> unless subscript is *, @. or of the =
form sub1 .. sub2. When subscript is *, the list of array subscripts for vn=
ame is generated. For a variable that is not an array, the value is 0 if th=
e variable is set. Otherwise it is the empty string. When subscript is @, s=
ame as above, except that when used in double quotes, each array subscript =
yields a separate argument. When subscript is of the form sub1 .. sub2 it e=
xpands to the list of subscripts between sub1 and sub2 inclusive using the =
same quoting rules as @.</div></div></blockquote><div dir=3D"ltr"><div><br>=
</div><div>Also consider this (ksh code):</div><div><br></div><div><font fa=
ce=3D"monospace">$ typeset arr=3D(aa bb cc)=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=
=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0=C2=A0<br>$ echo ${!arr[@]}<br>0 1 2=C2=
=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 </font><font fa=
ce=3D"arial, sans-serif"># Names of the subscripts</font><br><font face=3D"=
monospace">$ echo ${!arr[1..2]}</font><br><font face=3D"monospace">1 2=C2=
=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0=C2=A0</f=
ont><font face=3D"arial, sans-serif"># Names of the subscripts</font><font =
face=3D"monospace"><br>$ echo ${!arr[1..1]}<br>1=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0=
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0=C2=A0</font><font face=3D=
"arial, sans-serif"># Names of the subscript</font><font face=3D"monospace"=
><br>$ echo ${!arr[1]} =C2=A0 <br>arr[1]=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0</font><font face=3D"arial, sans-serif"># What?!=
?</font></div><div><br></div><div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=
=3D"margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding=
-left:1ex">--- expected<br>+++ actual<br>@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@<br>+characters<br>=
=C2=A0.k02.array<br>-.k02.array<br>=C2=A0characters<br>Test K02parameter.zt=
st failed: output differs from expected as shown above for:<br>=C2=A0 () {<=
br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 typeset -n .k02.ref=3D.k02.array<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 emulate =
-L ksh<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 print -l ${!.k02.ref} ${(!).k02.ref} ${.k02.ref}<br=
>=C2=A0 }<br>Was testing: namerefs with namespaces<br>K02parameter.ztst: te=
st failed.<br></blockquote><div><br></div></div><div>Oops, I forgot to run =
the whole test suite. Here is an updated patch:</div><div><br></div><div>-=
=C2=A0<a href=3D"https://github.com/zsh-users/zsh/compare/master...paltherr=
:zsh:dont-map-ksh-bang-to-zsh-bang" target=3D"_blank">Don't map ksh'=
;s ! to Zsh's (!k), map it to (k)</a></div><div><br></div></div><div cl=
ass=3D"gmail_quote"><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0px 0=
px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
> Below is a patch that changes Zsh's emulation of ksh to map ksh=
9;s ! to just (k) instead of (!k). Note that the flag combination (!k) is f=
orbidden, which I think is right.<br>
<br>
This doesn't look right to me?=C2=A0 The test is prefixed with<br>
<br>
=C2=A0 .k02.array=3D(characters in an array)<br>
<br>
${!.k02.ref} should not return "characters" ...?=C2=A0 That makes=
'!' just<br>
a no-op for this case.<br></blockquote><div><br></div><div>Let's forget=
about namespaces for a moment and consider the following definitions:</div=
><div><br></div><font face=3D"monospace">typeset arr0=3D(abc def ghi)<br>ty=
peset -n ref1=3Darr0<br>typeset -n ref2=3Dref1</font><br><div><br></div><di=
v>It's true that with my patch (which maps ${!name=E2=80=A6} to ${(k)na=
me=E2=80=A6}), the ! in "${!ref1}" becomes a no-op. But why only =
complain about the no-opity of ! in=C2=A0<span style=3D"background-color:tr=
ansparent">"${!ref1}" and not in "${!arr0}"? Ksh expand=
s both to "arr0", not just the former. In fact, ksh also expands =
"${!ref2}" to "arr0", while without my patch Zsh expand=
s it to "ref1". With my patch, Zsh uniformly handles ! as a no-op=
in ${!name} while currently it sometimes performs=C2=A0something and somet=
imes that something happens to match what ksh does. That doesn't sound =
very compelling to me.</span></div><div><span style=3D"background-color:tra=
nsparent"><br></span></div><div><span style=3D"background-color:transparent=
">Furthermore, the current behavior maps=C2=A0</span><span style=3D"backgro=
und-color:transparent">"${!arr0[1]}", "${!ref1[1]}", an=
d "${!ref2[1]}" to "1", "r", and "e"=
;, while my patch maps all of them to "1", which is much closer t=
o ksh's=C2=A0behavior of mapping all of them to "arr0[1]".</s=
pan></div><div><span style=3D"background-color:transparent"><br></span></di=
v><div><span style=3D"background-color:transparent">If we want to bring=C2=
=A0Zsh's=C2=A0emulation of=C2=A0</span><span style=3D"background-color:=
transparent">${!name=E2=80=A6} closer to ksh's=C2=A0behavior, then inst=
ead of mapping=C2=A0</span><span style=3D"background-color:transparent">${!=
name=E2=80=A6} to=C2=A0</span><span style=3D"background-color:transparent">=
${(!k)name=E2=80=A6}, I would rather adopt my patch to map it to=C2=A0</spa=
n><span style=3D"background-color:transparent">${(k)name=E2=80=A6} and exte=
