CryoNet #33100 - #33104
CryoNet <[email protected]> 6 Dec 2010 10:00:01 -0000
| Newsgroups | gmane.culture.science.cryogenics |
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CryoNet - Mon 6 Dec 2010
#33100: AW: CryoNet #33098 [Jens Rabis]
#33101: Question for physicists and people know the physicist [Jens Rabis]
#33102: Re: could argon/xenon improve vitrification solutions? [benbest]
#33103: Re: CryoNet #33098 - #33099 [Hal Tindale]
#33104: Transplant hearts kept healthy with circulating blood [RAMole]
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Message #33100
From: "Jens Rabis" <[email protected]>
Subject: AW: CryoNet #33098
Date: Sun, 5 Dec 2010 12:33:14 +0100
Hi cryonauten, hi ben
Xenon protects neurons from the toxicity of oxygen deficiency. One should
check whether Xenon is additional (!) suitable for artificial respiration
(stand-by-teams)? Priority for dead impact accumulation patients!?
Keywords: Wolfgang Kox Xenon neuroprotection
Infos: http://www.freepatentsonline.com/6559190.html
******************************
Xenon schutzt Neuronen vor der Vergiftung bei Sauerstoffmangel. Man sollte
prufen ob Xenon zusatzlich(!) zur kunstlichen Beatmung ( Stand-by-Teams)
geeignet ist!? Prioritat tote Schlaganfallpatienten.
Infos: http://www.freepatentsonline.com/6559190.html
Stichworte: Wolfgang Kox Edelgas Xenon rettet Hirnzellen
Best greetings
Jens Rabis
Germany-Berlin
-----Ursprungliche Nachricht-----
Von: [email protected] [mailto:[email protected]] Im
Auftrag von CryoNet
Gesendet: Sonntag, 5. Dezember 2010 11:00
An: [email protected]
Betreff: CryoNet #33098 - #33099
CryoNet - Sun 5 Dec 2010
#33098: Re: could argon/xenon improve vitrification solutions? [benbest]
#33099: parallel histories theory [Hal Tindale]
Rate This Digest: http://www.cryonet.org/cgi-bin/rate.cgi?msg=33098%2D33099
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Message #33098
Date: Sat, 04 Dec 2010 16:52:58 -0500
From: [email protected]
Subject: Re: could argon/xenon improve vitrification solutions?
Sorry if I am always raining on your parade, Doug, but when I see
misconceptions in your postings I feel the need to set the record straight
if there is to be hope of progress.
I do greatly appreciate the interest you show in the possibility of
reversible cryopreservation and the research that you do toward this end.
http://www.cryonet.org/cgi-bin/dsp.cgi?msg=33097
All of the studies you cite except the xenon clathrate biostasis paper deal
with the subject of reducing ischemic damage by substituting noble gas for
oxygen. Despite the fact that a couple of these papers involve hypothermia,
this has no relevance to improving vitrification solutions.
I also doubt that xenon clathrate cryostasis is of any benefit to
vitrification, although it could be of value in cryopreservation methods
classically associated with freezing. The debate still rages within the
cryobiology community as to whether freezing or vitrification is the best
method of cryopreservation. Many single-cell and small tissue specimens can
be successfully cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen using small amounts of
cryoprotectant that reduce the ice formation that occurs outside of cells.
The small amounts of ice formed can be tolerated in small tissue samples and
cell suspensions, and using only small amounts of cryoprotectant does not
involve much toxicity. Until less toxic cryoprotectants can be found, this
is the best approach for certain cell types. For more detail on classical
cryogenic cryopreservation using freezing, see
http://www.benbest.com/cryonics/cooling.html#classical
These methods have no hope of ever being applicable to large organs. Those
ignorant of cryobiology often suggest that cells burst upon freezing because
ice has 9% greater volume than water. That claim is false, because water
first freezes extracellularly, but it is nonetheless true that a 9% greater
volume of ice in the extracellular space will nonetheless mechanically crush
cells. Clathrate hydrates occupy a larger volume than ice, so any attempt to
form these clathrates in an organ would result in even greater mechanical
crushing.
