Re: Researchers at CERN Break the Speed of Light
Helge Moulding <[email protected]> Wed, 25 Jul 2018 14:17:50 -0700
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--000000000000b4c70a0571d969c6 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="UTF-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Um, wasn't this a story from like seven years ago? Turns out it was a loose cable? --=20 Helge On Wed, Jul 25, 2018 at 9:46 AM O'Keeffe, Hope <[email protected]> wrote: > My favorite April Fools post of 2018! > > > > *From:* Science Fiction and Fantasy Listserv <[email protected]> *O= n > Behalf Of *Dennis Fischer > *Sent:* Wednesday, July 25, 2018 9:51 AM > *To:* [email protected] > *Subject:* [SF-LIT] Researchers at CERN Break the Speed of Light > > > Researchers at CERN break =E2=80=9CThe Speed of Light=E2=80=9D > > Admin > <http://www.physics-astronomy.org/2018/04/breaking-researchers-at-cern-br= eak.html?m=3D1> > April 01, 2018 > <http://www.physics-astronomy.org/2018/04/breaking-researchers-at-cern-br= eak.html> > 0 > <http://www.physics-astronomy.org/2018/04/breaking-researchers-at-cern-br= eak.html#comment-form> > > Scientists said on Thursday they recorded particles travelling faster tha= n > light - a finding that could overturn one of Einstein's fundamental laws = of > the universe. Antonio Ereditato, spokesman for the international group of > researchers, saidthat measurements taken over three years showed > <https://i.imgur.com/avpvUjt.gif> neutrinos pumped from CERN near Geneva > to Gran Sasso in Italy had arrived 60 nanoseconds quicker than light woul= d > have done. > > > > > > [image: Image result for CERN scientists 'break the speed of light'] > > > > *=E2=80=9CWe have high confidence in our results. We have checked and re= checked > for anything that could have distorted our measurements but we found > nothing," he said <https://i.imgur.com/avpvUjt.gif>. "We now want > colleagues to check them independently.=E2=80=9D* > > > > > > If confirmed, the discovery would undermine Albert Einstein's 1905 theory > of special relativity, which says that the speed of light is a "cosmic > constant" and that nothing in the universe can travel faster. That > assertion, which has withstood over a century of testing, is one of the k= ey > elements of the so-called Standard Model of physics, which attempts to > describe the way the universe and everything in it works. The totally > unexpected finding emerged from research by a physicists working on an > experiment dubbed OPERA run jointly by the CERN particle research centre > near Geneva and the Gran Sasso Laboratory in central Italy. > > > > [image: Image result for CERN scientists 'break the speed of light'] > > > > A total of 15,000 beams of neutrinos - tiny particles that pervade the > cosmos - were fired over a period of three years from CERN towards Gran > Sasso 730 (500 miles) km away, where they were picked up by giant > detectors. Light would have covered the distance in around 2.4 thousandth= s > of a second, but the neutrinos took 60 nanoseconds - or 60 billionths of = a > second - less than light beams would have taken. > > > > > > *=E2=80=9CIt is a tiny difference,=E2=80=9D said Ereditato, who also wor= ks at Berne > University in Switzerland, =E2=80=9Cbut conceptually it is incredibly imp= ortant. > The finding is so startling that, for the moment, everybody should be ver= y > prudent.=E2=80=9D* > > [image: Image result for CERN scientists 'break the speed of light'] > > > > Ereditato declined to speculate on what it might mean if other physicists= , > who will be officially informed of the discovery at a meeting in CERN on > Friday, found that OPERA's measurements were correct. > > > > *=E2=80=9CI just don't want to think of the implications,=E2=80=9D he sa= id > <https://i.imgur.com/avpvUjt.gif>. =E2=80=9CWe are scientists and work wi= th what we > know.=E2=80=9D* > > > > Much science-fiction literature is based on the idea that, if the > light-speed barrier can be overcome, time travel might theoretically beco= me > possible. The existence of the neutrino, an elementary sub-atomic particl= e > with a tiny amount of mass created in radioactive decay or in nuclear > reactions such as those in the Sun, was first confirmed in 1934, but it > still mystifies researchers. > > > > It can pass through most matter undetected, even over long distances, and > without being affected. Millions pass through the human body every day, > scientists say. To reach Gran Sasso, the neutrinos pushed out from a > special installation at CERN - also home to the Large Hadron Collider > probing the origins of the universe - have to pass through water, air and > rock. > > > > [image: Image result for speed of light not so fast] > > > > The underground Italian laboratory, some 120 km (75 miles) to the south o= f > Rome, is the largest of its type in the world for particle physics and > cosmic research. Around 750 scientists from 22 different countries work > there, attracted by the possibility of staging experiments in its three > massive halls, protected from cosmic rays by some 1,400 metres (4,200 fee= t) > of rock overhead. > > > > > > *What has happened at CERN?