Re: Find Topmost Window

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msdn_styles32Win32 Window Hierarchy and Styles


Kyle Marsh
Microsoft Developer Network Technology Group

Created: September 29, 1993

 Click to view or copy the Styles sample  <javascript:sample1.Click()>
application files for this technical article.


Abstract


This article describes the desktop, top-level, and child windows provided in
the Win32® versions of the Microsoft® Windows(tm) operating system and their
hierarchical relationships. It explains how applications can navigate the
window structure and control the style and appearance of a window on the
desktop.


Window Hierarchy


The basic building block for displaying information in the Microsoft®
Windows(tm) graphical environment is the window. Microsoft Windows manages
how each window relates to all other windows in terms of visibility,
ownership, and parent/child relationship. Windows uses this relationship
information when creating, destroying, or displaying a window. The Windows
window manager controls how windows relate to one another and stores the
relationship information it needs by linking the window instance information
of each window into a hierarchy known as the window manager's list.

Within each window's instance information structure are four elements that
the window manager uses to build the window manager's list: 


*       A handle to the window's child window



*       A handle to the next window in the list of child windows (the next
sibling)



*       A handle to the window's parent



*       A handle to the window's owner 

 
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Figure 1.

When Windows initializes, it creates a window, known as the desktop window,
that is sized to cover the entire display area and upon which all other
windows are displayed. The window manager uses the desktop window as the top
of the window manager's list. Thus, the desktop window is the top of the
window hierarchy.

Windows that form the next level of the window hierarchy are called
top-level windows. A top-level window is any window that is not a child
window. Top-level windows do not have the WS_CHILD style. The window manager
connects top-level windows to the desktop window by connecting the top-level
windows into a linked list with the head of the link list stored in the
desktop window's child window handle, and by using each top-level window's
next sibling handle to form the list. The linked list is known as a child
window list because it is attached to the child window handle of a window.
All windows connected to a child window list are considered siblings;
therefore, all top-level windows are siblings of one another. The order of
the child window list (first to last) also denotes the top to bottom order
(the Z order) of the windows as seen on the display. The window manager uses
this Z order to decide which windows and which parts of windows are visible
on the display and which windows or parts of windows are hidden by other
windows. When a window appears on the display below another window, it
appears after that window in the child window list.

All top-level windows are also connected to the desktop window through the
parent window handle in the window instance information. Top-level windows
are connected to the desktop window as if they were child windows of the
desktop, and can be considered children of the desktop in that parent/child
navigation techniques can be used to move between a top-level window and the
desktop window.

The window manager places top-level windows at the top of the Z order when
they are created, and thus the entire window is visible. The window manager
inserts the window at the head of the desktop window's child window list. An
extended style, WS_EX_TOPMOST, controls where the window manager places a
newly created window in the window manager's list. The window manager places
windows without the WS_EX_TOPMOST style after any windows that have the
WS_EX_TOPMOST style. Thus, windows with the WS_EX_TOPMOST style always
display above windows without the WS_EX_TOPMOST style.

 
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Figure 2.

Another type of relationship can exist between top-level windows: Top-level
windows can own or be owned by other top-level windows. An owned window is
always above its owner in the Z order and is hidden when its owner is
minimized. Owned windows are not hidden when their owner is hidden. Thus, if
Window A owns Window B, which in turn owns Window C, and if Window A is
minimized, Window B is hidden but Window C remains visible. An application
creates an owned window relationship by passing the window handle to the
owner window in the hwndParent parameter of the CreateWindow (or
CreateWindowEx) function when the application creates the owned window. If
the window whose handle is in hwndParent is not a top-level window, Windows
finds the top-level window for the given window and makes that top-level
window the owner of the created window. The passed-in window is stored in
the owned window's instance data parent field, and the top-level owner of
the window is stored in the owner field. Windows creates dialog boxes as
owned windows unless an application specifically declares a dialog box to be
a child window.

 
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Figure 3.

The desktop window occupies the first level of the windows hierarchy and
top-level windows occupy the second level. Child windows, which are windows
created with the WS_CHILD style, occupy all other levels. The window manager
connects child windows to their parent window in the same way it connects
top-level windows to the desktop window.