nd (k) to plain variables in ksh emulation. The following patch does that:<=
/span></div><div><span style=3D"background-color:transparent"><br></span></=
div><div>- <a href=3D"https://github.com/paltherr/zsh/compare/extend-k-flag=
-to-plain-vars-start...paltherr:zsh:extend-k-flag-to-plain-vars">In ksh emu=
lation, extend (k) expansion flag to plain variable names</a>=C2=A0(DO NOT =
COMMIT - just a proof of concept)<span style=3D"background-color:transparen=
t"></span></div><div>=C2=A0</div><div>With that patch, all of=C2=A0"${=
!arr0}", "${!ref1}", and "${!ref2}" expand to &quo=
t;arr0", like in ksh. The comparison with ksh becomes much greener:</d=
iv><div><br></div><div><span id=3D"gmail-docs-internal-guid-3ad454d0-7fff-7=
a85-6c77-89bc4408c5a1"><div dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"margin-left:0pt" align=3D"=
left"><table style=3D"border-width:medium;border-style:none;border-color:cu=
rrentcolor;border-collapse:collapse"><colgroup><col width=3D"82"><col width=
=3D"269"><col width=3D"269"><col width=3D"269"></colgroup><tbody><tr style=
=3D"height:0pt"><td style=3D"border-width:1pt;border-style:solid;border-col=
or:rgb(0,0,0);vertical-align:top;background-color:rgb(204,204,204);padding:=
5pt;overflow:hidden"><br></td><td style=3D"border-width:1pt;border-style:so=
lid;border-color:rgb(0,0,0);vertical-align:top;background-color:rgb(204,204=
,204);padding:5pt;overflow:hidden"><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.2;=
margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"font-size:10pt;font-family=
:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight=
:700;font-variant:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Zsh&=
#39;s ksh emulation</span></p></td><td style=3D"border-width:1pt;border-sty=
le:solid;border-color:rgb(0,0,0);vertical-align:top;background-color:rgb(20=
4,204,204);padding:5pt;overflow:hidden"><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height=
:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"font-size:10pt;font-f=
amily:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-w=
eight:700;font-variant:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"=
>ksh</span></p></td><td style=3D"border-width:1pt;border-style:solid;border=
-color:rgb(0,0,0);vertical-align:top;background-color:rgb(204,204,204);padd=
ing:5pt;overflow:hidden"><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.2;margin-top=
:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial,san=
s-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-=
variant:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Zsh's ksh =
emulation</span></p></td></tr><tr style=3D"height:0pt"><td style=3D"border-=
width:1pt;border-style:solid;border-color:rgb(0,0,0);vertical-align:top;bac=
kground-color:rgb(239,239,239);padding:5pt;overflow:hidden"><br></td><td st=
yle=3D"border-width:1pt;border-style:solid;border-color:rgb(0,0,0);vertical=
-align:top;background-color:rgb(239,239,239);padding:5pt;overflow:hidden"><=
p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><s=
pan style=3D"font-size:10pt;font-family:Consolas,sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0=
);background-color:transparent;font-variant:normal;vertical-align:baseline;=
white-space:pre-wrap">${!var} <=3D> ${(!k)var}</span></p></td><td sty=
le=3D"border-width:1pt;border-style:solid;border-color:rgb(0,0,0);vertical-=
align:top;background-color:rgb(239,239,239);padding:5pt;overflow:hidden"><b=
r></td><td style=3D"border-width:1pt;border-style:solid;border-color:rgb(0,=
0,0);vertical-align:top;background-color:rgb(239,239,239);padding:5pt;overf=
low:hidden"><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-b=
ottom:0pt"><span style=3D"font-size:10pt;font-family:Consolas,sans-serif;co=
lor:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-variant:normal;vertical-al=
ign:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">${!var} <=3D> ${(k)var}</span></p>=
<p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><=
span style=3D"font-size:10pt;font-family:Consolas,sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,=
0);background-color:transparent;font-variant:normal;vertical-align:baseline=
;white-space:pre-wrap">+ extend (k) in ksh emulation</span></p></td></tr><t=
r style=3D"height:0pt"><td style=3D"border-width:1pt;border-style:solid;bor=
der-color:rgb(0,0,0);vertical-align:top;padding:5pt;overflow:hidden"><p dir=
=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span s=
tyle=3D"font-size:10pt;font-family:Consolas,sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);bac=
kground-color:transparent;font-variant:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white=
-space:pre-wrap">!str</span></p><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.2;mar=
gin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"font-size:10pt;font-family:Co=
nsolas,sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-varian=
t:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">!str[1]</span></p><p=
dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><sp=
an style=3D"font-size:10pt;font-family:Consolas,sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0)=
;background-color:transparent;font-variant:normal;vertical-align:baseline;w=