* > > Scientists say they have clocked neutrinos =E2=80=93 tiny particles small= er than > atoms =E2=80=93 travelling at 300,006 kilometres per second, slightly fas= ter than > the speed of light. > > > *What does that mean?* > > Einstein's theory of special relativity says nothing can travel faster > than the speed of light in a vacuum, because photons =E2=80=93 light part= icles =E2=80=93 > have no mass. Proof that neutrinos, mysterious subatomic particles which > have a tiny amount of mass, can travel faster would be inconsistent with > Einstein's theory. > > > *What are the knock-on effects?* > > Einstein's theory is critical to the Standard Model of physics that helps > explain everything we know about how the universe works, from black holes > to the big bang. If it is shown to be flawed, virtually everything in > modern physics and the fundamental laws of nature would have to be > rethought. > *Have the results been proven?* > > The findings were such a shock that CERN's scientists spent months > checking their data before making their announcement. But they have asked > American and Japanese teams to confirm the results before they are declar= ed > an actual discovery. The data will also be put online overnight so that i= t > can be scrutinised by experts across the world. > > > > > > *Does this mean E does not equal MC squared?* > > The theory of special relativity was used to spawn the theory that energy > is equal to mass multiplied by the speed of light squared. It is prematur= e > to discount the most famous equation of all time, but the latest discover= y > suggests one key assumption it relies on =E2=80=93 that nothing can accel= erate > faster than light =E2=80=93 may not be wholly accurate. > --000000000000b4c70a0571d969c6 Content-Type: text/html; charset="UTF-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable <div dir=3D"ltr">Um, wasn't this a story from like seven years ago? Tur= ns out it was a loose cable?<br clear=3D"all"><div><div dir=3D"ltr" class= =3D"gmail_signature" data-smartmail=3D"gmail_signature"><div dir=3D"ltr"><d= iv><div dir=3D"ltr"><p>--=C2=A0</p><p>Helge</p></div></div></div></div></di= v><br></div><br><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><div dir=3D"ltr">On Wed, Jul 25,= 2018 at 9:46 AM O'Keeffe, Hope <<a href=3D"mailto:[email protected]">lok= [email protected]</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style= =3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"> <div lang=3D"EN-US" link=3D"blue" vlink=3D"purple"> <div class=3D"m_3536506510778295939WordSection1"> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca= libri",sans-serif;color:#1f497d">My favorite April Fools post of 2018!= <u></u><u></u></span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca= libri",sans-serif;color:#1f497d"><u></u>=C2=A0<u></u></span></p> <div> <div style=3D"border:none;border-top:solid #e1e1e1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in = 0in 0in"> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><b><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"= ;Calibri",sans-serif">From:</span></b><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;= font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> Science Fiction and Fantasy Li= stserv <<a href=3D"mailto:[email protected]" target=3D"_blank">SF-= [email protected]</a>> <b>On Behalf Of </b>Dennis Fischer<br> <b>Sent:</b> Wednesday, July 25, 2018 9:51 AM<br> <b>To:</b> <a href=3D"mailto:[email protected]" target=3D"_blank">SF-= [email protected]</a><br> <b>Subject:</b> [SF-LIT] Researchers at CERN Break the Speed of Light<u></u= ><u></u></span></p> </div> </div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><u></u>=C2=A0<u></u></p> <div> <div id=3D"m_3536506510778295939yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102552"> <div style=3D"margin-bottom:3.75pt;outline:0px" id=3D"m_3536506510778295939= yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102553"> <h1 style=3D"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;background:white;vertical-ali= gn:baseline"> <span style=3D"font-size:19.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;co= lor:#333333;font-weight:normal">Researchers at CERN break =E2=80=9CThe Spee= d of Light=E2=80=9D<u></u><u></u></span></h1> </div> <div style=3D"border:none;border-bottom:solid #f2f2f2 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in= 4.0pt 0in;outline:0px;border-top-style:initial;border-right-style:initial;= border-left-style:initial;border-top-color:initial;border-right-color:initi= al;border-left-color:initial" id=3D"m_3536506510778295939yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_= 1532476655051_102555"> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height:15.75pt;background:white;vertic= al-align:baseline"> <span style=3D"font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Droid Sans",serif;col= or:#979797;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in"><a href=3D"http://www.