ticles of

Towns of New England, and proprietors began to deny the
commons to
the landless,
venturesome and discontented men, accepting the challenge of
a savage-infested wilderness, moved northward along the rivers into
Maine and New Hampshire, or beyond the original Connecticut
settlements into the valley of the Housatonic. Here land was less
often than formerly disposed of to groups of proprietors intent to
maintain the traditions of town and church; acquired by the older
towns or
by land agents, it was more often sold to companies or
to individuals for

the profit it would bring. The famous New Hampshire grants, one
hundred and thirty townships
in the present State of Vermont,
fell mainly to speculators who sold to the highest bidder, covenanted
and uncovenanted alike, among the throng of home-seekers who pushed
into this western country in the seventh decade
of the century. Long before the Revolution opened, there thus existed
in New England a fringe of pioneer settlements--such as Vassalboro and
Durham on the Androscoggin and the Kennebec, Concord and Hinsdale on
the Merrimac
and the Connecticut, Pittsfield
and Great Barrington on the Housatonic--which formed a newer New
England, less lettered
and scriptural than the old, where
class distinctions were little known, where contact with the Indian
and the wilderness had added a secular ruthlessness and ingenuity to
the
harsh Puritan temper, and where the individual, freed

from an effective "village moral police," learned
in the rough school of nature a new kind of conformity unknown to the
ancient
Hebrew code. In the Middle and Southern colonies, even more than in
New England, expansion
of population into the interior was a notable feature of the
eighteenth
century. In 1700 the estate

of William Byrd at the James River Falls was on the In

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