Does performing the curl_easy_init and curl_easy_cleanup thousands of times increases the memory footprint of the process when observed using top command in linux

I think the problem with this code is that it uses curl_easy_perform() concurrently in multiple threads.
This function uses some global structures to allow connection reuse, and it is not thread-safe.

So, anything is possible, including crashes, when it is used concurrently.
If you don’t need connection sharing between threads, then you can use thread-local multi-handle to drive your transfers.

Thanks,
Dmitry Karpov



From: curl-library <[email protected]> On Behalf Of Sasmit Utkarsh via curl-library
Sent: Thursday, March 12, 2026 11:09 AM
To: [email protected]
Cc: Sasmit Utkarsh <[email protected]>
Subject: [EXTERNAL] Does performing the curl_easy_init and curl_easy_cleanup thousands of times increases the memory footprint of the process when observed using top command in linux

Hi Team,


I'm trying to write a program which uses which uses in libcurl handles in multithreaded manner. i.e transfer/make a http post request every 10 secs using the libh2o event-loop powered by libuv worker threads. But what i see is when I clear the handle once done with the request. I see that memory footprint of the process increases in top. is there any better approach sharing the sample code for review

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <time.h>

#include <curl/curl.h>
#include <uv.h>
#include <jansson.h>

#include "sr71_logging.h"
#include "metrics_common.h"
#include "atomic_common.h"

/* ============================================================
GLOBAL STATE
============================================================ */

bool metrics_publish = false;

int stats_interval = 5000;
char opt_metrics_endp[512] = {0};
static sr71_timer_callback stats_timer_handler;

/* single-flight guards */

static int metrics_work_in_progress = 0;
static int token_refresh_in_progress = 0;

/* shared OAuth token cache */

static char *metrics_token = NULL;
static long metrics_token_expiry = 0;

static uv_timer_t *metrics_timer = NULL;
static uv_timer_t *midnight_timer = NULL;
static uv_timer_t *third_timer = NULL;

/* ============================================================
THREAD LOCAL CURL STATE
============================================================ */

static __thread CURL *curl_auth = NULL;
static __thread CURL *curl_metrics = NULL;

static __thread struct curl_slist *headers_auth = NULL;
static __thread struct curl_slist *headers_metrics = NULL;

/* ============================================================
CURL GLOBAL INIT
============================================================ */

void initialize_metrics_common(void)
{
curl_global_init(CURL_GLOBAL_DEFAULT);
}

/* ============================================================
THREAD CURL INIT
============================================================ */

static void initialize_thread_curl(void)
{
if (!curl_auth)
curl_auth = curl_easy_init();

if (!curl_metrics)

{

    curl_metrics = curl_easy_init();



    /* persistent HTTP connection */



    curl_easy_setopt(curl_metrics, CURLOPT_HTTP_VERSION, CURL_HTTP_VERSION_1_1);



    /* TCP keep alive */



    curl_easy_setopt(curl_metrics, CURLOPT_TCP_KEEPALIVE, 1L);

    curl_easy_setopt(curl_metrics, CURLOPT_TCP_KEEPIDLE, 30L);

    curl_easy_setopt(curl_metrics, CURLOPT_TCP_KEEPINTVL, 15L);

}

}

/* ============================================================
THREAD CURL CLEANUP
============================================================ */

static void cleanup_thread_curl(void)
{
if (curl_auth)
{
curl_easy_cleanup(curl_auth);
curl_auth = NULL;
}

if (curl_metrics)

{

    curl_easy_cleanup(curl_metrics);

    curl_metrics = NULL;

}



if (headers_auth)

{

    curl_slist_free_all(headers_auth);

    headers_auth = NULL;

}



if (headers_metrics)

{

    curl_slist_free_all(headers_metrics);

    headers_metrics = NULL;

}



if (metrics_token)

{

    free(metrics_token);

    metrics_token = NULL;

}

}

// Function to cleanup CURL resources at the end of the process
void cleanup_curl_resources() {

LOG_DEBUG("cleaned up curl resources using %s.. sleeping for 2 secs to perform graceful cleanup", __func__);



/**

if (curl_auth) {

    curl_easy_cleanup(curl_auth);

    curl_auth = NULL;

}

if (curl_metrics) {

    curl_easy_cleanup(curl_metrics);

    curl_metrics = NULL;

}

//Comment out below if block if needed to use curl_easy_perform()

if (multi_handle) {

    curl_multi_cleanup(multi_handle);

    multi_handle = NULL;

}

if (headers_auth) {

    curl_slist_free_all(headers_auth);

    headers_auth = NULL;

}

if (headers_metrics) {

    curl_slist_free_all(headers_metrics);

    headers_metrics = NULL;

}



if (global_bearer_token != NULL) {

    free(global_bearer_token);

    global_bearer_token = NULL;

