BMCR 2009.03.33, Yves Duhoux, A Companion to Linear B

Yves Duhoux, Anna Morpurgo Davies (ed.), A Companion to Linear B:
Mycenaean Greek Texts and Their World, Volume 1. Bibliothe\que des
Cahiers de l'Institut de linguistique de Louvain. Antiquite/ 120.
Louvain-la-Neuve/Dudley, MA:  Peeters, 2008.  Pp. x, 448.  ISBN
9789042918481.  EUR 55.00 (pb).

Reviewed by Michael F. Lane, University of Maryland, Baltimore County
([email protected])
Word count:  4855 words
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Overview

A Companion to Linear B (hereafter Companion) is, according to the
foreword by the editors Morpurgo Davies and Duhoux (hereafter AMD and
YD)   "an up-to-date book which would inform both specialists and
non-specialists (including graduate and undergraduate students who take
their first course in Linear B) about the whole range of Mycenaean
studies..." They add, "the information provided must be reliable and
have sufficient authority to be trusted" (p. ix). They also mean for it
to be a successor to the volume Linear B: A 1984 Survey, which they
also edited (Morpurgo-Davies and Duhoux 1985). The present volume is
supposed to be the first of two which, judging from the subtitle, put
Linear B texts in their linguistic, socioeconomic, and archaeological
contexts.

The Companion contains, in serial order, chapters on the decipherment
of Linear B (Maurice Pope), conventions and reference works for the
study of Linear B (Ruth Palmer), the chronology of Linear B archives so
far discovered (Jan Driessen), the "historical" context of the Linear B
texts (Pia De Fidio), the social and political structures in which the
archives were embedded (Cynthia Shelmerdine), the palatial economy
(John Killen), technologies described in the Linear B texts (Alberto
Bernabe/ and Eugenio Luja/n), vessels inscribed with Linear B (Peter
van Alfen), and, lastly, an "anthology" (or chrestomathy) of Linear B
texts (YD). YD has let it be known (pers. comm.) that the second volume
will contain the following chapters: Writing (J.L. Melena); Scribes,
scribal hands and palaeography (T.G. Palaima); Greek and the Linear B
script (R. Viredaz); Language (AMD); Onomastics (J.-L. Garci/a Ramo/n);
The geography of the Mycenaean kingdoms (D.J. Bennet); Religion (S.
Hiller); Mycenaean and Homeric language (C.J. Ruijgh, dec.); Mycenaean
and the world of Homer (D.J. Bennet); Interpreting the Linear B
records: some guidelines (YD). It is due to be published in late 2009.

The Companion is, in the final analysis, a commendable book, especially
as it is more comprehensive than Linear B: A 1984 Survey. However, it
suffers from several editorial problems that thwart the editors'
express purposes. Some of the contributions flatly contradict each
other at several levels, from the transcription of Linear B into
Mycenaean Greek, to the linguistic interpretation of these
transcriptions and the social relationships expressed or implied in the
texts. Some conflicting interpretations arise because the Continental
European contributors tend to draw from Continental sources, while
Anglophone contributors tend to prefer their own. Adding to problems of
consistency is the fact that the first volume of the Companion was
almost a decade in the making. Five of its nine chapters were first
submitted for publication in 2001, and three in 2002, as the editors
remark in footnotes. YD and AMD have added a longer endnote to
Driessen's article (p. 77), referring to Linear B texts lately
discovered.

Review Chapter by Chapter (N.b.: In the transcriptions that follow, the
circumflex above a Latin letter in transcription indicates a Mycenaean
long vowel only, not <greek>perispwme/nh</greek> accent.)

Perhaps because POPE is least tightly bound to Linear B studies, his
chapter on the decipherment is one of the soundest in the Companion. It
is an excellent summary of Michael Ventris's progress and achievement,
one of the best to be found outside of Chadwick's The Decipherment of
Linear B (1992 [1967]) and Ventris and Chadwick's Documents in
Mycenaean Greek (1973). Indeed, it contains further historical details,
some of which have relatively recently come to light, and it pays due
respect to Alice Kober and Emmett Bennett for their crucial work. The
chapter is copiously illustrated, including three stages of the famous
"syllabic grid," reproduced from Ventris's own Work Notes (1988).