hite-space:pre-wrap">!str[1,2]</span></p><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-heigh=
t:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"font-size:10pt;font-=
family:Consolas,sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;fo=
nt-variant:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">!str[@]</sp=
an></p><br><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bo=
ttom:0pt"><span style=3D"font-size:10pt;font-family:Consolas,sans-serif;col=
or:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-variant:normal;vertical-ali=
gn:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">!arr</span></p><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"li=
ne-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"font-size:10=
pt;font-family:Consolas,sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transp=
arent;font-variant:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">!ar=
r[1]</span></p><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margi=
n-bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"font-size:10pt;font-family:Consolas,sans-serif=
;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-variant:normal;vertical=
-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">!arr[1,2]</span></p><p dir=3D"ltr" st=
yle=3D"line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"fon=
t-size:10pt;font-family:Consolas,sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-col=
or:transparent;font-variant:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-=
wrap">!arr[@]</span></p><br><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.2;margin-=
top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"font-size:10pt;font-family:Consol=
as,sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-variant:no=
rmal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">!hsh</span></p><p dir=3D=
"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span styl=
e=3D"font-size:10pt;font-family:Consolas,sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);backgr=
ound-color:transparent;font-variant:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-sp=
ace:pre-wrap">!hsh[1]</span></p><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.2;mar=
gin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"font-size:10pt;font-family:Co=
nsolas,sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-varian=
t:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">!hsh[@]</span></p></=
td><td style=3D"border-width:1pt;border-style:solid;border-color:rgb(0,0,0)=
;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt;overflow:hidden"><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"li=
ne-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"font-size:10=
pt;font-family:Consolas,sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transp=
arent;font-variant:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">abc=
- </span><span style=3D"font-size:10pt;font-family:Consolas,sans-serif;col=
or:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:rgb(0,255,0);font-variant:normal;vertical-al=
ign:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">str0</span><span style=3D"font-size:10pt=
;font-family:Consolas,sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transpar=
ent;font-variant:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> - st=
r1</span></p><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-=
bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"font-size:10pt;font-family:Consolas,sans-serif;c=
olor:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-variant:normal;vertical-a=
lign:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">b - t - t</span></p><p dir=3D"ltr" styl=
e=3D"line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"font-=
size:10pt;font-family:Consolas,sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color=
:transparent;font-variant:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wr=
ap">bc - tr - tr</span></p><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.2;margin-t=
op:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"font-size:10pt;font-family:Consola=
s,sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-variant:nor=
mal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">abc - str0 - str1</span><=
/p><br><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom=
:0pt"><span style=3D"font-size:10pt;font-family:Consolas,sans-serif;color:r=
gb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-variant:normal;vertical-align:b=
aseline;white-space:pre-wrap">aa - </span><span style=3D"font-size:10pt;fon=
t-family:Consolas,sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:rgb(0,255,0)=
;font-variant:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">arr0</sp=
an><span style=3D"font-size:10pt;font-family:Consolas,sans-serif;color:rgb(=
0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-variant:normal;vertical-align:base=
line;white-space:pre-wrap"> - arr1</span></p><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-h=
eight:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"font-size:10pt;f=
ont-family:Consolas,sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:rgb(255,15=
3,0);font-variant:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">1</s=