As I said in my analysis of clathrate hydrates: "The volume of a clathrate
is greater than that of hexagonal ice containing the same number of
molecules ? even excluding the guest molecule ... clathrate formation in
biological tissues is not an alternative to vitrification, and would
actually be expected to cause more damage than freezing."
http://www.benbest.com/cryonics/viable.html#clathrates
Freezing techniques cannot complement vitrification, and neither can
clathrate formation. These techniques are mutually exclusive. I note that in
the xenon clathrate cryostasis paper you cite
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18787624
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2480575/
that 100 psi (6.8 atmospheres) pressure is used. High pressure methods can
be used to reduce ice formation due to the 9% greater volume of ice over
water, but in this case high pressure is probably mostly to induce the xenon
to form the clathrate. It was once necessary to use 1,000 atmospheres of
pressure with VS4 vitrification solution (higher pressures were too
damaging), until the development of VS41A
(VS4 for 1 atmosphere) vitrification solution.
The bottom line is that although xenon clathrates may be useful for
cryogenic temperature cryopreservation of cell suspensions and small tissue
samples, it cannot be applied to cryogenic organ cryopreservation or
cryonics. Reduction of cryoprotectant toxicity remains the number one
priority. There are methods that complement vitrification, such as ice
blockers and high pressures, but clathrate formation is not one of these
methods.
-- Ben Best
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Message #33101
From: "Jens Rabis" <[email protected]>
Subject: Question for physicists and people know the physicist
Date: Sun, 5 Dec 2010 13:12:03 +0100
Hi cryonauten,
If a teleported frozen brain, another frozen brain?
If not, why not?
If so, what can be theoretically physically do about it?
I can speak for the moment only from the brain, because I believe, that the
process currently better brains / heads stored shock-proof, as whole body.
When refrigerating a whole body vitrification (Alcor.org) are sufficient to
destroy light vibrations!?
I'm gonna believe that one can build in future energy supply to the brain so
small, that for the old body is no longer necessary. But I would reassure
mental / psychological, if my BRAIN is first teleported into a body eg:(!)
cheaply conserved by von Hagens http://www.koerperwelten.com (!). Driven by
the engine via brain control.
**************
Ist ein teleportiertes gefrorenes Gehirn, wieder ein gefrorenes Gehirn?
Wenn nein, warum nicht?
Wenn ja, was kann man theoretisch physikalisch dagegen tun?
Ich spreche im Moment nur vom Gehirn, weil ich glaube, dass man derzeit
besser Gehirne/Kopfe stoBsicher lagern kann, als ganze Korper.
Beim kaltetechnischen Verglasen eines ganzen Korpers (Alcor.org) genugen zur
Zerstorung schon leichte Vibrationen!?
Ich bin sowieso der Meinung, dass man in Zukunft die energetische
Versorgung des Gehirns so klein bauen kann, dass dafur der alte Korper nicht
mehr notwendig ist. Aber es wurde mich mental/psychologisch beruhigen, wenn
mein Gehirn zuerst in einen Korper teleportiert wird, der z.Bsp: (!)
kostengunstig von von Hagens http://www.koerperwelten.com konserviert wurde.
Angetrieben vom Motoren mittels Hirnsteuerung.
Mit besten GruBen
Jens Rabis
Germany-Berlin
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Message #33102
Date: Sun, 05 Dec 2010 19:50:58 -0500
From: [email protected]
Subject: Re: could argon/xenon improve vitrification solutions?
I have some follow-up comments to the CryoNet
posting that I made yesterday:
http://www.cryonet.org/cgi-bin/dsp.cgi?msg=33098
in reference to the pressurized xenon clathrate
cryopreservation study:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18787624
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2480575/
I want to acknowledge that the electron micrographs
of the cardiomyocytes in the tissue specimens cut from
the mouse hearts cryopreserved in pressurized xenon-oxygen
look somewhat better to me than those cryopreserved in
pressurized nitrogen-oxygen. I have had little experience
interpreting electron micrographs, so my impressions
aren't worth much, however. I am willing to trust the
interpretations of the images given by the investigators.
I cannot explain why the pressurized xenon-oxygen sample
would show better images. The paper suggests that
clathrates formed in the cell reduce the amount of
extracellular ice by retaining water in the cell that
would otherwise have migrated across the cell membranes
during the freezing process, thereby protecting the
cardiomyocytes from dehydration damage. The paper
also suggests that the xenon clathrates are protecting
cells from recrystallization damage during the thawing
process. I note that if the latter explanation is
true, then the improved micrographs are not indicative
of improved structural preservation during cryostasis.