 
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Figure 4.

Child windows are displayed within the client area of their parent. The
window manager uses the first-to-last order of the child window list to
determine the Z order of child windows. This method is the same as that used
for top-level windows. All top-level windows are displayed in the client
area of the desktop window and thus behave as if they were children of the
desktop for display purposes.


So What's Different in Win32?


The relationships among the desktop window, top-level windows, owned
windows, and child windows described in the previous section are identical
in Win32® and Win16. This ensures a high degree of compatibility between
Win16 and Win32, and allows applications that take advantage of the windows
hierarchy to work in both environments. The two differences between the
Win16 and Win32 environments involve security and multiple threads.

Windows NT(tm) adds a new level to the window hierarchy: Each computer that
runs Windows NT has a corresponding object called the WindowStation object.
This object forms the first level of security for a workstation and is the
source of inheritable security for all user objects. A WindowStation object
can, in turn, have any number of desktop objects. Each desktop object is a
desktop window, as described in the previous section. Windows NT uses two
desktops: One desktop handles the logon screen, CTRL+ALT+DEL screen, locked
workstation screen, and screen saver, and the other desktop is used for the
rest of the system. Currently, applications cannot create or delete
desktops.

Another difference between Win16 and Win32 involves using multiple threads.
Win16 does not support multiple threads, so the application developer does
not need to consider threading when an application creates a window. In
Win32, whenever a parent/child or owner/owned relationship exists between
windows, the threads that own the windows share an input queue. The
developer must remember that sharing an input queue counteracts the benefits
of using threads-only one thread can process a message at any given time,
while other threads sharing the input queue must wait for GetMessage or
PeekMessage to return. Wherever possible, make sure that parent/child
windows or owner/owned windows belong to the same thread.

Win32 defines two new window types that are not part of the window
hierarchy: foreground windows and background windows. The foreground window
is the window that the user is currently working in. All other windows are
background windows. Developers should normally let the user set the
foreground window; however, Win32 does supply two functions to handle the
foreground window, SetForegroundWindow and GetForegroundWindow.


Navigating the Window Manager's List


An application navigates the window manager's list by getting the owner,
parent, child, or next window from the window manager or by having Windows
call an application-supplied callback function for a set of windows. The
functions listed below navigate the window manager's list.


EnumChildWindows


An application can use this function to have Windows call an
application-supplied callback function for each child window of a given
window. Windows enumerates all child windows, including children of child
windows. Windows does not call the callback function for any child windows
created after EnumChildWindows is called but before it returns.


EnumThreadWindows


An application can use this function to have Windows call an
application-supplied callback function for each window belonging to a given
thread. Windows enumerates all top-level windows for a thread, including
owned and non-owned top-level windows, child windows, and children of child
windows. Windows does not call the callback function for windows created
after EnumTaskWindows is called but before it returns.


EnumWindows


An application can use this function to have Windows call an
application-supplied callback function for each top-level window. Windows
enumerates all top-level windows, including owned and non-owned windows.
Windows does not call the callback function for any top-level windows
created after EnumWindows is called but before it returns.


FindWindow


An application can use this function to locate the first top-level window in
the Z order that matches the given class and window title. The application
can specify a particular class, a particular title, both, or neither. If the
application specifies neither a class name nor a window title, the
FindWindow function returns the top-level window, which is the highest in
the Z order. An application cannot use the FindWindow function to locate
windows farther down in the Z order after the first matching window is
found.


GetDesktopWindow


This function returns the handle to the desktop window.


GetNextWindow


Win16 defined this function separately from GetWindow (see below). Win32
does not implement this function, but the WINUSER.H header file defines a
macro that replaces calls to GetNextWindow with GetWindow.