pan><span style=3D"font-size:10pt;font-family:Consolas,sans-serif;color:rgb=
(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-variant:normal;vertical-align:bas=
eline;white-space:pre-wrap"> - r - r</span></p><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line=
-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"font-size:10pt=
;font-family:Consolas,sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transpar=
ent;font-variant:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><e=
rror> - rr - rr</span></p><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.2;margin=
-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"font-size:10pt;font-family:Conso=
las,sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-variant:n=
ormal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">aa bb cc - arr0 - arr1<=
/span></p><br><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin=
-bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"font-size:10pt;font-family:Consolas,sans-serif;=
color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-variant:normal;vertical-=
align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">aa - </span><span style=3D"font-size:1=
0pt;font-family:Consolas,sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:rgb(0=
,255,0);font-variant:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">h=
sh0</span><span style=3D"font-size:10pt;font-family:Consolas,sans-serif;col=
or:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-variant:normal;vertical-ali=
gn:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> - hsh1</span></p><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D=
"line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"font-size=
:10pt;font-family:Consolas,sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:rgb=
(255,153,0);font-variant:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wra=
p">1</span><span style=3D"font-size:10pt;font-family:Consolas,sans-serif;co=
lor:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-variant:normal;vertical-al=
ign:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> - s - s</span></p><p dir=3D"ltr" style=
=3D"line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"font-s=
ize:10pt;font-family:Consolas,sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:=
rgb(0,255,0);font-variant:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wr=
ap">0 1 2</span><span style=3D"font-size:10pt;font-family:Consolas,sans-ser=
if;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-variant:normal;vertic=
al-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> - hsh0 - hsh1</span></p></td><td s=
tyle=3D"border-width:1pt;border-style:solid;border-color:rgb(0,0,0);vertica=
l-align:top;padding:5pt;overflow:hidden"><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-heigh=
t:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"font-size:10pt;font-=
family:Consolas,sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;fo=
nt-variant:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">str0 - str0=
- str0</span></p><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;ma=
rgin-bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"font-size:10pt;font-family:Consolas,sans-se=
rif;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-variant:normal;verti=
cal-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">str0[1] - str1[1] - str2[1]</span>=
</p><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0p=
t"><span style=3D"font-size:10pt;font-family:Consolas,sans-serif;color:rgb(=
0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-variant:normal;vertical-align:base=
line;white-space:pre-wrap">str0[1,2] - str1[1,2] - str2[1,2]</span></p><p d=
ir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span=
style=3D"font-size:10pt;font-family:Consolas,sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);b=
ackground-color:transparent;font-variant:normal;vertical-align:baseline;whi=
te-space:pre-wrap">0 - 0 - 0</span></p><br><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-hei=
ght:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"font-size:10pt;fon=
t-family:Consolas,sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;=
font-variant:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">arr0 - ar=
r0 - arr0</span></p><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;=
margin-bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"font-size:10pt;font-family:Consolas,sans-=
serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-variant:normal;ver=
tical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">arr0[1] - arr0[1] - arr0[1]</spa=
n></p><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:=
0pt"><span style=3D"font-size:10pt;font-family:Consolas,sans-serif;color:rg=
b(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-variant:normal;vertical-align:ba=
seline;white-space:pre-wrap">arr0[2] - arr0[2] - arr0[2]</span></p><p dir=
=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span s=
tyle=3D"font-size:10pt;font-family:Consolas,sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);bac=
kground-color:transparent;font-variant:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white=
-space:pre-wrap">0 1 2 - 0 1 2 - 0 1 2</span></p><br><p dir=3D"ltr" style=
