Researchers at CERN Break the Speed of Light

Dennis Fischer <[email protected]> Wed, 25 Jul 2018 13:50:59 +0000
Newsgroups gmane.culture.sf.literature
Message-ID <[email protected]>
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Researchers at CERN break =E2=80=9CThe Speed of Light=E2=80=9D
Admin=C2=A0April 01, 2018=C2=A0=C2=A00Scientists said on Thursday they reco=
rded particles travelling faster than light - a finding that could overturn=
 one of Einstein's fundamental laws of the universe. Antonio Ereditato, spo=
kesman for the international group of researchers,=C2=A0saidthat measuremen=
ts taken over three years showed=C2=A0neutrinos pumped from CERN near Genev=
a to Gran Sasso in Italy had arrived 60 nanoseconds quicker than light woul=
d have done.








=C2=A0=E2=80=9CWe have high confidence in our results. We have checked and =
rechecked for anything that could have distorted our measurements but we fo=
und nothing,"=C2=A0he said. "We now want colleagues to check them independe=
ntly.=E2=80=9D


If confirmed, the discovery would undermine Albert Einstein's 1905 theory o=
f special relativity, which says that the speed of light is a "cosmic const=
ant" and that nothing in the universe can travel faster. That assertion, wh=
ich has withstood over a century of testing, is one of the key elements of =
the so-called Standard Model of physics, which attempts to describe the way=
 the universe and everything in it works. The totally unexpected finding em=
erged from research by a physicists working on an experiment dubbed OPERA r=
un jointly by the CERN particle research centre near Geneva and the Gran Sa=
sso Laboratory in central Italy.







A total of 15,000 beams of neutrinos - tiny particles that pervade the cosm=
os - were fired over a period of three years from CERN towards Gran Sasso 7=
30 (500 miles) km away, where they were picked up by giant detectors. Light=
 would have covered the distance in around 2.4 thousandths of a second, but=
 the neutrinos took 60 nanoseconds - or 60 billionths of a second - less th=
an light beams would have taken.




=C2=A0=E2=80=9CIt is a tiny difference,=E2=80=9D said Ereditato, who also w=
orks at Berne University in Switzerland, =E2=80=9Cbut conceptually it is in=
credibly important. The finding is so startling that, for the moment, every=
body should be very prudent.=E2=80=9D

=C2=A0

Ereditato declined to speculate on what it might mean if other physicists, =
who will be officially informed of the discovery at a meeting in CERN on Fr=
iday, found that OPERA's measurements were correct.



=C2=A0=E2=80=9CI just don't want to think of the implications,=E2=80=9D=C2=
=A0he said. =E2=80=9CWe are scientists and work with what we know.=E2=80=9D

Much science-fiction literature is based on the idea that, if the light-spe=
ed barrier can be overcome, time travel might theoretically become possible=
. The existence of the neutrino, an elementary sub-atomic particle with a t=
iny amount of mass created in radioactive decay or in nuclear reactions suc=
h as those in the Sun, was first confirmed in 1934, but it still mystifies =
researchers.


It can pass through most matter undetected, even over long distances, and w=
ithout being affected. Millions pass through the human body every day, scie=
ntists say. To reach Gran Sasso, the neutrinos pushed out from a special in=
stallation at CERN - also home to the Large Hadron Collider probing the ori=
gins of the universe - have to pass through water, air and rock.







The underground Italian laboratory, some 120 km (75 miles) to the south of =
Rome, is the largest of its type in the world for particle physics and cosm=
ic research. Around 750 scientists from 22 different countries work there, =
attracted by the possibility of staging experiments in its three massive ha=
lls, protected from cosmic rays by some 1,400 metres (4,200 feet) of rock o=
verhead.




What has happened at CERN?
Scientists say they have clocked neutrinos =E2=80=93 tiny particles smaller=
 than atoms =E2=80=93 travelling at 300,006 kilometres per second, slightly=
 faster than the speed of light.