GetParent


This function returns a handle to a given window's parent, if a parent
exists. If the window is a child window, the function returns the handle to
the parent window. If the window is a top-level window, the function returns
the handle to the window's owner, if an owner exists. To find the handle to
the window that was passed to CreateWindow or to CreateWindowEx when an
owned window was created, use GetWindowWord(GWW_HWNDPARENT). This window
handle is different from the value returned by GetParent if the window whose
handle was passed to CreateWindow or CreateWindowEx was not a top-level
window. This situation occurs when a dialog box is created with a child
window in its hwndParent parameter to CreateWindow or CreateWindowEx.


GetThreadDesktop


This function returns the handle to the desktop for the given thread.


GetTopWindow


This function returns the given window's first child. The first child window
is always at the top of the Z order for the given window. If no window is
specified, the passed-in window handle is NULL, and this function returns
the highest top-level window in the Z order.


GetWindow


An application can use this function to navigate the window manager's list.
GetWindow takes two parameters-a handle to a window (HWND) and fwRel
(WORD)-specifying the relationship from the given window to the desired
window. The following relationships can be obtained: 


*       GW_HWNDNEXT: GetWindow returns the handle to the given window's next
sibling. When an application calls GetWindow with GW_HWNDNEXT, it receives
the same result that calling GetNextWindow with GW_HWNDNEXT returns.



*       GW_HWNDFIRST: GetWindow returns the handle to the given window's
topmost sibling in the Z order. This is the most visible sibling window.
When an application calls GetWindow with GW_HWNDFIRST, it receives the same
result that calling GetTopWindow returns.



*       GW_HWNDLAST: GetWindow returns the given window's bottommost sibling
in the Z order. This is the least visible sibling.



*       GW_HWNDPREV: GetWindow returns the handle to the given window's
previous sibling. When an application calls GetWindow with GW_HWNDPREV, it
receives the same result that calling GetNextWindow with GW_HWNDPREV
returns.



*       GW_OWNER: GetWindow returns the handle to the given window's owner.
If the given window has no owner, GetWindow returns NULL.



*       GW_CHILD: GetWindow returns the handle to the given window's first
child window. The first child window is at the top of the given window's Z
order. If the given window has no child window, the GetWindow function
returns NULL. 


IsChild


IsChild takes two handles to windows as its arguments: hWndParent and hWnd.
IsChild returns TRUE if hWnd is a child or another descendant of hWndParent.
hWnd is a descendant of hWndParent if hWndParent is found by stepping from a
given window's parent to its parent, and so on. IsChild returns FALSE if
hWnd is the same as hWndParent.


Window Styles


When an application creates a window with the CreateWindow or CreateWindowEx
function, it assigns the window certain style attributes in the dwStyle
parameter. The style attributes determine the type of window, the
functionality of the window, and the initial state of the window. Win32
contains no new, changed, or deleted styles; Win32 styles are identical to
Win16 styles.


Window Type Styles


WS_OVERLAPPED


Overlapped windows are top-level windows and are connected to the desktop
window's child windows list. Applications usually use overlapped windows as
their main window. Overlapped windows always have a caption, even if
WS_CAPTION is not specified. Because an overlapped window always has a
caption, it also always has a border. See WS_CAPTION below for more
information about border styles. Overlapped windows may own other top-level
windows or be owned by other top-level windows or both. All overlapped
windows have the WS_CLIPSIBLINGS style, even if it was not specified.

Windows can set the initial size and position for overlapped windows. To
have Windows set the window's initial position, an application uses
CW_USEDEFAULT for the X parameter to CreateWindow or CreateWindowEx. When an
application uses CW_USEDEFAULT to set an overlapped window's position and
uses the WS_VISIBLE style to have the window visible when it is created,
Windows passes the Y parameter of CreateWindow or CreateWindowEx to
ShowWindow. Thus, when an application uses CW_USEDEFAULT for the X parameter
to CreateWindow or CreateWindowEx, the Y parameter must be one of the
following: 


*       SW_HIDE



*       SW_SHOWNORMAL



*       SW_NORMAL



*       SW_SHOWMINIMIZED



*       SW_SHOWMAXIMIZED



*       SW_MAXIMIZE



*       SW_SHOWNOACTIVATE



*       SW_SHOW



*       SW_MINIMIZE



*       SW_SHOWMINNOACTIVE



*       SW_SHOWNA



*       SW_RESTORE 

Usually an application should use SW_SHOW for the Y parameter because
SW_SHOW allows the proper functioning for WS_MAXIMIZE and WS_MINIMIZE
styles.