PALMER's contribution is a careful and thorough introduction to
pertinent literature and handbooks, critically annotated, as well as to
the various Linear B symbols, standards of transliterating and
transcribing these, and the relevant epigraphical conventions (the last
two treatments constituting the "Wingspread Conventions"). It should be
noted that her presentation of the epigraphical conventions does not
anticipate the notation of palimpsests and direction of rotation from
recto to verso sides employed in the forthcoming (but long-awaited)
Palace of Nestor at Pylos in Western Messenia IV (PoN IV). This chapter
is well illustrated with line drawings of Linear B texts of different
kinds, and grids displaying Linear B syllabograms, logograms, weight
and measure symbols, and numerals. I find it disconcerting that
Palmer's recommended bibliography does not match the "General
bibliography" at the end of the Companion. For example, the "Studies
Bartonek" festschrift (Bartonek 1991) does not appear in the latter,
perhaps because it is too short (165 pages) and non-specific
(Palaeograeca et mycenaea), whereas the late Cornelis Ruijgh's E/tudes
sur la grammaire et le vocabulaire du myce/nien (1967) seems to get
short shrift (p. 48), although I think it a helpful guide, particularly
to Mycenaean derivational morphology (relevant below).

Palmer asserts her doubts about the traditional interpretation of
symbols *120 and *121 (p. 33). She has argued elsewhere that the
traditional readings should be switched (see Palmer 1992, 2008), with
*120 (also denoted GRA) representing "barley" (not "wheat") and *121
(also denoted HORD) representing "wheat" (not "barley"). It is worth
noting her assertion, because she is alone in the Companion in
suggesting that the readings should be so reversed, and because her
arguments have been challenged on agronomic and contextual grounds (see
Halstead 1995; Killen 2004).

DRIESSEN's chapter includes a revision of his own dating of the Room of
the Chariot Tablets (RCT) at Knossos (see Driessen 1988, 1990: esp.
107-8; but Driessen 2000). Not only has he adopted Warren and Hankey's
(1989) "low chronology" for the Late Bronze Age Aegean, but he also
dates the RCT to the Late Minoan IIIA1 period (1390-1370 BCE in his
framework), rather than to the LMII (1425-1390 BCE). I will not dispute
his revision, because, unlike Driessen, I am no expert in the
stratigraphy of Knossos. The chronology chosen is nevertheless
noteworthy because some contributors to the Companion adopt the "high
chronology," whereby the LMII begins around 1490 BCE (or they have
split the difference between the chronologies), while others adhere to
Driessen's earlier dates. This discrepancy is perhaps a side effect of
the time taken to publish the volume. Nonetheless, Driessen's chapter
presents a very handy reference to the different dates of the
discovered Linear B archives.

DE FIDIO's "Mycenaean history" is a fairly conventional narrative of
the Bronze Age Aegean. It duly mentions the region's semi-periphery
("marginal") status with respect to the empires of the Ancient Near
East (pp. 81-2), and discusses especially Hittite-Mycenaean relations
evident in the score or so of Hittite letters referring to Ahhiyawa
(pp. 96-102). The narrative is often framed in economic and sometimes
social evolutionary terms ("recession and stagnation," p. 96;
"mentality already concerned with the marks of ownership," p. 90). De
Fidio is in her element when discussing the Palatial  Period, Late
Helladic IIIA-B (pp. 91-6, adopting a "middle chronology" in contrast
with Driessen). She plays confidently here, noting, inter alia, fiscal
evidence of shortfalls in agricultural and industrial production at the
time of the destruction of the palace at Pylos (p. 104; see De Fidio
1987). The narrative ends (pp. 103-5) with the usual suspects: economic
collapse, natural disasters (though significant "climate change" is
unlikely), and mysterious marauding "Sea Peoples."