= physics-astronomy.org/2018/04/breaking-researchers-at-cern-break.html?m=3D1= " title=3D"Admin" target=3D"_blank"><span style=3D"color:#979797">Admin</sp= an></a>=C2=A0<a href=3D"http://www.physics-astronomy.org/2018/04/breaking-r= esearchers-at-cern-break.html" title=3D"permanent link" id=3D"m_35365065107= 78295939yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102560" target=3D"_blank"><span sty= le=3D"color:#979797">April 01, 2018</span></a>=C2=A0=C2=A0<a href=3D"http://www.physics-astronomy.org= /2018/04/breaking-researchers-at-cern-break.html#comment-form" id=3D"m_3536= 506510778295939yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102563" target=3D"_blank"><s= pan style=3D"color:#979797">0</span></a></span><span style=3D"font-size:9.0= pt;font-family:"Droid Sans",serif;color:#979797"><u></u><u></u></= span></p> </div> </div> <div id=3D"m_3536506510778295939yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102565"> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height:18.0pt;background:white;vertica= l-align:baseline"> <span style=3D"font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Baskerville Old Face"= ;,serif;color:#5e5e5e;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">Scientists = said on Thursday they recorded particles travelling faster than light - a f= inding that could overturn one of Einstein's fundamental laws of the universe. Antonio Ereditato, spokesman for the int= ernational group of researchers,=C2=A0</span><span style=3D"font-size:11.5p= t;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#5e5e5e"><a href=3D"ht= tps://i.imgur.com/avpvUjt.gif" id=3D"m_3536506510778295939yui_3_16_0_ym19_1= _1532476655051_102568" target=3D"_blank"><span style=3D"font-size:14.0pt;fo= nt-family:"Baskerville Old Face",serif;color:#729c0b;border:none = windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">saidthat measurements taken over three years showed</span></a></span><span style=3D= "font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Baskerville Old Face",serif;color:= #5e5e5e;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">=C2=A0neutrinos pumped fr= om CERN near Geneva to Gran Sasso in Italy had arrived 60 nanoseconds quicker than light would have done.</span><span style=3D"fo= nt-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#5e5e5e">= <u></u><u></u></span></p> <div id=3D"m_3536506510778295939yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102572"> <div id=3D"m_3536506510778295939yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102573"> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"text-align:justify;line-height:24.0pt;backg= round:white;vertical-align:baseline"> <span style=3D"font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black"><u></u>= =C2=A0<u></u></span></p> <div id=3D"m_3536506510778295939yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102576"> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height:24.0pt;background:white;vertica= l-align:baseline"> <span style=3D"font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black"><br> <br> <u></u><u></u></span></p> </div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" align=3D"center" style=3D"text-align:center;line-hei= ght:24.0pt;background:white;vertical-align:baseline"> <span style=3D"font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Baskerville Old Face"= ;,serif;color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in"><img border= =3D"0" width=3D"640" height=3D"400" style=3D"width:6.6666in;height:4.1666in= " id=3D"m_3536506510778295939yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102585" src=3D= "https://nationalvanguard.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/cern_2006649b.jpg"= alt=3D"Image result for CERN scientists 'break the speed of light'= "></span><span style=3D"font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black">= <u></u><u></u></span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" align=3D"center" style=3D"text-align:center;line-hei= ght:24.0pt;background:white;vertical-align:baseline"> <span style=3D"font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Baskerville Old Face"= ;,serif;color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in"><br style=3D"= outline:0px" id=3D"m_3536506510778295939yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102= 589"> <br> </span><span style=3D"font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black"><u= ></u><u></u></span></p> <blockquote