[SwF] Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever
~FurSid <[email protected]> Thu, 1 Dec 2005 13:55:31 +0500
| Newsgroups | gmane.culture.talk.share-with-friends |
|---|---|
| Message-ID | <[email protected]> |
------=_Part_10009_30603368.1133427331637
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Disposition: inline
The federal health authorities are on a high alert after the reported
outbreak of Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) in Karachi and are
maintaining a continuous contact with the provincial health department.
Hospitals in Karachi were put on alert on Friday after CCHF was
confirmed to have killed five people including a lady doctor in six
weeks and infected over 40. (As reported in news)
Valuable awareness is detailed in e-mail below,
Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is an infectious and potentially
lethal disease caused by a Nairovirus. The disease was first described
in the Crimea in 1944 and given the
name Crimean hemorrhagic fever.
In 1969, it was recognized that the pathogen causing Crimean
haemorrhagic fever was the same as that responsible for an illness
identified in 1956 in the Congo and linkage of the 2 place names
resulted in the current name for the disease and the virus.
CCHF is a severe disease in humans, with a high mortality rate.
Fortunately, human illness occurs infrequently, although animal
infection may be more common.
Evidence of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever has been found in
Africa, Asia, the Middle East and Eastern Europe.
Mode of Infection
The viruses are transmitted to the animals by (Hyalomma)
ticks. CCHF, is the most important human pathogen amongst them.
The most important source for acquisition of the virus by ticks is
believed to be infected small vertebrates on which immature Hyalomma
ticks feed. Once infected, the tick remains infected through its
developmental stages, and the mature tick may transmit the infection to
large vertebrates, such as livestock.
The bite of CCHF virus carrying ticks may infect a wide range of
domestic and wild animals. Specially animals, such as cattle, sheep and
goats. Virus remains circulating in the bloodstream of the animals for
around one week after becoming infected. Many birds are resistant to
infection, but ostriches are susceptible and may show a high prevalence
of infection in endemic areas.
A human can be infected with CCHF in a number of ways including:
A bite from an infected tick.
Direct Contact with blood or tissues from infected livestock. People,
who work with animals, suchas agricultural workers, slaughterhouse
workers veterinarians, are at increased risk.
Accidental inoculation with infected blood; for example, a health care
professional may prick their finger while taking a blood sample from a
patient.
Clinical features
The appearance of symptoms after becoming infected (incubation period)
depends on the mode of acquisition of the virus. Following infection via
tick bite, the incubation period is usually one to three days, with a
maximum of nine days.
Fever
Aching muscles,
Dizziness
Neck pain and stiffness
Backache
Headache
Sore eyes and photophobia (sensitivity to light).
1.
There may be nausea, vomiting and sore throat early on, which may
be accompanied by diarrhea and generalized abdominal pain.
2.
Over the next few days, the patient may experience sharp mood
swings, and may become confused and aggressive. After two to four days,
the agitation may be replaced by sleepiness, depression and lassitude,
and the abdominal pain may localize to the right upper abdomen, with
detectable liver enlargement.
Other clinical signs, which emerge, include fast heart rate, enlarged
lymph nodes, rashes caused by bleeding into the skin; these rashes could
be inside the mouth and throat, and on the skin. These rashes may give
way to bleeding from the upper bowel, causing blood in the faeces; there
may be blood in the urine, nosebleeds and bleeding from the gums. There
is usually evidence of hepatitis. The severely ill may develop liver,
kidney and pulmonary failure after the fifth day of illness.
The mortality rate from CHF is approximately 30%, with death occurring
in the second week of illness.
In those patients who recover, improvement generally begins on the ninth
or tenth day after the onset of illness.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of suspected CCHF is performed in specially equipped, high bio
safety level laboratories.
Antibodies may be detected in serum from about day six of illness.
One of the antibodies (IgM) remains detectable for up to four months,
and another (IgG) levels decline but remain detectable for up to five
years.