The paper is critical of vitrification because
of cryoprotectant toxicity and another vaguely-referenced
source of injury (possibly devitrification). This is
given as a reason why a vitrified sample was not
prepared for comparison.
As I wrote in my CryoNet posting yesterday,
vitrification and clathrate formation are incompatible
approaches to cryopreservation. Clathrates are
structures similar to ice, which means that vitrification
would prevent clathrate formation at least as
readily as it prevents ice formation.
-- Ben Best
Rate This Message: http://www.cryonet.org/cgi-bin/rate.cgi?msg=33102
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Message #33103
Date: Mon, 06 Dec 2010 03:45:05 +0100
From: "Hal Tindale" <[email protected]>
Subject: Re: CryoNet #33098 - #33099
--========GMXBoundary106701291603506799332
how are the fly experiments going - hal
----- Original Message -----
From: CryoNet
Sent: 12/05/10 09:00 PM
To: [email protected]
Subject: CryoNet #33098 - #33099
CryoNet - Sun 5 Dec 2010 #33098: Re: could argon/xenon improve vitrification solutions? [benbest] #33099: parallel histories theory [Hal Tindale] Rate This Digest: http://www.cryonet.org/cgi-bin/rate.cgi?msg=33098%2D33099 Administrivia To subscribe to CryoNet, send email to: [email protected] with the subject line (not message _body_): subscribe To unsubscribe, use the subject line: unsubscribe To post a message to CryoNet, send your message to: [email protected] from the same address to which you are aubscribed. Send questions, comments, or feedback to [email protected] with "CryoNet" or "cryonics" somewhere in the Subject line. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Message #33098 Date: Sat, 04 Dec 2010 16:52:58 -0500 From: [email protected] S
ubject: Re: could argon/xenon improve vitrification solutions? Sorry if I am always raining on your parade, Doug, but when I see misconceptions in your postings I feel the need to set the re
cord straight if there is to be hope of progress. I do greatly appreciate the interest you show in the possibility of reversible cryopreservation and the research that you do toward this end. http://www.cryonet.org/cgi-bin/dsp.cgi?msg=33097 All of the studies you cite except the xenon clathrate biostasis paper deal with the subject of reducing ischemic damage by substituting noble gas for oxygen. Despite the fact that a couple of these papers involve hypothermia, this has no relevance to improving vitrification solutions. I also doubt that xenon clathrate cryostasis is of any benefit to vitrification, although it could be of value in cryopreservation methods classically associated with freezing. The debate still rages within the cryobiology community as to whether freezing or vitrificatio
n is the best method of cryopreservation. Many single-cell and small tissue specimens can be successfully cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen using small amounts of cryoprotectant that reduce t
he ice formation that occurs outside of cells. The small amounts of ice formed can be tolerated in small tissue samples and cell suspensions, and using only small amounts of cryoprotectant does not involve much toxicity. Until less toxic cryoprotectants can be found, this is the best approach for certain cell types. For more detail on classical cryogenic cryopreservation using freezing, see http://www.benbest.com/cryonics/cooling.html#classical These methods have no hope of ever being applicable to large organs. Those ignorant of cryobiology often suggest that cells burst upon freezing because ice has 9% greater volume than water. That claim is false, because water first freezes extracellularly, but it is nonetheless true that a 9% greater volume of ice in the extracellular space will non
etheless mechanically crush cells. Clathrate hydrates occupy a larger volume than ice, so any attempt to form these clathrates in an organ would result in even greater mechanical crushing. A