What does that mean?
Einstein's theory of special relativity says nothing can travel faster than=
 the speed of light in a vacuum, because photons =E2=80=93 light particles =
=E2=80=93 have no mass. Proof that neutrinos, mysterious subatomic particle=
s which have a tiny amount of mass, can travel faster would be inconsistent=
 with Einstein's theory.



What are the knock-on effects?
Einstein's theory is critical to the Standard Model of physics that helps e=
xplain everything we know about how the universe works, from black holes to=
 the big bang. If it is shown to be flawed, virtually everything in modern =
physics and the fundamental laws of nature would have to be rethought.
Have the results been proven?
The findings were such a shock that CERN's scientists spent months checking=
 their data before making their announcement. But they have asked American =
and Japanese teams to confirm the results before they are declared an actua=
l discovery. The data will also be put online overnight so that it can be s=
crutinised by experts across the world.




Does this mean E does not equal MC squared?
The theory of special relativity was used to spawn the theory that energy i=
s equal to mass multiplied by the speed of light squared. It is premature t=
o discount the most famous equation of all time, but the latest discovery s=
uggests one key assumption it relies on =E2=80=93 that nothing can accelera=
te faster than light =E2=80=93 may not be wholly accurate.
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ock;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102554">Researchers at CERN bre=
ak =E2=80=9CThe Speed of Light=E2=80=9D</h1></div><div style=3D"outline: 0p=
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2018" style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; border:=
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ransition: all 0s ease; margin-top: 15px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-fami=
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ition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; ba=
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x; line-height: 1.5em; overflow: hidden;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_153247665=
5051_102565"><span style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; padding:=
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ly: &quot;baskerville old face&quot;, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: j=
ustify;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102566">Scientists said on T=
hursday they recorded particles travelling faster than light - a finding th=
at could overturn one of Einstein's fundamental laws of the universe. Anton=
io Ereditato, spokesman for the international group of researchers,</span><=
span style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; border: =
0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: 0px 0px; font-family: &quot;bask=
erville old face&quot;, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify;" id=3D=
"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102567">&nbsp;</span><a href=3D"https://i.=
imgur.com/avpvUjt.gif" target=3D"_blank" style=3D"outline-style: initial; o=
utline-width: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; border: 0px; vertical-align: ba=
seline; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(114, 156, 11); font-family: =
&quot;baskerville old face&quot;, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justi=
fy;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102568">saidthat measurements ta=
ken over three years showed</a><span style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all=
 0s ease; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: =
0px 0px; font-family: &quot;baskerville old face&quot;, serif; font-size: 1=
4pt; text-align: justify;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102569">&n=
bsp;</span><span style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; padding: 0=
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: &quot;baskerville old face&quot;, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: jus=
tify;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102570">neutrinos pumped from =
CERN near Geneva to Gran Sasso in Italy had arrived 60 nanoseconds quicker =
than light would have done.</span><br style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: al=
l 0s ease;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102571"><div style=3D"out=
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utline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; padding: 10px 15px; border-width: 0px=
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ariant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: x-large; line-h=
eight: normal; font-family: Ubuntu, sans-serif; margin: 0px; text-align: ju=
stify;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102590">&nbsp;<span style=3D"=
outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-=
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ce&quot;, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 19.9733px;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0=
_ym19_1_1532476655051_102591">=E2=80=9CWe have high confidence in our resul=
ts. We have checked and rechecked for anything that could have distorted ou=
r measurements but we found nothing,"<span style=3D"outline: 0px; transitio=
n: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; backgr=
ound: 0px 0px;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102592">&nbsp;</span>=
<a href=3D"https://i.imgur.com/avpvUjt.gif" target=3D"_blank" style=3D"outl=
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6, 11); font-style: normal;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102593">=
he said</a>. "We now want colleagues to check them independently.=E2=80=9D<=
/span></blockquote><div style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; pad=
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outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-=
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ce&quot;, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 19.9733px;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0=