}

**/

if (metrics_timer)

{

    sr71_uv_timer_stop(metrics_timer);

    metrics_timer = NULL;

}



if (midnight_timer)

{

    sr71_uv_timer_stop(midnight_timer);

    midnight_timer = NULL;

}



if (third_timer)

{

    sr71_uv_timer_stop(third_timer);

    third_timer = NULL;

}



cleanup_thread_curl();

//sleep(2);

curl_global_cleanup();  // Calling at the end of program

}
/* ============================================================
TOKEN EXPIRY CHECK
============================================================ */

static int token_expired(void)
{
long now = time(NULL);

if (!metrics_token)

    return 1;



if (now >= metrics_token_expiry)

    return 1;



return 0;

}

/* ============================================================
AUTH RESPONSE CALLBACK
============================================================ */

static size_t write_callback(void *ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb, void *userdata)
{
size_t total = size * nmemb;

json_error_t error;



json_t *json = json_loadb(ptr, total, 0, &error);



if (!json)

{

    LOG_ERROR("Failed to parse OAuth JSON response");

    return total;

}



json_t *token = json_object_get(json, "access_token");

json_t *expires = json_object_get(json, "expires_in");



if (json_is_string(token) && json_is_integer(expires))

{

    const char *value = json_string_value(token);

    long expires_in = json_integer_value(expires);



    if (metrics_token)

        free(metrics_token);



    metrics_token = strdup(value);



    /* refresh 60 seconds before expiry */



    metrics_token_expiry = time(NULL) + expires_in - 60;



    LOG_INFO("OAuth token refreshed successfully. expires_in=%ld", expires_in);

}



json_decref(json);



return total;

}

/* ============================================================
FETCH AUTH TOKEN
============================================================ */

static bool fetch_auth_token(void)
{
if (atomic_incr(&token_refresh_in_progress, 1) != 1)
{
atomic_incr(&token_refresh_in_progress, -1);
LOG_DEBUG("Token refresh already in progress");
return true;
}

const char *tenant = getenv("TENANT");

const char *client = getenv("CLIENT_ID");

const char *secret = getenv("CLIENT_SECRET");



if (!tenant || !client || !secret)

{

    LOG_ERROR("OAuth environment variables missing");

    atomic_incr(&token_refresh_in_progress, -1);

    return false;

}



char auth_url[256];

char auth_data[1024];



snprintf(auth_url,

         sizeof(auth_url),

         "https://login.microsoftonline.com/%s/oauth2/v2.0/token<https://login.microsoftonline.com/%25s/oauth2/v2.0/token>",

         tenant);



snprintf(auth_data,

         sizeof(auth_data),

         "grant_type=client_credentials&client_id=%s&client_secret=%s&scope=https://monitor.azure.com/.default",

         client,

         secret);



curl_easy_reset(curl_auth);



headers_auth = curl_slist_append(NULL,

    "Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded");



curl_easy_setopt(curl_auth, CURLOPT_URL, auth_url);

curl_easy_setopt(curl_auth, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, auth_data);

curl_easy_setopt(curl_auth, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, headers_auth);



curl_easy_setopt(curl_auth, CURLOPT_WRITEFUNCTION, write_callback);



curl_easy_setopt(curl_auth, CURLOPT_TIMEOUT_MS, 2000);

curl_easy_setopt(curl_auth, CURLOPT_CONNECTTIMEOUT_MS, 1500);



CURLcode res = curl_easy_perform(curl_auth);



long responseCode = 0;

curl_easy_getinfo(curl_auth, CURLINFO_RESPONSE_CODE, &responseCode);



curl_slist_free_all(headers_auth);

headers_auth = NULL;



atomic_incr(&token_refresh_in_progress, -1);



if (res != CURLE_OK || responseCode != 200)

{

    LOG_ERROR("OAuth request failed curl=%d http=%ld", res, responseCode);

    return false;

}



return true;

}

/* ============================================================
POST METRICS
============================================================ */

static bool post_metrics(char *json_str)
{
if (!metrics_token)
{
LOG_ERROR("Metrics token missing");
return false;
}

curl_easy_reset(curl_metrics);



headers_metrics = NULL;



headers_metrics = curl_slist_append(headers_metrics,

    "Content-Type: application/json");



char auth_header[2048];



snprintf(auth_header,

         sizeof(auth_header),

         "Authorization: Bearer %s",

         metrics_token);



headers_metrics = curl_slist_append(headers_metrics,

    auth_header);



curl_easy_setopt(curl_metrics, CURLOPT_URL, opt_metrics_endp);

curl_easy_setopt(curl_metrics, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, json_str);

curl_easy_setopt(curl_metrics, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, headers_metrics);



curl_easy_setopt(curl_metrics, CURLOPT_TIMEOUT_MS, 2000);

curl_easy_setopt(curl_metrics, CURLOPT_CONNECTTIMEOUT_MS, 1500);