s I said in my analysis of clathrate hydrates: "The volume of a clathrate is greater than that of hexagonal ice containing the same number of molecules ? even excluding the guest molecule ... clathrate formation in biological tissues is not an alternative to vitrification, and would actually be expected to cause more damage than freezing." http://www.benbest.com/cryonics/viable.html#clathrates Freezing techniques cannot complement vitrification, and neither can clathrate formation. These techniques are mutually exclusive. I note that in the xenon clathrate cryostasis paper you cite http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18787624 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2480575/ that 100 psi (6.8 atmospheres) pressure is used. High pressure methods can be used to reduce ice formation due to
the 9% greater volume of ice over water, but in this case high pressure is probably mostly to induce the xenon to form the clathrate. It was once necessary to use 1,000 atmospheres of press
ure with VS4 vitrification solution (higher pressures were too damaging), until the development of VS41A (VS4 for 1 atmosphere) vitrification solution. The bottom line is that although xenon clathrates may be useful for cryogenic temperature cryopreservation of cell suspensions and small tissue samples, it cannot be applied to cryogenic organ cryopreservation or cryonics. Reduction of cryoprotectant toxicity remains the number one priority. There are methods that complement vitrification, such as ice blockers and high pressures, but clathrate formation is not one of these methods. -- Ben Best Rate This Message: http://www.cryonet.org/cgi-bin/rate.cgi?msg=33098 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Message #33099 Date: Sun, 05 Dec 2010 09:06:00 +0100 From:
"Hal Tindale" <[email protected]> Subject: parallel histories theory --========GMXBoundary106701291536360921414 imagine a long beach with a hundred houses full of surfer
s. they have never met but they all go surfing at the same time. someone is going to get a surfboard in the back of the head - hal ----- Original Message ----- From: CryoNet Sent: 12/04/10 09:00 PM To: [email protected] Subject: CryoNet #33097 CryoNet - Sat 4 Dec 2010 #33097: could argon/xenon improve vitrification solutions? [oberon] Rate This Digest: http://www.cryonet.org/cgi-bin/rate.cgi?msg=33097%2D33097 Administrivia To subscribe to CryoNet, send email to: [email protected] with the subject line (not message _body_): subscribe To unsubscribe, use the subject line: unsubscribe To post a message to CryoNet, send your message to: [email protected] from the same address to which you are aubscribed. Send questions, comments, or feedback to [email protected] with "CryoNet" o
r "cryonics" somewhere in the Subject line. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Message #33097 Date: Fri, 3 Dec 2010 09:28:32 -0800 (PST) From: oberon@vcn.
bc.ca Subject: could argon/xenon improve vitrification solutions? [Argon and xenon, offer powerful neuroprotectation, and act as novel cryoprotectants. Could argon/xenon reduce the toxicity of vitrification solutions? By preforming an intracellular clathrate, cell dehydration and membrane rupture are largely avoided during both freezing and rewarming. Clathrate would also presumably reduce vitrification solution toxicity, by limiting intracellular egress of toxic solvents like DMSO, and ethylene glycol. IMHO, there are enough unused novel technologies around such as directional freezing, variable magnetic field freezing, flavonoid additives, and here clathrate formation for cryonics to develop fully reversible whole body cryopreservation protocols within 5 years. As far as I am aware, the
only limiting factor here preventing this is a lack of vision, and more importantly alas a lack of money. It is hard to say how to get around the funding desert that surrounds both cryonics
, and organ cryopreservation. A vastly more effective sales strategy is here indicated than I have seen to date. Perhaps "paper" research into novel technologies, and development of a shared library of all the relevant research papers published on t hese novel technologies would be a start. Perhaps a think tank with input from both professional salesman and skeptical scientists could then be used to develop an effective sales campaign. Otherwise it could easily take over 50 years before the technologies available now are finally used to engineer fully reversible whole organ (and whole body) cryopreservation.] J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci. 2007 Aug;27(4):426-8. Experimental study on the cryopreservation of LLC-PK1 epithelial cells with hypoxic UW solution. Wan C, Wang C, Liu T, Wa