style=3D"border:none windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:solid #27ae60= 4.5pt;padding:8.0pt 11.0pt 8.0pt 11.0pt;margin-left:0in;margin-right:0in;o= utline:0px;border-top-style:initial;border-right-style:initial;border-botto= m-style:initial;border-top-color:initial;border-right-color:initial;border-= bottom-color:initial;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:no= rmal;font-stretch:normal" id=3D"m_3536506510778295939yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532= 476655051_102590"> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"text-align:justify;background:white;vertica= l-align:baseline"> <i><span style=3D"font-size:24.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif= ;color:black">=C2=A0</span></i><i><span style=3D"font-size:14.0pt;font-fami= ly:"Baskerville Old Face",serif;color:black;border:none windowtex= t 1.0pt;padding:0in">=E2=80=9CWe have high confidence in our results. We have checked and rechecked for anything that could have distorted our m= easurements but we found nothing,"=C2=A0<a href=3D"https://i.imgur.com= /avpvUjt.gif" id=3D"m_3536506510778295939yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_10= 2593" target=3D"_blank"><span style=3D"color:#729c0b;font-style:normal">he said</span></a>. "We now want colleagues to check them independently.= =E2=80=9D</span></i><i><span style=3D"font-size:24.0pt;font-family:"Ar= ial",sans-serif;color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></i></p> </blockquote> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"text-align:justify;line-height:24.0pt;backg= round:white;vertical-align:baseline"> <span style=3D"font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black"><u></u>= =C2=A0<u></u></span></p> <div id=3D"m_3536506510778295939yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102596"> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height:24.0pt;background:white;vertica= l-align:baseline"> <span style=3D"font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black"><br> <br> <u></u><u></u></span></p> </div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"text-align:justify;line-height:24.0pt;backg= round:white;vertical-align:baseline"> <span style=3D"font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Baskerville Old Face"= ;,serif;color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">If confirmed,= the discovery would undermine Albert Einstein's 1905 theory of special= relativity, which says that the speed of light is a "cosmic constant" and that nothing in the universe can trav= el faster. That assertion, which has withstood over a century of testing, i= s one of the key elements of the so-called Standard Model of physics, which= attempts to describe the way the universe and everything in it works. The totally unexpected finding emerged from re= search by a physicists working on an experiment dubbed OPERA run jointly by= the CERN particle research centre near Geneva and the Gran Sasso Laborator= y in central Italy.</span><span style=3D"font-family:"Georgia",se= rif;color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"text-align:justify;line-height:24.0pt;backg= round:white;vertical-align:baseline"> <span style=3D"font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black"><u></u>= =C2=A0<u></u></span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" align=3D"center" style=3D"text-align:center;line-hei= ght:24.0pt;background:white;vertical-align:baseline"> <span style=3D"font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Baskerville Old Face"= ;,serif;color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in"><img border= =3D"0" width=3D"640" height=3D"360" style=3D"width:6.6666in;height:3.75in" = id=3D"m_3536506510778295939yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102610" src=3D"h= ttps://wordlesstech.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/CERN-scientists-break-th= e-Speed-of-Light-2.jpg" alt=3D"Image result for CERN scientists 'break = the speed of light'"></span><span style=3D"font-family:"Georgia&qu= ot;,serif;color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" align=3D"center" style=3D"text-align:center;line-hei= ght:24.0pt;background:white;vertical-align:baseline"> <span style=3D"font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Baskerville Old Face"= ;,serif;color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in"><br style=3D"= outline:0px" id=3D"m_3536506510778295939yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102= 614"> <br> </span><span style=3D"font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black"><u= ></u><u></u></span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"text-align:justify;line-height:24.0pt;backg= round:white;vertical-align:baseline"> <span style=3D"font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Baskerville Old Face"= ;,serif;color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">A total of 15= ,000 beams of neutrinos - tiny particles that pervade the cosmos - were fir= ed over a period of three years from CERN towards Gran Sasso 730 (500 miles) km away, where they were picked up by giant det= ectors. Light would have covered the distance in around 2.4 thousandths of = a second, but the neutrinos took 60 nanoseconds - or 60 billionths of a sec= ond - less than light beams would have taken.