Patients with fatal disease do not usually develop a measurable antibody
response and in these individuals, as well as in patients in the first
few days of illness, diagnosis is achieved by virus detection in blood
or tissue samples.
Prevention and control
Although an inactivated vaccine against CCHF has been developed and used
on a small scale in Eastern Europe, there is no safe and effective
vaccine widely available for human use.
The tick vectors are numerous and widespread and tick control with
chemicals intended to kill ticks is only a realistic option for
well-managed livestock production facilities.
Persons living in endemic areas should use personal protective measures
that include avoidance of areas where tick vectors are abundant and when
they are active (spring to autumn); regular examination of clothing and
skin for ticks, and their removal; and use of repellents.
Persons who work with livestock or other animals in the endemic areas
can take practical measures to protect themselves. These include the use
of repellents on the skin and clothing and wearing gloves or other
protective clothing to prevent skin contact with infected tissue or
blood.
When patients with CHF are admitted to hospital, there is a risk of
hospital-acquired spread of infection. In the past, serious outbreaks
have occurred in this way and it is imperative that adequate infection
control measures be observed to prevent this disastrous outcome.
Patients with suspected or confirmed CHF should be isolated and cared
for using barrier-nursing techniques. Specimens of blood or tissues
taken for diagnostic purposes should be collected and handled using
universal precautions. Sharps (needles and other penetrating surgical
instruments) and body wastes should be safely disposed of using
appropriate decontamination procedures.
Healthcare workers who have had contact with tissue or blood from
patients with suspected or confirmed CHF should be followed up with
daily temperature and symptom monitoring for at least 14 days after
exposure.
Treatment includes antiviral medicines and isolated intensive care.
Source of Information: (c) World Health Organization 2005.
All rights reserved
RELATED LINKS
All the
Virology on the World-Wide Web
Provides information and links to
numerous web-based virology sites
------=_Part_10009_30603368.1133427331637
Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
<html><body>
<br>The federal health authorities are on a high alert after the reported<br>outbreak of Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) in Karachi and are<br>maintaining a continuous contact with the provincial health department.
<br>Hospitals in Karachi were put on alert on Friday after CCHF was<br>confirmed to have killed five people including a lady doctor in six<br>weeks and infected over 40. (As reported in news)<br><br>Valuable awareness is detailed in e-mail below,
<br><br>Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever<br><br>Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is an infectious and potentially<br>lethal disease caused by a Nairovirus. The disease was first described<br>in the Crimea in 1944 and given the
<br>name Crimean hemorrhagic fever.<br>In 1969, it was recognized that the pathogen causing Crimean<br>haemorrhagic fever was the same as that responsible for an illness<br>identified in 1956 in the Congo and linkage of the 2 place names
<br>resulted in the current name for the disease and the virus.<br><br>CCHF is a severe disease in humans, with a high mortality rate.<br>Fortunately, human illness occurs infrequently, although animal<br>infection may be more common.
<br><br>Evidence of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever has been found in<br>Africa, Asia, the Middle East and Eastern Europe.<br><br>Mode of Infection<br><br>The viruses are transmitted to the animals by (Hyalomma)<br>ticks. CCHF, is the most important human pathogen amongst them.