To have Windows set the window's initial size, an application uses
CW_USEDEFAULT for the nWidth parameter to CreateWindow or CreateWindowEx.
When an application uses CW_USEDEFAULT to have Windows set the window's
initial size, the nHeight parameter to CreateWindow or CreateWindowEx is
ignored.


WS_POPUP


Pop-up windows are top-level windows and are connected to the desktop
window's child windows list. Applications usually use pop-up windows for
dialog boxes. The main difference between pop-up and overlapped windows is
that pop-up windows need not have captions and overlapped windows must have
captions. When a pop-up window does not have a caption, it can be created
without a border. Pop-up windows may own other top-level windows or be owned
by other top-level windows or both. All pop-up windows have the
WS_CLIPSIBLINGS style, even if it was not specified. Pop-up windows must not
be created with the CW_USEDEFAULT value for either the position or the size
of the window. Pop-up windows that use CW_USEDEFAULT will exist but will
have no size or no position or both.


WS_CHILD


Child windows must have a parent window and are confined to the client area
of their parent. This is the major distinction between child windows and
overlapped and pop-up windows. Child window parents can be top-level windows
or other child windows. Child windows are positioned from their parent
window's upper-left corner and not from the upper-left of the screen as are
top-level windows. Child windows are clipped to the client area of their
parent. Controls in a dialog box are child windows whose parent is the
dialog box. Child windows must not be created with the CW_USEDEFAULT value
for either the position or size of the window. Child windows that use
CW_USEDEFAULT will exist but will have no size or position or both.


Window Functional and Appearance Styles


WS_CAPTION


When this style is enabled, Windows assigns a rectangular area at the top of
the window to display the window's text or title. Overlapped windows always
have a caption. The application can assign the window's text in the
CreateWindow or CreateWindowEx function and can change the text by calling
the SetWindowText function. If a window has a caption, it can also have a
maximize box (WS_MAXIMIZEBOX), a minimize box (WS_MINIMIZEBOX), and a System
menu (WS_SYSMENU). If a window does not have a caption, Windows does not
create these elements even if they are explicitly specified.

Windows without captions cannot have menus because the menu system relies on
the caption's existence to place the menu. 

When a window has a caption, the user can move the window with a mouse. If
the window does not have a caption, the user cannot move the window because
a System menu is required to move the window and a System menu cannot exist
without the window having a caption. 

Windows with captions always have either a regular single-line border or a
thick sizable border. If neither a WS_BORDER (single line) nor a
WS_THICKFRAME (sizable) border is specified, the window gets the single-line
border. The WS_CAPTION constant is actually the combination of WS_BORDER and
WS_DLGFRAME constants (WS_BORDER | WS_DLGFRAME), which makes it impossible
to distinguish between a thin border and a dialog border for windows with
captions. As a result, windows with captions cannot have the dialog box
border style unless the WS_EX_DLGMODALFRAME extended style is used.


WS_MINIMIZEBOX


When this style is enabled, Windows places the minimize box bitmap in the
upper-right corner of the window. If a maximize box exists for the window,
Windows places the minimize button to the left of the maximize box. The
minimize box cannot exist unless the window has a caption. When the minimize
box exists, the user can minimize the window by clicking on the minimize
bitmap or by using the System menu. If the minimize box does not exist, the
user cannot minimize the window.


WS_MAXIMIZEBOX


When this style is enabled, Windows places the maximize box bitmap in the
upper-right corner of the window. The maximize box cannot exist unless the
window has a caption. When the maximize box exists, the user can maximize
the window by clicking the bitmap or by using the System menu. If the
maximize box does not exist, the user cannot maximize the window.