</span><span style=3D"font-family:"Georgia",serif;col= or:black"><u></u><u></u></span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"text-align:justify;line-height:24.0pt;backg= round:white;vertical-align:baseline"> <span style=3D"font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black"><u></u>= =C2=A0<u></u></span></p> <div id=3D"m_3536506510778295939yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102620"> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height:24.0pt;background:white;vertica= l-align:baseline"> <span style=3D"font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black"><br> <br> <u></u><u></u></span></p> </div> <blockquote style=3D"border:none windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:solid #27ae60= 4.5pt;padding:8.0pt 11.0pt 8.0pt 11.0pt;margin-left:0in;margin-right:0in;o= utline:0px;border-top-style:initial;border-right-style:initial;border-botto= m-style:initial;border-top-color:initial;border-right-color:initial;border-= bottom-color:initial;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:no= rmal;font-stretch:normal" id=3D"m_3536506510778295939yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532= 476655051_102626"> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"text-align:justify;background:white;vertica= l-align:baseline"> <i><span style=3D"font-size:24.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif= ;color:black">=C2=A0</span></i><i><span style=3D"font-size:14.0pt;font-fami= ly:"Baskerville Old Face",serif;color:black;border:none windowtex= t 1.0pt;padding:0in">=E2=80=9CIt is a tiny difference,=E2=80=9D said Eredit= ato, who also works at Berne University in Switzerland, =E2=80=9Cbut conceptual= ly it is incredibly important. The finding is so startling that, for the mo= ment, everybody should be very prudent.=E2=80=9D</span></i><i><span style= =3D"font-size:24.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black">= <u></u><u></u></span></i></p> </blockquote> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" align=3D"center" style=3D"text-align:center;line-hei= ght:24.0pt;background:white;vertical-align:baseline"> <span style=3D"font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Baskerville Old Face"= ;,serif;color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">=C2=A0</span>= <span style=3D"font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black"><img bord= er=3D"0" width=3D"640" height=3D"272" style=3D"width:6.6666in;height:2.8333= in" id=3D"m_3536506510778295939yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102631" src= =3D"https://pbs.twimg.com/media/Cs8rr2dW8AE45-I.jpg" alt=3D"Image result fo= r CERN scientists 'break the speed of light'"><u></u><u></u></span>= </p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" align=3D"center" style=3D"text-align:center;line-hei= ght:24.0pt;background:white;vertical-align:baseline"> <span style=3D"font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black"><u></u>= =C2=A0<u></u></span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"text-align:justify;line-height:24.0pt;backg= round:white;vertical-align:baseline"> <span style=3D"font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Baskerville Old Face"= ;,serif;color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">Ereditato dec= lined to speculate on what it might mean if other physicists, who will be o= fficially informed of the discovery at a meeting in CERN on Friday, found that OPERA's measurements were correct.</span= ><span style=3D"font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black"><u></u><= u></u></span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"text-align:justify;line-height:24.0pt;backg= round:white;vertical-align:baseline"> <span style=3D"font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black"><u></u>= =C2=A0<u></u></span></p> <blockquote style=3D"border:none windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:solid #27ae60= 4.5pt;padding:8.0pt 11.0pt 8.0pt 11.0pt;margin-left:0in;margin-right:0in;o= utline:0px;border-top-style:initial;border-right-style:initial;border-botto= m-style:initial;border-top-color:initial;border-right-color:initial;border-= bottom-color:initial;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:no= rmal;font-stretch:normal" id=3D"m_3536506510778295939yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532= 476655051_102639"> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"text-align:justify;background:white;vertica= l-align:baseline"> <i><span style=3D"font-size:24.