=3D"line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"font-s=
ize:10pt;font-family:Consolas,sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:=
transparent;font-variant:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wra=
p">hsh0 - hsh0 - hsh0</span></p><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.2;mar=
gin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"font-size:10pt;font-family:Co=
nsolas,sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-varian=
t:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">hsh0[1] - hsh0[1] - =
hsh0[1]</span></p><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;ma=
rgin-bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"font-size:10pt;font-family:Consolas,sans-se=
rif;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-variant:normal;verti=
cal-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">0 1 2 - 0 1 2 - 0 1 2</span></p></=
td><td style=3D"border-width:1pt;border-style:solid;border-color:rgb(0,0,0)=
;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt;overflow:hidden"><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"li=
ne-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"font-size:10=
pt;font-family:Consolas,sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:rgb(0,=
255,0);font-variant:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">st=
r0 - str0 - str0</span></p><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.2;margin-t=
op:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"font-size:10pt;font-family:Consola=
s,sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-variant:nor=
mal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">b - b - b</span></p><p di=
r=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span =
style=3D"font-size:10pt;font-family:Consolas,sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);ba=
ckground-color:transparent;font-variant:normal;vertical-align:baseline;whit=
e-space:pre-wrap">bc - bc - bc</span></p><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-heigh=
t:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"font-size:10pt;font-=
family:Consolas,sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;fo=
nt-variant:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">abc - abc -=
abc</span></p><br><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;m=
argin-bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"font-size:10pt;font-family:Consolas,sans-s=
erif;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:rgb(0,255,0);font-variant:normal;ver=
tical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">arr0 - arr0 - arr0</span></p><p =
dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><spa=
n style=3D"font-size:10pt;font-family:Consolas,sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);=
background-color:rgb(255,153,0);font-variant:normal;vertical-align:baseline=
;white-space:pre-wrap">1 - 1 - 1</span></p><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-hei=
ght:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"font-size:10pt;fon=
t-family:Consolas,sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;=
font-variant:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><error=
> - <error> - <error></span></p><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line=
-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"font-size:10pt=
;font-family:Consolas,sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transpar=
ent;font-variant:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">aa bb=
cc - aa bb cc - aa bb cc</span></p><br><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height=
:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"font-size:10pt;font-f=
amily:Consolas,sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:rgb(0,255,0);fo=
nt-variant:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">hsh0 - hsh0=
- hsh0</span></p><p dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;ma=
rgin-bottom:0pt"><span style=3D"font-size:10pt;font-family:Consolas,sans-se=
rif;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:rgb(255,153,0);font-variant:normal;ve=
rtical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">1 - 1 - 1</span></p><p dir=3D"l=
tr" style=3D"line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style=
=3D"font-size:10pt;font-family:Consolas,sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);backgro=
und-color:rgb(0,255,0);font-variant:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-sp=
ace:pre-wrap">0 1 2 - 0 1 2 - 0 1 2</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></d=
iv></span></div><div><br></div><div>For the time being, I would revert=C2=
=A0${!name=E2=80=A6} to ${(k)name=E2=80=A6} (as it used to be before named =
references) and later discuss whether we want to extend (k) to plain variab=
les in ksh emulation.</div><div><br></div><div>Note that (k) can only be ex=
tended to plain variables in ksh emulation because in Zsh ${hash} expands t=
o all values of hash, so ${(k)hash} has to expand to all keys of hash, it c=
an't expand to "hash".</div><div><br></div><div>Philippe</div=
><div><br></div></div></div>
</div>
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