_ym19_1_1532476655051_102603">If confirmed, the discovery would undermine A=
lbert Einstein's 1905 theory of special relativity, which says that the spe=
ed of light is a "cosmic constant" and that nothing in the universe can tra=
vel faster. That assertion, which has withstood over a century of testing, =
is one of the key elements of the so-called Standard Model of physics, whic=
h attempts to describe the way the universe and everything in it works. The=
 totally unexpected finding emerged from research by a physicists working o=
n an experiment dubbed OPERA run jointly by the CERN particle research cent=
re near Geneva and the Gran Sasso Laboratory in central Italy.<o:p style=3D=
"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655=
051_102604"></o:p></span></div><div style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all =
0s ease; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: 0=
px 0px; text-align: justify;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102605"=
><br style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19=
_1_1532476655051_102606"></div><div style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all =
0s ease; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: 0=
px 0px; text-align: center;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102607">=
<span style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; border:=
 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: 0px 0px; font-family: &quot;bas=
kerville old face&quot;, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 19.9733px;" i=
d=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102608"><o:p style=3D"outline: 0px; tr=
ansition: all 0s ease;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102609"><img =
alt=3D"Image result for CERN scientists 'break the speed of light'" height=
=3D"360" src=3D"https://wordlesstech.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/CERN-sc=
ientists-break-the-Speed-of-Light-2.jpg" width=3D"640" style=3D"outline: 0p=
x; transition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-style: =
initial; vertical-align: baseline; background: 0px 0px; position: relative;=
 max-width: 100%; min-height: inherit;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_15324766550=
51_102610" data-id=3D"c685ef72-3ce3-7537-ca51-b645759ee47a"></o:p></span></=
div><div style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; bord=
er: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: 0px 0px; text-align: center;=
" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102611"><span style=3D"outline: 0px=
; transition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: basel=
ine; background: 0px 0px; font-family: &quot;baskerville old face&quot;, se=
rif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 19.9733px;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532=
476655051_102612"><o:p style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease;" id=
=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102613"><br style=3D"outline: 0px; tran=
sition: all 0s ease;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102614"></o:p><=
/span></div><div style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; padding: 0=
px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: 0px 0px; text-align:=
 justify;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102615"><span style=3D"out=
line: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-ali=
gn: baseline; background: 0px 0px; font-family: &quot;baskerville old face&=
quot;, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 19.9733px;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym=
19_1_1532476655051_102616">A total of 15,000 beams of neutrinos - tiny part=
icles that pervade the cosmos - were fired over a period of three years fro=
m CERN towards Gran Sasso 730 (500 miles) km away, where they were picked u=
p by giant detectors. Light would have covered the distance in around 2.4 t=
housandths of a second, but the neutrinos took 60 nanoseconds - or 60 billi=
onths of a second - less than light beams would have taken.<o:p style=3D"ou=
tline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051=
_102617"></o:p></span></div><div style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s =
ease; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: 0px =
0px; text-align: justify;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102618"><b=
r style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_=
1532476655051_102619"></div><div style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s =
ease; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: 0px =
0px; float: left;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102620"><br style=
=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476=
655051_102621"><ins data-ad-client=3D"ca-pub-4840348800521327" data-ad-slot=
=3D"2072364615" data-adsbygoogle-status=3D"done" style=3D"outline: 0px; tra=
nsition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; =
background: 0px 0px; display: inline-block; min-height: 280px; width: 336px=
;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102622"><ins style=3D"outline: 0px=
; transition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; border: none; vertical-align: base=
line; background: 0px 0px transparent; display: inline-table; min-height: 2=
80px; margin: 0px; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 336px;" =
id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102623"><ins style=3D"outline: 0px; t=
ransition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; border: none; vertical-align: baselin=
e; background: 0px 0px transparent; display: block; min-height: 280px; marg=
in: 0px; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 336px;" id=3D"yui_=
3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102624"><iframe width=3D"336" height=3D"280" fr=
ameborder=3D"0" marginwidth=3D"0" marginheight=3D"0" vspace=3D"0" hspace=3D=
"0" allowtransparency=3D"true" scrolling=3D"no" allowfullscreen=3D"true" na=
me=3D"aswift_3" style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; padding: 0p=