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif= ;color:black">=C2=A0</span></i><i><span style=3D"font-size:14.0pt;font-fami= ly:"Baskerville Old Face",serif;color:black;border:none windowtex= t 1.0pt;padding:0in">=E2=80=9CI just don't want to think of the implica= tions,=E2=80=9D=C2=A0<a href=3D"https://i.imgur.com/avpvUjt.gif" id=3D"m_35= 36506510778295939yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102642" target=3D"_blank">= <span style=3D"color:#729c0b;font-style:normal">he said</span></a>. =E2=80=9CWe are scientists and work with what we know.=E2= =80=9D</span></i><i><span style=3D"font-size:24.0pt;font-family:"Arial= ",sans-serif;color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></i></p> </blockquote> <div id=3D"m_3536506510778295939yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102643"> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height:24.0pt;background:white;vertica= l-align:baseline"> <span style=3D"font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black"><br> <br> <u></u><u></u></span></p> </div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"text-align:justify;line-height:24.0pt;backg= round:white;vertical-align:baseline"> <span style=3D"font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Baskerville Old Face"= ;,serif;color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">Much science-= fiction literature is based on the idea that, if the light-speed barrier ca= n be overcome, time travel might theoretically become possible. The existence of the neutrino, an elementary sub-atomic p= article with a tiny amount of mass created in radioactive decay or in nucle= ar reactions such as those in the Sun, was first confirmed in 1934, but it = still mystifies researchers.</span><span style=3D"font-family:"Georgia= ",serif;color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" align=3D"center" style=3D"text-align:center;line-hei= ght:24.0pt;background:white;vertical-align:baseline"> <span style=3D"font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black"><u></u>= =C2=A0<u></u></span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"text-align:justify;line-height:24.0pt;backg= round:white;vertical-align:baseline"> <span style=3D"font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Baskerville Old Face"= ;,serif;color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">It can pass t= hrough most matter undetected, even over long distances, and without being = affected. Millions pass through the human body every day, scientists say. To reach Gran Sasso, the neutrinos pushed out f= rom a special installation at CERN - also home to the Large Hadron Collider= probing the origins of the universe - have to pass through water, air and = rock.</span><span style=3D"font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:blac= k"><u></u><u></u></span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"text-align:justify;line-height:24.0pt;backg= round:white;vertical-align:baseline"> <span style=3D"font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black"><u></u>= =C2=A0<u></u></span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" align=3D"center" style=3D"text-align:center;line-hei= ght:24.0pt;background:white;vertical-align:baseline"> <span style=3D"font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Baskerville Old Face"= ;,serif;color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in"><img border= =3D"0" width=3D"640" height=3D"360" style=3D"width:6.6666in;height:3.75in" = id=3D"m_3536506510778295939yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102662" src=3D"h= ttps://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--klnSg7fl--/c_scale,fl_p= rogressive,q_80,w_800/17lwhcfk9vs95jpg.jpg" alt=3D"Image result for speed o= f light not so fast"></span><span style=3D"font-family:"Georgia",= serif;color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" align=3D"center" style=3D"text-align:center;line-hei= ght:24.0pt;background:white;vertical-align:baseline"> <span style=3D"font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Baskerville Old Face"= ;,serif;color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in"><br style=3D"= outline:0px" id=3D"m_3536506510778295939yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102= 666"> <br> </span><span style=3D"font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black"><u= ></u><u></u></span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"text-align:justify;line-height:24.0pt;backg= round:white;vertical-align:baseline"> <span style=3D"font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Baskerville Old Face"= ;,serif;color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">The undergrou= nd Italian laboratory, some 120 km (75 miles) to the south of Rome, is the = largest of its type in the world for particle physics and cosmic research. Around 750 scientists from 22 different count= ries work there, attracted by the possibility of staging experiments in its= three massive halls, protected from cosmic rays by some 1,400 metres (4,20= 0 feet) of rock overhead.