ng H, Yang Z. Department of General Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China. Abstract The effects of oxygen partia
l pressure on cryopreservation of the cells with organ preservation solution were explored. Hypoxic UW solution was made by purging the UW solution with argon. The pig proximal tubule epithelial cells (LLC-PK1 cells) were cryopreserved in hypoxic UW solution (Ar-UW group) or standard UW solution (UW group) at 4 degrees C for 48 h. Trypan blue staining and LDH detection were performed to evaluate the injury of the cells. The results showed that the oxygen partial pressure in Ar-UW group was significantly declined from 242+/-6 mmHg to 83+/-10 mmHg. After cryopreservation at 4 degrees C for 48 h, LDH leakage rate and Trypan blue-stained rate in Ar-UW group were (11.3+/-3.4)% and (10.5+/-4.7)%, respectively, which were significantly lower than in UW group [(49.5+/-6.9)% and (47.6+/-9.3)% resp
ectively, both P<0.01]. It was concluded that lower oxygen partial pressure of UW solution was more beneficial to the cryopreservation of LLC. PMID: 17828502 [Here xenon forms an intracellul
ar clathrate at above freezing temperatures, and thereby prevents most cell dehydration during water ice formation at sub-zero temperatures. This proved to be highly effective at preserving cell viability by preventing membrane rupture by large ice c rystals, particularly during rewarming. Unlike pure water ice, the xenon/water clathrate itself is apparently non-damaging.] Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2008 Jan 1;1(5):440-7. Cardiac mitochondrial membrane stability after deep hypothermia using a xenon clathrate cryostasis protocol - an electron microscopy study. Sheleg S, Hixon H, Cohen B, Lowry D, Nedzved M. Innovative Biological Preservation Technologies LLC Scottsdale, AZ, USA. Sergey. Abstract We investigated a new cryopreservation method using xenon, a clathrate-forming gas, under medium pr
essure (100psi). The objective of the study was to determine whether this cryostasis protocol could protect cardiac mitochondria at cryogenic temperatures (below 100 degrees Celsius).We anal
yzed transmission electron microscopy images to obtain information about changes in mitochondrial morphology induced by cryopreservation of the hearts. Our data showed absence of mitochondrial swelling, rupture of inner and outer membranes, and leakag e of mitochondrial matrix into the cytoplasm after applying this cryostasis protocol. The electron microscopy results provided the first evidence that a cryostasis protocol using xenon as a clathrate-forming gas under pressure may have protective effects on intracellular membranes. This cryostasis technology may find applications in developing new approaches for long-term cryopreservation protocols. PMID: 18787624 Free text> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2480575/pdf/ijcep0001-0440.pdf Ann Neurol. 2010 Mar 8. [Epub ahead of prin
t] Xenon enhances hypothermic neuroprotection in asphyxiated newborn pigs. Chakkarapani E, Dingley J, Liu X, Hoque N, Aquilina K, Porter H, Thoresen M. Department of Clinical Sciences at Sou
th Bristol, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom. Abstract OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether inhaling 50% xenon during hypothermia (HT) offers better neuroprotection than xenon or HT alone. METHODS: Ninety-eight newborn pigs underwent a 45-mi nute global hypoxic-ischemic insult severe enough to cause permanent brain injury, and 12 pigs underwent sham protocol. Pigs then received intravenous anesthesia and were randomized to 6 treatment groups: (1) normothermia (NT; rectal temperature 38.5 degrees C, n = 18); (2) 18 hours 50% xenon with NT (n = 12); (3) 12 hours HT (rectal temperature 33.5 degrees C, n = 18); (4) 24 hours HT (rectal temperature 33.5 degrees C, n = 17); (5) 18 hours 50% xenon with 12 hours HT (n = 18); and (6) 18 hours 50% xenon with 24 hours HT (n = 17). Fifty pe
rcent xenon was administered via a closed circle with 30% oxygen and 20% nitrogen. After 10 hours rewarming, cooled pigs remained normothermic until terminal perfusion fixation at 72 hours.