x; border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; vertical-align: baseline; back=
ground: 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; left: 0px; ; top: 0px; width: 336px; min-=
height: 280px;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102625"></iframe></in=
s></ins></ins></div><blockquote style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s e=
ase; padding: 10px 15px; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 5px; border-top-style: i=
nitial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-l=
eft-style: solid; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; b=
order-bottom-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(39, 174, 96); border-im=
age: initial; vertical-align: baseline; background: 0px 0px; font-style: it=
alic; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-s=
tretch: normal; font-size: x-large; line-height: normal; font-family: Ubunt=
u, sans-serif; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1=
532476655051_102626">&nbsp;<span style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s =
ease; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: 0px =
0px; font-family: &quot;baskerville old face&quot;, serif; font-size: 14pt;=
 line-height: 19.9733px;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102627">=E2=
=80=9CIt is a tiny difference,=E2=80=9D said Ereditato, who also works at B=
erne University in Switzerland, =E2=80=9Cbut conceptually it is incredibly =
important. The finding is so startling that, for the moment, everybody shou=
ld be very prudent.=E2=80=9D</span></blockquote><div style=3D"outline: 0px;=
 transition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseli=
ne; background: 0px 0px; text-align: center;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_15324=
76655051_102628"><span style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; padd=
ing: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: 0px 0px; font-=
family: &quot;baskerville old face&quot;, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-heig=
ht: 19.9733px;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102629"><o:p style=3D=
"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655=
051_102630">&nbsp;</o:p></span><img alt=3D"Image result for CERN scientists=
 'break the speed of light'" height=3D"272" src=3D"https://pbs.twimg.com/me=
dia/Cs8rr2dW8AE45-I.jpg" width=3D"640" style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: a=
ll 0s ease; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; vertica=
l-align: baseline; background: 0px 0px; position: relative; max-width: 100%=
; min-height: inherit;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102631" data-=
id=3D"07c823ba-fbbe-3cbe-0025-12b250777e97"></div><div style=3D"outline: 0p=
x; transition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: base=
line; background: 0px 0px; text-align: center;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_153=
2476655051_102632"><br style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease;" id=
=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102633"></div><div style=3D"outline: 0p=
x; transition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: base=
line; background: 0px 0px; text-align: justify;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_15=
32476655051_102634"><span style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; p=
adding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: 0px 0px; fo=
nt-family: &quot;baskerville old face&quot;, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-h=
eight: 19.9733px;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102635">Ereditato =
declined to speculate on what it might mean if other physicists, who will b=
e officially informed of the discovery at a meeting in CERN on Friday, foun=
d that OPERA's measurements were correct.<o:p style=3D"outline: 0px; transi=
tion: all 0s ease;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102636"></o:p></s=
pan></div><div style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px=
; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: 0px 0px; text-align: j=
ustify;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102637"><br style=3D"outline=
: 0px; transition: all 0s ease;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_1026=
38"></div><blockquote style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; paddi=
ng: 10px 15px; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 5px; border-top-style: initial; bo=
rder-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-left-style:=
 solid; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bott=
om-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(39, 174, 96); border-image: initi=
al; vertical-align: baseline; background: 0px 0px; font-style: italic; font=
-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: no=
rmal; font-size: x-large; line-height: normal; font-family: Ubuntu, sans-se=
rif; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_15324766550=
51_102639">&nbsp;<span style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; padd=
ing: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: 0px 0px; font-=
family: &quot;baskerville old face&quot;, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-heig=
ht: 19.9733px;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102640">=E2=80=9CI ju=
st don't want to think of the implications,=E2=80=9D<span style=3D"outline:=
 0px; transition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: b=
aseline; background: 0px 0px;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102641=
">&nbsp;</span><a href=3D"https://i.imgur.com/avpvUjt.gif" target=3D"_blank=
" style=3D"outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; transition: all 0s e=
ase; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; col=
or: rgb(114, 156, 11); font-style: normal;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476=
655051_102642">he said</a>. =E2=80=9CWe are scientists and work with what w=
e know.=E2=80=9D</span></blockquote><div style=3D"outline: 0px; transition:=
 all 0s ease; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; backgrou=