De Fidio's penchant for sources from her own continent shows clearly,
some references being conspicuously absent, especially to an American
scholar's eye. Suffice it to refer the reader to the very useful new
Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age, edited by Cynthia
Shelmerdine (2008).

SHELMERDINE's chapter on "Mycenaean society" is carefully laid out,
including select bibliographies for each of its sections, and handsome,
up-to-date maps and plans embedded in the main text. Shelmerdine
reviews a wide range of archaeological -- including textual --
evidence, and arrives at some sound, if not fresh, conclusions. For
example, she, like Killen in the Companion, uses "redistribution" (p.
144) appropriately for the majority of transactions directly recorded
in the Linear B archives. It is also possible that the archival system
was less centralized than has generally been thought. Hence I agree
with Shelmerdine that a Mycenaean site in an area of great agricultural
potential, like the stronghold of Gla (p. 115), is likely to have been
a place for keeping landholding texts (though they may not be
preserved). She also astutely notes, as others have, that the scribes
were probably not akin to an anonymous typing pool for the palace but
rather were part of the "administrative elite" (p. 144; which, I might
add, may explain the absence of a specific word for "scribe" in a
considerable vocabulary of titles). Similarly, she notes (p. 117), as
she has before (see Shelmerdine 2007), the paucity of references to the
wanaks (= <greek>a)/nac</greek>) "king," let alone to his activities,
in any Mycenaean archives. She nevertheless proceeds to detail evidence
of the "palaces" as royal residences, rather than pursuing the
archaeological implications of her observations about the roles of the
"scribes" and their apparent social distance from the wanaks.

Several of Shelmerdine's interpretations of particular Linear B words
and texts are problematic or idiosyncratic: e.g. ki-ti-ta kti(s)ta^s
"landholder" (rather than "cultivator," so too Killen p. 171; cf.
pu2-te-re ki-ti-je-si *phu^te^res ktiensi "planters are cultivating,"
PY Na 520); and ki-ti-me-na ktimena^ "private" versus ke-ke-mena^
"common" (of land; not generally accepted; see Aura Jorro 1999: 337-9,
366-7); and her gloss on the famous Pylos Eb 297 / Ep 704.5-6
landholding "dispute." I concentrate here on her treatment of proper
names, because I believe it betrays a surprisingly relaxed attitude
toward the conventions of word formation in Mycenaean Greek, an
understanding of which is critical to accurate translation.

It has long been noticed that some of the names of the e-qe-ta hekwetai
"Followers" in the Pylos "coastguard" set (An 519, 654, 656, 657, 661)
are qualified with "patronymics" (names in -iyos), and that some of
these two-part names recur in the Pylos "Aq diptych" (Aq 64, 218). This
is hardly a coincidence. Shelmerdine joins L. Palmer (1963: 152) and
Ventris and Chadwick (1973: 429) when she observes that these hekwetai
are "cited with patronymics, itself a sign of elite status," although
she admits that "another man" recorded in the Aq diptych "called son of
Eteokle^s is not a Follower" (p. 131). Granted that several persons
named (without patronymics) in the Aq texts are assigned titles
(i-je-re-u hiereus, ko-re-te ?koreste^r, mo-ro-qa morokwans vel sim.),
the question remains as to why the scribes employed patronymics where
they did -- especially if they were part of the administrative elite
writing for its own purposes, not ours. A more systematic effort is
required if we are to identify named persons with positions in a
network of social relations, as opposed to a selective one which just
identifies names with persons.. For example, Nakassis (2008) and I
(2004) have observed separately that the collocation of the some of the
same names in the coastguard and Aq texts in Pylian bronze allocation
texts (Jn 725 and 750) -- without patronymics -- is statistically very
unlikely to be a coincidence. The scribes therefore probably used forms
like e-te-wo-ke-re-we-i-jo Etewoklewe^hios in the former for specific
reasons, much as they used titles in them.