</span><span style=3D"font-family:"Georgia&qu= ot;,serif;color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"text-align:justify;line-height:24.0pt;backg= round:white;vertical-align:baseline"> <span style=3D"font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black"><u></u>= =C2=A0<u></u></span></p> <div id=3D"m_3536506510778295939yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102672"> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height:24.0pt;background:white;vertica= l-align:baseline"> <span style=3D"font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black"><br> <br> <u></u><u></u></span></p> </div> <h2 style=3D"margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:11.25pt;margin-left:0in;text-al= ign:justify;line-height:24.0pt;background:white;vertical-align:baseline;out= line:0px" id=3D"m_3536506510778295939yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102678= "> <i id=3D"m_3536506510778295939yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102682"><u id= =3D"m_3536506510778295939yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102683"><span styl= e=3D"font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Baskerville Old Face",serif;co= lor:#2c3e50;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">What has happened at = CERN?</span></u></i><span style=3D"font-family:"Arial",sans-serif= ;color:#2c3e50;font-weight:normal"><u></u><u></u></span></h2> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"text-align:justify;line-height:24.0pt;backg= round:white;vertical-align:baseline"> <span style=3D"font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Baskerville Old Face"= ;,serif;color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">Scientists sa= y they have clocked neutrinos =E2=80=93 tiny particles smaller than atoms = =E2=80=93 travelling at 300,006 kilometres per second, slightly faster than the speed of light.</span><span style=3D"font-family:"Geo= rgia",serif;color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"text-align:justify;line-height:24.0pt;backg= round:white;vertical-align:baseline"> <span style=3D"font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black"><u></u>= =C2=A0<u></u></span></p> <h2 style=3D"margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:11.25pt;margin-left:0in;text-al= ign:justify;line-height:24.0pt;background:white;vertical-align:baseline;out= line:0px" id=3D"m_3536506510778295939yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102689= "> <i id=3D"m_3536506510778295939yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102693"><u id= =3D"m_3536506510778295939yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102694"><span styl= e=3D"font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Baskerville Old Face",serif;co= lor:#2c3e50;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">What does that mean?<= /span></u></i><span style=3D"font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color= :#2c3e50;font-weight:normal"><u></u><u></u></span></h2> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"text-align:justify;line-height:24.0pt;backg= round:white;vertical-align:baseline"> <span style=3D"font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Baskerville Old Face"= ;,serif;color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">Einstein'= s theory of special relativity says nothing can travel faster than the spee= d of light in a vacuum, because photons =E2=80=93 light particles =E2=80=93 have no mass. Proof that neutrinos, mysterious subatom= ic particles which have a tiny amount of mass, can travel faster would be i= nconsistent with Einstein's theory.</span><span style=3D"font-family:&q= uot;Georgia",serif;color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"text-align:justify;line-height:24.0pt;backg= round:white;vertical-align:baseline"> <span style=3D"font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black"><u></u>= =C2=A0<u></u></span></p> <h2 style=3D"margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:11.25pt;margin-left:0in;text-al= ign:justify;line-height:24.0pt;background:white;vertical-align:baseline;out= line:0px" id=3D"m_3536506510778295939yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102700= "> <i id=3D"m_3536506510778295939yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102704"><u id= =3D"m_3536506510778295939yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102705"><span styl= e=3D"font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Baskerville Old Face",serif;co= lor:#2c3e50;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">What are the knock-on= effects?