nd: 0px 0px; float: right;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102643"><=
br style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1=
_1532476655051_102644"><ins data-ad-client=3D"ca-pub-4840348800521327" data=
-ad-slot=3D"2072364615" data-adsbygoogle-status=3D"done" style=3D"outline: =
0px; transition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: ba=
seline; background: 0px 0px; display: inline-block; min-height: 280px; widt=
h: 336px;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102645"><ins style=3D"outl=
ine: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; border: none; vertical-ali=
gn: baseline; background: 0px 0px transparent; display: inline-table; min-h=
eight: 280px; margin: 0px; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: =
336px;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102646"><ins style=3D"outline=
: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; border: none; vertical-align:=
 baseline; background: 0px 0px transparent; display: block; min-height: 280=
px; margin: 0px; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 336px;" id=
=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102647"><iframe width=3D"336" height=3D=
"280" frameborder=3D"0" marginwidth=3D"0" marginheight=3D"0" vspace=3D"0" h=
space=3D"0" allowtransparency=3D"true" scrolling=3D"no" allowfullscreen=3D"=
true" name=3D"aswift_4" style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; pad=
ding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; vertical-align: baseli=
ne; background: 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; left: 0px; ; top: 0px; width: 336=
px; min-height: 280px;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102648"></ifr=
ame></ins></ins></ins></div><div style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s =
ease; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: 0px =
0px; text-align: justify;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102649"><s=
pan style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; border: 0=
px; vertical-align: baseline; background: 0px 0px; font-family: &quot;baske=
rville old face&quot;, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 19.9733px;" id=
=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102650">Much science-fiction literature=
 is based on the idea that, if the light-speed barrier can be overcome, tim=
e travel might theoretically become possible. The existence of the neutrino=
, an elementary sub-atomic particle with a tiny amount of mass created in r=
adioactive decay or in nuclear reactions such as those in the Sun, was firs=
t confirmed in 1934, but it still mystifies researchers.<o:p style=3D"outli=
ne: 0px; transition: all 0s ease;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_10=
2651"></o:p></span></div><div style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s eas=
e; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: 0px 0px=
; text-align: center;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102652"><br st=
yle=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532=
476655051_102653"></div><div style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease=
; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: 0px 0px;=
 text-align: justify;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102654"><span =
style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; border: 0px; =
vertical-align: baseline; background: 0px 0px; font-family: &quot;baskervil=
le old face&quot;, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 19.9733px;" id=3D"y=
ui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102655">It can pass through most matter unde=
tected, even over long distances, and without being affected. Millions pass=
 through the human body every day, scientists say. To reach Gran Sasso, the=
 neutrinos pushed out from a special installation at CERN - also home to th=
e Large Hadron Collider probing the origins of the universe - have to pass =
through water, air and rock.<o:p style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s =
ease;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102656"></o:p></span></div><di=
v style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; border: 0px=
; vertical-align: baseline; background: 0px 0px; text-align: justify;" id=
=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102657"><br style=3D"outline: 0px; tran=
sition: all 0s ease;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102658"></div><=
div style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; border: 0=
px; vertical-align: baseline; background: 0px 0px; text-align: center;" id=
=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102659"><span style=3D"outline: 0px; tr=
ansition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;=
 background: 0px 0px; font-family: &quot;baskerville old face&quot;, serif;=
 font-size: 14pt; line-height: 19.9733px;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_15324766=
55051_102660"><o:p style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease;" id=3D"y=
ui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102661"><img alt=3D"Image result for speed o=
f light not so fast" height=3D"360" src=3D"https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-m=
edia/image/upload/s--klnSg7fl--/c_scale,fl_progressive,q_80,w_800/17lwhcfk9=
vs95jpg.jpg" width=3D"640" style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; =
padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; vertical-align: bas=
eline; background: 0px 0px; position: relative; max-width: 100%; min-height=
: inherit;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102662" data-id=3D"284756=
58-6402-cba9-79b8-fd78c38f5fbc"></o:p></span></div><div style=3D"outline: 0=
px; transition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: bas=
eline; background: 0px 0px; text-align: center;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_15=
32476655051_102663"><span style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; p=
adding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: 0px 0px; fo=
nt-family: &quot;baskerville old face&quot;, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-h=