Global and regional brain neuropathology and clinical neurological scor es were performed. RESULTS: Xenon (p = 0.011) and 12 or 24 hours HT (p = 0.003) treatments offered significant histological global, and regional neuroprotection. Combining xenon wit h HT yielded an additive neuroprotective effect, as there was no interaction effect (p = 0.54). Combining Xenon with 24 hours HT offered 75% global histological neuroprotection with similarly improved regional neuroprotection: thalamus (100%), brainstem (100%), white matter (86%), basal ganglia (76%), cortical gray matter (74%), cerebellum (73%), and hippocampus (72%). Neurology scores improved in the 24-hour HT and combined xenon HT groups at 72 hours. INTERPRETATION: Combining xenon with HT is a promising therapy for severely encephalopa
thic infants, doubling the neuroprotection offered by HT alone. ANN NEUROL 2010. PMID: 20658563 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] Stroke. 2008 Apr;39(4):1307-13. Epub 2008 Feb 28. Xenon an
d hypothermia combine additively, offering long-term functional and histopathologic neuroprotection after neonatal hypoxia/ischemia. Hobbs C, Thoresen M, Tucker A, Aquilina K, Chakkarapani E, Dingley J. Department of Clinical Sciences at South Bristol, U niversity of Bristol, Bristol, UK. Abstract BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Hypoxic/ischemic (HI) brain injury affects 1 to 6 per 1000 live human births, with a mortality of 15% to 20%. A quarter of survivors have permanent disabilities. Hypothermia is the only intervention that improves outcome; however, further improvements might be obtained by combining hypothermia with additional treatments. Xenon is a noble anesthetic gas with an excellent safety profile, showing great promise in vitro and in vivo as a neuroprotectant. We investigated combin
ations of 50% xenon (Xe(50%)) and hypothermia of 32 degrees C (HT(32 degrees C)) as a post-HI therapy. METHODS: An established neonatal rat HI model was used. Serial functional neurologic te
sting into adulthood 10 weeks after injury was performed, followed by global and regional brain histopathology evaluation. RESULTS: In the combination Xe(50%)HT(32 degrees C) group, complete restoration of long-term functional outcomes was seen. Hypotherm ia produced improvement on short- (P<0.00 1) and long- (P<0.001) term functional testing, whereas Xe(50%) alone predominantly improved long-term function (P<0.05), suggesting that short-term testing does not always predict eventual outcome. Similarly, the Xe(50%)HT(32 degrees C) combination produced the greatest (71%) improvement in global histopathology scores, a pattern mirrored in the regional scores, whereas Xe(50%) and HT(32 degrees C) individually produced smaller improvements (P<0.05 and P<0.001, respectively). The interaction bet
ween the 2 treatments was additive. CONCLUSIONS: The xenon/hypothermia combination additively confers greater protection after HI than either treatment alone. The functional improvement is a
lmost complete, is sustained long term, and is accompanied by greatly improved histopathology. The unique safety profile differentiates xenon as an attractive combination therapy with hypothermia to improve the otherwise bleak outcome from neonatal HI. PMI D: 18309163 Free text> http://stroke.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/39/4/1307 Crit Care. 2009;13(6):R206. Epub 2009 Dec 17. Argon: neuroprotection in in vitro models of cerebral ischemia and traumatic brain injury. Loetscher PD, Rossaint J, Rossaint R, Weis J, Fries M, Fahlenkamp A, Ryang YM, Grottke O, Coburn M. Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital of the RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany. Comment in: Crit Care. 2010;14(1):117. Abstract INTRODUCTION: Recently, it has been shown in several experimental settings that the noble gases
xenon and helium have neuroprotective properties. In this study we tested the hypothesis that the noble gas argon has a neuroprotective potential as well. Since traumatic brain injury and s
troke are widespread and generate an enormous economic and social burden, we investigated the possible neuroprotective effect in in vitro models of traumatic brain injury and cerebral ischemia. METHODS: Organotypic hippocampal slice cultures from mice pups were subjected to either oxygen-glucose deprivation or to a focal mechanical trauma and subsequently treated with three different concentrations (25, 50 and 74%) of argon immediately after trauma or with a two-or-three-hour delay. After 72 hours of incubation tissue injury assessment was performed using propidium iodide, a staining agent that becomes fluorescent when it diffuses into damaged cells via disintegrated cell membranes. RESULTS: We could show argon's neuroprotective effects at different concentrations when applied directly af
ter oxygen-glucose deprivation or trauma. Even three hours after application, argon was still neuroprotective. CONCLUSIONS: Argon showed a neuroprotective effect in both in vitro models of o