</span></u></i><span style=3D"font-family:"Arial",sans-s= erif;color:#2c3e50;font-weight:normal"><u></u><u></u></span></h2> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"text-align:justify;line-height:24.0pt;backg= round:white;vertical-align:baseline"> <span style=3D"font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Baskerville Old Face"= ;,serif;color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">Einstein'= s theory is critical to the Standard Model of physics that helps explain ev= erything we know about how the universe works, from black holes to the big bang. If it is shown to be flawed, virtually everyt= hing in modern physics and the fundamental laws of nature would have to be = rethought.</span><span style=3D"font-family:"Georgia",serif;color= :black"><u></u><u></u></span></p> <h2 style=3D"margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:11.25pt;margin-left:0in;text-al= ign:justify;line-height:24.0pt;background:white;vertical-align:baseline;out= line:0px" id=3D"m_3536506510778295939yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102708= "> <i id=3D"m_3536506510778295939yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102712"><u id= =3D"m_3536506510778295939yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102713"><span styl= e=3D"font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Baskerville Old Face",serif;co= lor:#2c3e50;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">Have the results been= proven?</span></u></i><span style=3D"font-family:"Arial",sans-se= rif;color:#2c3e50;font-weight:normal"><u></u><u></u></span></h2> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"text-align:justify;line-height:24.0pt;backg= round:white;vertical-align:baseline"> <span style=3D"font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Baskerville Old Face"= ;,serif;color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">The findings = were such a shock that CERN's scientists spent months checking their da= ta before making their announcement. But they have asked American and Japanese teams to confirm the results before they are d= eclared an actual discovery. The data will also be put online overnight so = that it can be scrutinised by experts across the world.</span><span style= =3D"font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black"><u></u><u></u></span= ></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"text-align:justify;line-height:24.0pt;backg= round:white;vertical-align:baseline"> <span style=3D"font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black"><u></u>= =C2=A0<u></u></span></p> <div id=3D"m_3536506510778295939yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102719"> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height:24.0pt;background:white;vertica= l-align:baseline"> <span style=3D"font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black"><br> <br> <u></u><u></u></span></p> </div> <h2 style=3D"margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:11.25pt;margin-left:0in;text-al= ign:justify;line-height:24.0pt;background:white;vertical-align:baseline;out= line:0px" id=3D"m_3536506510778295939yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102725= "> <i id=3D"m_3536506510778295939yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102729"><u id= =3D"m_3536506510778295939yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1532476655051_102730"><span styl= e=3D"font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Baskerville Old Face",serif;co= lor:#2c3e50;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">Does this mean E does= not equal MC squared?</span></u></i><span style=3D"font-family:"Arial= ",sans-serif;color:#2c3e50;font-weight:normal"><u></u><u></u></span></= h2> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"text-align:justify;line-height:24.0pt;backg= round:white;vertical-align:baseline"> <span style=3D"font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Baskerville Old Face"= ;,serif;color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">The theory of= special relativity was used to spawn the theory that energy is equal to ma= ss multiplied by the speed of light squared. It is premature to discount the most famous equation of all time, but the = latest discovery suggests one key assumption it relies on =E2=80=93 that no= thing can accelerate faster than light =E2=80=93 may not be wholly accurate= .</span><span style=3D"font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black"><= u></u><u></u></span></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </blockquote></div> --000000000000b4c70a0571d969c6--