<br><br> <br>The most important source for acquisition of the virus by ticks is<br>believed to be infected small vertebrates on which immature Hyalomma<br>ticks feed. Once infected, the tick remains infected through its<br>
developmental stages, and the mature tick may transmit the infection to<br>large vertebrates, such as livestock.<br> <br>The bite of CCHF virus carrying ticks may infect a wide range of<br>domestic and wild animals. Specially animals, such as cattle, sheep and
<br>goats. Virus remains circulating in the bloodstream of the animals for<br>around one week after becoming infected. Many birds are resistant to<br>infection, but ostriches are susceptible and may show a high prevalence
<br>of infection in endemic areas.<br> <br>A human can be infected with CCHF in a number of ways including:<br> <br>A bite from an infected tick.<br> <br>Direct Contact with blood or tissues from infected livestock. People,
<br>who work with animals, suchas agricultural workers, slaughterhouse<br>workers veterinarians, are at increased risk.<br> <br> <br>Accidental inoculation with infected blood; for example, a health care<br>professional may prick their finger while taking a blood sample from a
<br>patient.<br><br>Clinical features<br> <br>The appearance of symptoms after becoming infected (incubation period)<br>depends on the mode of acquisition of the virus. Following infection via<br>tick bite, the incubation period is usually one to three days, with a
<br>maximum of nine days.<br> <br>Fever<br> <br>Aching muscles,<br> <br>Dizziness<br> <br>Neck pain and stiffness<br> <br>Backache<br> <br>Headache<br>Sore eyes and photophobia (sensitivity to light).<br><br>1.
<br>There may be nausea, vomiting and sore throat early on, which may<br>be accompanied by diarrhea and generalized abdominal pain.<br><br>2. <br> <br>Over the next few days, the patient may experience sharp mood<br>
swings, and may become confused and aggressive. After two to four days,<br>the agitation may be replaced by sleepiness, depression and lassitude,<br>and the abdominal pain may localize to the right upper abdomen, with<br>
detectable liver enlargement.<br><br>Other clinical signs, which emerge, include fast heart rate, enlarged<br>lymph nodes, rashes caused by bleeding into the skin; these rashes could<br>be inside the mouth and throat, and on the skin. These rashes may give
<br>way to bleeding from the upper bowel, causing blood in the faeces; there<br>may be blood in the urine, nosebleeds and bleeding from the gums. There<br>is usually evidence of hepatitis. The severely ill may develop liver,
<br>kidney and pulmonary failure after the fifth day of illness.<br> <br>The mortality rate from CHF is approximately 30%, with death occurring<br>in the second week of illness.<br> <br>In those patients who recover, improvement generally begins on the ninth
<br>or tenth day after the onset of illness.<br><br><br><br>Diagnosis<br> <br>Diagnosis of suspected CCHF is performed in specially equipped, high bio<br>safety level laboratories.<br> <br> <br>Antibodies may be detected in serum from about day six of illness.
<br> <br>One of the antibodies (IgM) remains detectable for up to four months,<br>and another (IgG) levels decline but remain detectable for up to five<br>years.<br> <br> <br>Patients with fatal disease do not usually develop a measurable antibody
<br>response and in these individuals, as well as in patients in the first<br>few days of illness, diagnosis is achieved by virus detection in blood<br>or tissue samples.<br><br>Prevention and control<br> <br>Although an inactivated vaccine against CCHF has been developed and used
<br>on a small scale in Eastern Europe, there is no safe and effective<br>vaccine widely available for human use.<br> <br>The tick vectors are numerous and widespread and tick control with<br>chemicals intended to kill ticks is only a realistic option for
<br>well-managed livestock production facilities.<br> <br>Persons living in endemic areas should use personal protective measures<br>that include avoidance of areas where tick vectors are abundant and when<br>they are active (spring to autumn); regular examination of clothing and
<br>skin for ticks, and their removal; and use of repellents.<br> <br> <br>Persons who work with livestock or other animals in the endemic areas<br>can take practical measures to protect themselves. These include the use
<br>of repellents on the skin and clothing and wearing gloves or other<br>protective clothing to prevent skin contact with infected tissue or<br>blood.<br> <br>When patients with CHF are admitted to hospital, there is a risk of
<br>hospital-acquired spread of infection. In the past, serious outbreaks<br>have occurred in this way and it is imperative that adequate infection<br>control measures be observed to prevent this disastrous outcome.<br>
<br>Patients with suspected or confirmed CHF should be isolated and cared<br>for using barrier-nursing techniques. Specimens of blood or tissues<br>taken for diagnostic purposes should be collected and handled using<br>universal precautions. Sharps (needles and other penetrating surgical
<br>instruments) and body wastes should be safely disposed of using<br>appropriate decontamination procedures.<br> <br>Healthcare workers who have had contact with tissue or blood from<br>patients with suspected or confirmed CHF should be followed up with
<br>daily temperature and symptom monitoring for at least 14 days after<br>exposure.<br><br>Treatment includes antiviral medicines and isolated intensive care.<br><br>Source of Information: (c) World Health Organization 2005.