xygen-glucose deprivation and traumatic brain injury. Our promising results justify further in vivo animal research. PMID: 20017934 Free text> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2811924/pdf/cc8214.pdf Neurosci Lett. 2009 Sep 4;460(3):232-6. Epub 20 09 Jun 7. Neuroprotection (and lack of neuroprotection) afforded by a series of noble gases in an in vitro model of neuronal injury. Jawad N, Rizvi M, Gu J, Adeyi O, Tao G, Maze M, Ma D. Department of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London SW10 9NH, United Kingdom. Abstract Xenon-induced neuroprotection has been well studied both in vivo and in vitro. In this study, the neuroprotective properties of the other noble gases, namely, krypton, argon,
neon and helium, were explored in an in vitro model of neuronal injury. Pure neuronal cultures, derived from foetal BALB/c mice cortices, were provoked into injury by oxygen and glucose dep
rivation (OGD). Cultures were exposed to either nitrogen hypoxia or noble gas hypoxia in balanced salt solution devoid of glucose for 90min. The cultures were allowed to recover in normal culture medium for a further 24h in nitrogen or noble gas. The effect of noble gases on cell reducing ability in the absence of OGD was also investigated. Cell reducing ability was quantified via an MTT assay and expressed as a ratio of the control. The OGD caused a reduction in cell reducing ability to 0.56+/-0.04 of the control in the absence of noble gas (p<0.001). Like xenon (0.92+/-0.10; p<0.001), neuroprotection was afforded by argon (0.71+/-0.05; p<0.01). Neon and krypton did not have a protective effect under our experimental conditions. Helium had a detrimental effect on the cells. In the absenc
e of OGD, krypton reduced the reducing ability of uninjured cells to 0.84+/-0.09 (p<0.01), but argon showed an improvement in reducing ability to 1.15+/-0.11 (p<0.05). Our data suggest that
the cheap and widely available noble gas argon may have potential as a neuroprotectant for the future. PMID: 19500647 Rate This Message: http://www.cryonet.org/cgi-bin/rate.cgi?msg=33097 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- End of CryoNet Digest ********************* --========GMXBoundary106701291536360921414 Content-Type: text/html; charset="utf-8" [ AUTOMATICALLY SKIPPING HTML ENCODING! ] Rate This Message: http://www.cryonet.org/cgi-bin/rate.cgi?msg=33099 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- End of CryoNet Digest *********************
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Message #33104
From: [email protected]
Date: Sun, 5 Dec 2010 23:09:36 EST
Subject: Transplant hearts kept healthy with circulating blood
Content-Language: en
_http://www.livescience.com/health/etc/101205-beating-heart-transplants-offe
r-hope-patients.html_
(http://www.livescience.com/health/etc/101205-beating-heart-transplants-offer-hope-patients.html)
Hearts removed from a body for transplant are being kept healthy for
longer by being supplied with circulating blood. This raises the question of
whether something similar could be done for the brain, while moving patients to
CI -- or heads to Alcor. Combined with immediate cooling as in cold water
drowning, this might get it to perfusion almost recoverable. To avoid the
weirdness of having the "dead" brain become conscious there should be
anesthetic in the circulating fluid. Getting a physician to start the procedure
immediately upon pronouncing death is, uh, left as an exercise for the
student. ;-)
But seriously, if it works for hearts and if the apparatus is available,
then why not brains?
Alan Mole
The pertinent part of the article:
While traditional transplants involve an ischemic heart, in which no blood
is circulating, transported in an icebox (and with a shelf life of just
four to six hours), the beating heart transplant relies on a special box that
feeds the heart blood, keeping it warm and throbbing outside the body.
The first beating-heart transplant in the United States was completed on
April 8, 2007, on a 47-year-old man with congestive heart failure and
pulmonary hypertension at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (UPMC).
"This study presents an exciting opportunity to apply the latest medical
technology to help patients receive lifesaving transplants," said the
surgeon Kenneth R. McCurry, assistant professor of surgery, division of
cardiothoracic surgery at UPMC.
"By maintaining the organ in near perfect physiologic state, the OCS will
reduce injury and help extend the life of these organs, which also will
improve patient outcomes with less rejection and shorter length of ICU and
hospital stay," McCurry said in a statement at the time of that surgery,
referring to the Open Care System device that keeps the heart pumping outside
the body.
If the new technology shows success, it could change the field of organ
transplants, the AP reports. Transplant recipients wouldn't be limited by
location, since the cooler method can only keep a heart for a limited amount
of time. The technology could also help to ease the _organ shortage crisis_
(http://www.livescience.com/health/organ-donation-decline-100322.html) , as
some 3,000 Americans are currently waiting for a heart transplant. Last
year, 359 died waiting for a heart " almost one person a day, the AP reports.
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