WS_SYSMENU


When this style is enabled, Windows places the System menu bitmap at the
upper-left corner of the window. The System menu provides an interface for
the user to perform the following system commands: 


*       Restore a minimized window



*       Move the window with the keyboard



*       Size the window with the keyboard



*       Minimize the window



*       Maximize the window



*       Close the window



*       Switch to another task 

When a window has a System menu, the user can bring up the System menu by
clicking the menu bitmap, by entering the ALT+SPACEBAR combination on the
keyboard, or by clicking the window's icon when the window is minimized. If
a window does not have a System menu, the user cannot use the keyboard to
perform system commands unless the application provides a specific keyboard
interface to do so.

The System menu is also important for maximized windows that take up the
entire screen. When a maximized window that takes up the entire screen has a
System menu, the window cannot be moved until the window is restored to its
previous nonmaximized size. If the window does not have a System menu, it
can be moved without restoring the window's previous nonmaximized size when
the window is maximized to the size of the screen. When a window is
maximized to the size of the screen, Windows disables the Move, Size, and
Maximize items on the System menu to prevent their use. Thus, when a window
with a System menu is maximized to the entire screen, it cannot be moved;
when a window without a System menu is maximized to the entire screen, it
can be moved.


WS_HSCROLL


When this style is enabled, Windows places a horizontal scroll bar along the
bottom of the window. Windows does not automatically scroll the window. For
a window to allow horizontal scrolling, the window procedure for the window
must process the WM_HSCROLL messages, and the window must be created with
the WS_HSCROLL style.


WS_VSCROLL


When this style is enabled, Windows places a vertical scroll bar along the
right side of the window. Windows does not automatically scroll the window.
For a window to allow vertical scrolling, the window procedure for the
window must process the WM_VSCROLL messages, and the window must be created
with the WS_VSCROLL style.


WS_BORDER


When this style is enabled, Windows draws a single-line border around the
window. If no border style is specified, Windows uses a single-line border
for all windows that have a caption. Windows created with this style cannot
be sized with either the mouse or the keyboard.


WS_DLGFRAME


When this style is enabled, Windows draws a dialog frame, a single line, and
a thick colored line around the window. This border style is normally
associated with a dialog box, but it can be used on any window that does not
have a caption. The dialog frame style can be used for a window with a
caption only if the WS_EX_DLGMODALFRAME extended style is specified. Windows
created with this style cannot be sized with either the mouse or the
keyboard.


WS_THICKFRAME


When this style is enabled, Windows draws a sizable frame, a thick colored
line between two single lines, around the window. This border style is
usually used for an application's main window. Windows created with this
style can be sized with the mouse and through the System menu with the
keyboard.


WS_CLIPCHILDREN


This style is used on a window that has child windows and causes Windows to
clip the area that a child window occupies from the client area of the
parent. Drawing performed by the parent window does not overwrite any of the
window's child windows. Windows created without the WS_CLIPCHILDREN style
can overwrite any of the window's child windows. Performance degrades
slightly; so do not use this style if the application does not draw to the
window.


WS_CLIPSIBLINGS


When this style is enabled, Windows clips the client areas of sibling
windows from one another. Thus, a window cannot draw in the client area of
any of the window's siblings. Windows forces the WS_CLIPSIBLINGS style on
all top-level windows (pop-up and overlapped windows), so top-level windows
cannot draw on any other top-level window. By default, Windows does not clip
sibling windows, thus allowing one child window to draw on another.
Performance degrades slightly; so do not use this style if sibling windows
cannot draw over one another.


Window Initial State Styles


WS_VISIBLE


When this style is enabled, Windows makes the window visible when it is
created. By default, the application must call the ShowWindow function to
make a window visible.


WS_DISABLED


When this style is enabled, Windows creates a window that is initially
disabled. The window cannot accept user input until it is enabled. The
application must provide a method to enable the window. This style is
usually used for control windows.


WS_MAXIMIZE


When this style is enabled, Windows creates a window of maximum size. An
application can control the maximum size for the window by responding to the
WM_GETMINMAXINFO message. By default, Windows sets the maximum size of
top-level windows to be the size of the screen and the maximum size of child
windows to be the size of the child window's parent's client area. An
application must also ensure that ShowWindow is correctly called for the
WS_MAXIMIZE style to be effective. 