CURLcode res = curl_easy_perform(curl_metrics);



long responseCode = 0;



curl_easy_getinfo(curl_metrics, CURLINFO_RESPONSE_CODE, &responseCode);



curl_slist_free_all(headers_metrics);

headers_metrics = NULL;



if (res != CURLE_OK)

{

    LOG_ERROR("Metrics POST failed: curl_error=%d (%s)",

              res,

              curl_easy_strerror(res));



    return false;

}



if (responseCode >= 200 && responseCode < 300)

{

    LOG_DEBUG("Metrics POST successful. HTTP=%ld", responseCode);

    return true;

}



LOG_WARN("Metrics POST returned HTTP=%ld", responseCode);



return false;

}

/* ============================================================
WORKER THREAD
============================================================ */

static void stats_worker_handler(uv_work_t *req)
{
if (!metrics_publish)
return;

initialize_thread_curl();



prepare_json_callback callback =

    (prepare_json_callback)req->data;



if (!callback)

    return;



char *json_str = callback();



if (!json_str)

{

    LOG_ERROR("Failed to generate metrics JSON");

    atomic_incr(&metrics_work_in_progress, -1);

    return;

}



/* proactive token refresh */



if (token_expired())

{

    LOG_DEBUG("OAuth token expired or near expiry");



    if (!fetch_auth_token())

    {

        LOG_ERROR("Token refresh failed");



        free(json_str);

        atomic_incr(&metrics_work_in_progress, -1);

        return;

    }

}



if (!post_metrics(json_str))

{

   LOG_ERROR("Metrics publish failed");

}

else

{

    LOG_DEBUG("Metrics published successfully");

}



free(json_str);



cleanup_thread_curl();

atomic_incr(&metrics_work_in_progress, -1);

}

/* ============================================================
TIMER CALLBACK
============================================================ */

static void stats_timer_handler(void *cb_data)
{
if (!metrics_publish)
return;

if (atomic_incr(&metrics_work_in_progress, 1) != 1)

{

    atomic_incr(&metrics_work_in_progress, -1);

    LOG_WARN("Skipping metrics run: previous run still active");

    return;

}



uv_work_t req;



req.data = cb_data;



sr71_uv_queue_work(

    &req,

    sizeof(req),

    (sr71_queue_handler *)stats_worker_handler

);

}

static void midnight_reset_handler(void *arg)
{
LOG_DEBUG("Performing midnight reset of metrics (UTC)");

if (process_array_stats_enabled)

    shares_process_stats_arr_reset(&process_stats_array);

else

    shares_process_stats_reset(&process_stats);



if (dbconn != NULL)

    shares_process_stats_reset_db();

else

    LOG_ERROR("Metrics DB reset failed: dbconn NULL");



/* schedule next reset in 24 hours */



third_timer = sr71_uv_timer_start(

    midnight_reset_handler,

    24 * 3600 * 1000,

    0,

    NULL

);

}

static int seconds_until_midnight_utc()
{
time_t now = time(NULL);

struct tm utc;

gmtime_r(&now, &utc);



int seconds_now =

    utc.tm_hour * 3600 +

    utc.tm_min  * 60 +

    utc.tm_sec;



int seconds_midnight = 24 * 3600;



int remaining = seconds_midnight - seconds_now;



LOG_INFO(

    "UTC time %02d:%02d:%02d | seconds_until_midnight=%d",

    utc.tm_hour,

    utc.tm_min,

    utc.tm_sec,

    remaining

);



return remaining;

}

static void schedule_midnight_reset(void)
{
int delay = seconds_until_midnight_utc();

LOG_DEBUG("Scheduling midnight reset in %d seconds", delay);



midnight_timer = sr71_uv_timer_start(

    midnight_reset_handler,

    delay * 1000,

    24 * 3600 * 1000,

    NULL

);

}

/* ============================================================
PUBLIC ENTRY
============================================================ */

int open_metrics_enpoint(char *metrics_ep,
prepare_json_callback callback)
{
if (!metrics_ep || !callback)
{
LOG_ERROR("Invalid metrics endpoint or callback");
return -1;
}

snprintf(opt_metrics_endp,

         sizeof(opt_metrics_endp),

         "%s",

         metrics_ep);



opt_metrics_endp[sizeof(opt_metrics_endp) - 1] = '\0';



LOG_INFO("Metrics endpoint configured: %s", opt_metrics_endp);



metrics_timer = sr71_uv_timer_start(

    stats_timer_handler,

    stats_interval,

    stats_interval,

    (void *)callback

);



return 0;

}
Regards,
Sasmit Utkarsh
+91-7674022625

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