eight: 19.9733px;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102664"><o:p style=
=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476=
655051_102665"><br style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease;" id=3D"y=
ui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102666"></o:p></span></div><div style=3D"out=
line: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-ali=
gn: baseline; background: 0px 0px; text-align: justify;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_y=
m19_1_1532476655051_102667"><span style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s=
 ease; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: 0px=
 0px; font-family: &quot;baskerville old face&quot;, serif; font-size: 14pt=
; line-height: 19.9733px;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102668">Th=
e underground Italian laboratory, some 120 km (75 miles) to the south of Ro=
me, is the largest of its type in the world for particle physics and cosmic=
 research. Around 750 scientists from 22 different countries work there, at=
tracted by the possibility of staging experiments in its three massive hall=
s, protected from cosmic rays by some 1,400 metres (4,200 feet) of rock ove=
rhead.<o:p style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease;" id=3D"yui_3_16_=
0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102669"></o:p></span></div><div style=3D"outline: 0p=
x; transition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: base=
line; background: 0px 0px; text-align: justify;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_15=
32476655051_102670"><br style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease;" id=
=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102671"></div><div style=3D"outline: 0p=
x; transition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: base=
line; background: 0px 0px; float: left;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655=
051_102672"><br style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease;" id=3D"yui_=
3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102673"><ins data-ad-client=3D"ca-pub-484034880=
0521327" data-ad-slot=3D"2072364615" data-adsbygoogle-status=3D"done" style=
=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; border: 0px; verti=
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: 280px; width: 336px;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102674"><ins =
style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; border: none;=
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le=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; border: none; ve=
rtical-align: baseline; background: 0px 0px transparent; display: block; mi=
n-height: 280px; margin: 0px; position: relative; visibility: visible; widt=
h: 336px;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102676"><iframe width=3D"3=
36" height=3D"280" frameborder=3D"0" marginwidth=3D"0" marginheight=3D"0" v=
space=3D"0" hspace=3D"0" allowtransparency=3D"true" scrolling=3D"no" allowf=
ullscreen=3D"true" name=3D"aswift_5" style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all=
 0s ease; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; vertical-=
align: baseline; background: 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; left: 0px; ; top: 0p=
x; width: 336px; min-height: 280px;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_=
102677"></iframe></ins></ins></ins></div><h2 style=3D"outline: 0px; transit=
ion: all 0s ease; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; position: relative;=
 border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: 0px 0px; color: rgb(44,=
 62, 80); font-family: Oswald, sans-serif; font-weight: 400; text-align: ju=
stify;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102678"><b style=3D"outline: =
0px; transition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: ba=
seline; background: 0px 0px;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102679"=
><span style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; border=
: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: 0px 0px; font-family: &quot;ba=
skerville old face&quot;, serif; line-height: 25.68px;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym=
19_1_1532476655051_102680"><span style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s =
ease; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: 0px =
0px; font-size: medium;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102681"><i s=
tyle=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; border: 0px; v=
ertical-align: baseline; background: 0px 0px;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532=
476655051_102682"><u style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; paddin=
g: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: 0px 0px;" id=3D"=
yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102683">What has happened at CERN?</u></i><=
/span></span></b></h2><div style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; =
padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: 0px 0px; t=
ext-align: justify;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102684"><span st=
yle=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; border: 0px; ve=
rtical-align: baseline; background: 0px 0px; font-family: &quot;baskerville=
 old face&quot;, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 19.9733px;" id=3D"yui=
_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102685">Scientists say they have clocked neutr=
inos =E2=80=93 tiny particles smaller than atoms =E2=80=93 travelling at 30=
0,006 kilometres per second, slightly faster than the speed of light.<o:p s=
tyle=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_153=
2476655051_102686"></o:p></span></div><div style=3D"outline: 0px; transitio=
n: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; backgr=
ound: 0px 0px; text-align: justify;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_=
102687"><br style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease;" id=3D"yui_3_16=
_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102688"></div><h2 style=3D"outline: 0px; transition=