<br>All rights reserved<br><br>RELATED LINKS<br><br>All the<br>Virology on the World-Wide Web<br>Provides information and links to<br>numerous web-based virology sites<br><br><br>
<!-- |**|begin egp html banner|**| -->
<br><br>
<div style="width:500px; text-align:right; margin-bottom:1px; color:#909090;">
<tt>SPONSORED LINKS</tt>
</div>
<table bgcolor=#e0ecee cellspacing="13" cellpadding="0" width=500px>
<tr valign=top>
<td style="width:25%;">
<tt><a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/gads?t=ms&k=Family+fun&w1=Family+fun&w2=Clean+jokes&w3=Fun&w4=Family+home&w5=Friends&c=5&s=72&.sig=t9K2r6nk6ya328vmKa8wtw">Family fun</a></tt>
</td>
<td style="width:25%;">
<tt><a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/gads?t=ms&k=Clean+jokes&w1=Family+fun&w2=Clean+jokes&w3=Fun&w4=Family+home&w5=Friends&c=5&s=72&.sig=ul36W0g9vYydAf8hRSJ6Mw">Clean jokes</a></tt>
</td>
<td style="width:25%;">
<tt><a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/gads?t=ms&k=Fun&w1=Family+fun&w2=Clean+jokes&w3=Fun&w4=Family+home&w5=Friends&c=5&s=72&.sig=ASo4QIPZ5ZT0ZL1OYhsxUg">Fun</a></tt>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign=top>
<td style="width:25%;">
<tt><a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/gads?t=ms&k=Family+home&w1=Family+fun&w2=Clean+jokes&w3=Fun&w4=Family+home&w5=Friends&c=5&s=72&.sig=4Uj5wwM4d9Gk7RqnUFhiXg">Family home</a></tt>
</td>
<td style="width:25%;">
<tt><a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/gads?t=ms&k=Friends&w1=Family+fun&w2=Clean+jokes&w3=Fun&w4=Family+home&w5=Friends&c=5&s=72&.sig=Oc-A4bW7Clp_FC_JLcutSw">Friends</a></tt>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<!-- |**|end egp html banner|**| -->
<!-- |**|begin egp html banner|**| -->
<br>
<div style="text-align:center; color:#909090; width:500px;">
<hr style="border-bottom:1px; width:500px; text-align:left;">
<tt>YAHOO! GROUPS LINKS</tt>
</div>
<br>
<ul>
<tt><li type=square> Visit your group "<a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Share-with-Friends">Share-with-Friends</a>" on the web.<br> </tt>
<tt><li type=square> To unsubscribe from this group, send an email to:<br> <a href="mailto:Share-with-Friends-unsubscribe-hHKSG33TihhbjbujkaE4pw@public.gmane.org?subject=Unsubscribe">Share-with-Friends-unsubscribe-hHKSG33TihhbjbujkaE4pw@public.gmane.org</a><br> </tt>
<tt><li type=square> Your use of Yahoo! Groups is subject to the <a href="http://docs.yahoo.com/info/terms/">Yahoo! Terms of Service</a>.</tt>
</ul>
<br>
<div style="text-align:center; color:#909090; width:500px;">
<hr style="border-bottom:1px; width:500px; text-align:left;">
</div>
</br>
<!-- |**|end egp html banner|**| -->
</body></html>
------=_Part_10009_30603368.1133427331637--