WS_MINIMIZE (WS_ICONIC)


When this style is enabled, Windows creates a window of minimum size, that
is, an iconic window. An application must also ensure that ShowWindow is
correctly called for the WS_MINIMIZE style to be effective. 


Window Standard Styles


The Microsoft Windows Software Development Kit (SDK) supplies some standard
styles for window types. These styles are usually combinations of the basic
styles. Using them can be easier than specifying each style individually. 


WS_CHILDWINDOW


This style is equivalent to WS_CHILD. Usually, child windows should be
created with the WS_CLIPSIBLINGS style as well as with WS_CHILD or
WS_CHILDWINDOW.


WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW


This style is equivalent to WS_OVERLAPPED | WS_CAPTION | WS_SYSMENU |
WS_THICKFRAME | WS_MINIMIZEBOX | WS_MAXIMIZEBOX. This is the style usually
used for the main window for applications.


WS_POPUPWINDOW


This style is equivalent to WS_POPUP | WS_BORDER | WS_SYSMENU. Even though
this style includes the WS_SYSMENU style, the System menu cannot be added to
a window unless it has a caption (WS_CAPTION).


Extended Window Styles


Extended window styles were added to Windows starting with Windows version
3.0. To create a window with extended styles, an application must use the
CreateWindowEx function instead of the CreateWindow function.


WS_EX_DLGMODALFRAME


When this style is enabled, Windows uses a dialog border on a window that
has a caption. When used, the WS_EX_DLGMODALFRAME style overrides the
WS_BORDER and WS_THICKFRAME styles, producing a window with a dialog frame.
This extended style is normally used on dialog boxes, but it can be used for
any window to get a dialog frame. 


WS_EX_NOPARENTNOTIFY


This style is used for child windows. When this style is enabled, Windows
does not send WM_NOTIFY messages to the child window's parent. By default,
Windows sends WM_NOTIFY messages to a child window's parent when a child
window is created or destroyed.

The following extended Window styles were added starting with Windows
version 3.1.


WS_EX_TOPMOST


This style applies only to top-level windows; it is ignored for child
windows. When this style is enabled, Windows places the window above any
windows that do not have the WS_EX_TOPMOST style. Beginning with Windows
version 3.1, there are two classes of top-level windows: topmost top-level
windows and top-level windows. Topmost top-level windows always appear above
top-level windows in the Z order. Top-level windows can be made topmost
top-level windows by calling the SetWindowPos function with the handle to
the window and -1 for the hwndInsertAfter parameter. Topmost top-level
windows can become regular top-level windows by calling SetWindowPos with
the window handle and 1 for the hwndInsertAfter parameter.


WS_EX_ACCEPTFILES


Windows that can accept dragged objects must be created with this style so
that Windows can determine that the window will accept objects and can
change the drag/drop cursor as the user drags an object over the window. 


WS_EX_TRANSPARENT


The WS_EX_TRANSPARENT style makes a window transparent; that is, the window
can be seen through, and anything under the window is still visible.
Transparent windows are not transparent to mouse or keyboard events. A
transparent window receives paint messages when anything under it changes.
Transparent windows are useful for drawing drag handles on top of other
windows or for implementing "hot-spot" areas without having to hit test
because the transparent window receives click messages. 

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-----Original Message-----
From: Alex Bailey [mailto:[email protected]]
Sent: Monday, July 29, 2002 6:54 AM
To: [email protected]
Subject: [VBCOM] Find Topmost Window


 
Slightly OT from the usual VBCOM but I would appreciate if somone could
briefly give me the API calls needed to find the top-most window in the
system.
 
Thanks,
Alex Bailey.
 
You can read messages from the VBCOM archive, unsubscribe from VBCOM, or
subscribe to other DevelopMentor lists at http://discuss.develop.com. 


You can read messages from the VBCOM archive, unsubscribe from VBCOM, or
subscribe to other DevelopMentor lists at http://discuss.develop.com.