: all 0s ease; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; position: relative; bo=
rder: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: 0px 0px; color: rgb(44, 62=
, 80); font-family: Oswald, sans-serif; font-weight: 400; text-align: justi=
fy;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102689"><b style=3D"outline: 0px=
; transition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: basel=
ine; background: 0px 0px;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102690"><s=
pan style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; border: 0=
px; vertical-align: baseline; background: 0px 0px; font-family: &quot;baske=
rville old face&quot;, serif; line-height: 25.68px;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_=
1_1532476655051_102691"><span style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s eas=
e; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: 0px 0px=
; font-size: medium;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102692"><i styl=
e=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vert=
ical-align: baseline; background: 0px 0px;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476=
655051_102693"><u style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; padding: =
0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: 0px 0px;" id=3D"yui=
_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102694">What does that mean?</u></i></span></s=
pan></b></h2><div style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; padding: =
0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: 0px 0px; text-align=
: justify;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102695"><span style=3D"ou=
tline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-al=
ign: baseline; background: 0px 0px; font-family: &quot;baskerville old face=
&quot;, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 19.9733px;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_y=
m19_1_1532476655051_102696">Einstein's theory of special relativity says no=
thing can travel faster than the speed of light in a vacuum, because photon=
s =E2=80=93 light particles =E2=80=93 have no mass. Proof that neutrinos, m=
ysterious subatomic particles which have a tiny amount of mass, can travel =
faster would be inconsistent with Einstein's theory.<o:p style=3D"outline: =
0px; transition: all 0s ease;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102697=
"></o:p></span></div><div style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; p=
adding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: 0px 0px; te=
xt-align: justify;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102698"><br style=
=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476=
655051_102699"></div><h2 style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; ma=
rgin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; position: relative; border: 0px; vertic=
al-align: baseline; background: 0px 0px; color: rgb(44, 62, 80); font-famil=
y: Oswald, sans-serif; font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;" id=3D"yui_3_=
16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102700"><b style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all=
 0s ease; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: =
0px 0px;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102701"><span style=3D"outl=
ine: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-alig=
n: baseline; background: 0px 0px; font-family: &quot;baskerville old face&q=
uot;, serif; line-height: 25.68px;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_1=
02702"><span style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; =
border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: 0px 0px; font-size: medi=
um;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102703"><i style=3D"outline: 0px=
; transition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: basel=
ine; background: 0px 0px;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102704"><u=
 style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; border: 0px;=
 vertical-align: baseline; background: 0px 0px;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_15=
32476655051_102705">What are the knock-on effects?</u></i></span></span></b=
></h2><div style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; bo=
rder: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: 0px 0px; text-align: justi=
fy;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102706"><span style=3D"outline: =
0px; transition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: ba=
seline; background: 0px 0px; font-family: &quot;baskerville old face&quot;,=
 serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 19.9733px;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1=
532476655051_102707">Einstein's theory is critical to the Standard Model of=
 physics that helps explain everything we know about how the universe works=
, from black holes to the big bang. If it is shown to be flawed, virtually =
everything in modern physics and the fundamental laws of nature would have =
to be rethought.</span></div><h2 style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s =
ease; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; position: relative; border: 0px=
; vertical-align: baseline; background: 0px 0px; color: rgb(44, 62, 80); fo=
nt-family: Oswald, sans-serif; font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;" id=
=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102708"><b style=3D"outline: 0px; trans=
ition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; ba=
ckground: 0px 0px;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102709"><span sty=
le=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; border: 0px; ver=
tical-align: baseline; background: 0px 0px; font-family: &quot;baskerville =
old face&quot;, serif; line-height: 25.68px;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_15324=
76655051_102710"><span style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; padd=
ing: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: 0px 0px; font-=
size: medium;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102711"><i style=3D"ou=
tline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-al=
ign: baseline; background: 0px 0px;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_=
102712"><u style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; bo=
rder: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: 0px 0px;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0=
_ym19_1_1532476655051_102713">Have the results been proven?</u></i></span><=
/span></b></h2><div style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; padding=
: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: 0px 0px; text-ali=
gn: justify;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102714"><span style=3D"=
outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-=
align: baseline; background: 0px 0px; font-family: &quot;baskerville old fa=
ce&quot;, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 19.9733px;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0=
_ym19_1_1532476655051_102715">The findings were such a shock that CERN's sc=
ientists spent months checking their data before making their announcement.=
 But they have asked American and Japanese teams to confirm the results bef=
ore they are declared an actual discovery. The data will also be put online=
 overnight so that it can be scrutinised by experts across the world.<o:p s=
tyle=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_153=
2476655051_102716"></o:p></span></div><div style=3D"outline: 0px; transitio=
n: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; backgr=
ound: 0px 0px; text-align: justify;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_=
102717"><br style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease;" id=3D"yui_3_16=
_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102718"></div><div style=3D"outline: 0px; transitio=
n: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; backgr=
ound: 0px 0px; float: left;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102719">=
<br style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_=
1_1532476655051_102720"><ins data-ad-client=3D"ca-pub-4840348800521327" dat=
a-ad-slot=3D"2072364615" data-adsbygoogle-status=3D"done" style=3D"outline:=
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th: 336px;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102721"><ins style=3D"out=
line: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; border: none; vertical-al=
ign: baseline; background: 0px 0px transparent; display: inline-table; min-=
height: 280px; margin: 0px; position: relative; visibility: visible; width:=
 336px;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102722"><ins style=3D"outlin=
e: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; border: none; vertical-align=
: baseline; background: 0px 0px transparent; display: block; min-height: 28=
0px; margin: 0px; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 336px;" i=
d=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102723"><iframe width=3D"336" height=
=3D"280" frameborder=3D"0" marginwidth=3D"0" marginheight=3D"0" vspace=3D"0=
" hspace=3D"0" allowtransparency=3D"true" scrolling=3D"no" allowfullscreen=
=3D"true" name=3D"aswift_6" style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease;=
 padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; vertical-align: ba=
seline; background: 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; left: 0px; ; top: 0px; width:=
 336px; min-height: 280px;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102724"><=
/iframe></ins></ins></ins></div><h2 style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all =
0s ease; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; position: relative; border: =
0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: 0px 0px; color: rgb(44, 62, 80);=
 font-family: Oswald, sans-serif; font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;" i=
d=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102725"><b style=3D"outline: 0px; tran=
sition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; b=
ackground: 0px 0px;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102726"><span st=
yle=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; border: 0px; ve=
rtical-align: baseline; background: 0px 0px; font-family: &quot;baskerville=
 old face&quot;, serif; line-height: 25.68px;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532=
476655051_102727"><span style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; pad=
ding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: 0px 0px; font=
-size: medium;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102728"><i style=3D"o=
utline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-a=
lign: baseline; background: 0px 0px;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051=
_102729"><u style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; padding: 0px; b=
order: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: 0px 0px;" id=3D"yui_3_16_=
0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102730">Does this mean E does not equal MC squared?<=
/u></i></span></span></b></h2><div style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0=
s ease; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: 0p=
x 0px; text-align: justify;" dir=3D"ltr" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655=
051_102731"><span style=3D"outline: 0px; transition: all 0s ease; padding: =
0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: 0px 0px; font-famil=
y: &quot;baskerville old face&quot;, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 1=
9.9733px;" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102732">The theory of spec=
ial relativity was used to spawn the theory that energy is equal to mass mu=
ltiplied by the speed of light squared. It is premature to discount the mos=
t famous equation of all time, but the latest discovery suggests one key as=
sumption it relies on =E2=80=93 that nothing can accelerate faster than lig=
ht =E2=80=93 may not be wholly accurate.</span></div></div></div></div></ar=
ticle></div></body></html>
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