KILLEN's chapter on the "Mycenaean economy" is an update of his still
important article in Linear B: A 1984 Survey. That so little has
changed in over 20 years is, in fact, testament to how sound an example
of scholarship the original version was. In the latest version, Killen
re-emphasizes the main role of the Mycenaean "palaces" as
"redistributive centers," which he compares (perhaps with a little
cultural historical presumption) with the "palace/temple" economies of
the Ancient Near East. He likewise further underscores the similarities
in the evidence of mechanisms of administration at the separate
palaces, defending his conclusions against a current trend toward
finding and emphasizing differences among them (e.g. Galaty and
Parkinson 2007).

Killen admits that De Fidio's (1977) analysis of the Er-Es-Un 718
series proves that landholding records were used to calculate taxes in
kind precisely, this probably being true of all the Pylos E- series (p.
163). (To this extent, the landholding texts constitute a "cadastre,"
his definition notwithstanding.) He furthermore observes that it is
reasonable to suppose that all Pylos E- records (and probably similar
records at Knossos), including those of pa-ki-ja-na / -ne, concern
places close to Pylos, perhaps in the same administrative district (pp.
164-5). In contrast, records of assessments of flax (N- series) and
miscellaneous tribute (M- series) clearly include more distant places.
Therefore, he suggests the method of taxation of agricultural land near
Pylos (or other palace centers) is different from that of places
recorded in the M- and N- series. With respect to Pylos, he notes that
individual localities' contributions of flax, recorded in the Na texts,
are often multiples of 10 units, 30 being particularly common. The
round numbers suggest to him that these assessments are roughly
calculated, in contradistinction to those made from the E- series (p.
165).

On the contrary, the multiples of 10 recorded may be a measure of the
precision of computation. The tribute calculated in the Es tablets,
concerning a single locality (or district), adds up to multiples of GRA
10 (as product), and are derived from area GRA 30 (as seed-corn).
Likewise, all areas of land under cultivation recorded in Pylos Eq 213
are even amounts of major seed-corn unit GRA (multiples of 10 three of
five times), and land is measured in multiples of division DA 10 in
Pylos An 830. Hence it seems to me that if the palace knew what
precisely measured part of any locality under its political control was
subject to taxation (e.g. GRA 30, DA 50), then taxes within each
district could be deduced as easily manageable even numbers and
collected accordingly, without unreasonable logistical trouble

BERNABE/ and LUJA/N's discussion of "Mycenaean technology" deliberately
focuses on direct Linear B evidence of moveable manufactures (except
perhaps ships). It is particularly significant because it critically
reviews alternatives to readings of texts concerning these, since some
readings have become sedimented in the scholarly literature. For
example, they revive Ruijgh's reading of we-je-ke-a2 as *wei-enkheha
"turning on spear (type axles)" (of wheels; cited as Ruijgh 1967: 330,
when the page number is in fact 380; cf. L.R. Palmer 1963: 462), rather
than (eh)u-weikeha "in (good) shape" (= <greek>e)pieikh/s</greek>),
which is difficult to reconcile with the spelling.

VAN ALFEN's contribution on the Linear B inscribed stirrup jars (ISJs)
is a useful update to Hallager's and Haskell's work in the 1980s (e.g.
Hallager 1987; Haskell 1984) on this rather neglected sub-discipline of
Linear B studies, as well as an expansion on his own recent research
(Van Alfen 1998). He makes an important point about the multivalency of
both the vessels (including their inscriptions) and their contents.
However, given that ISJs may have been restricted to inter-elite
exchanges, I doubt that in Bronze Age contexts, even outside the
Aegean, the Linear B inscriptions would often "simply have been seen as
decoration" (p. 239). His suggestion, that ISJs emanate exclusively
from Crete because of the "large and potentially confusing number of
managers and collectors" there, is plausible (p. 239), but it probably
does not do justice to the distinctions between types of "collectors"
in the region that we are now beginning to discern. It may be a
consequence of the eight years taken to publish Van Alfen's article
that he does not mention the ISJ fragment from Gla in Boeotia, which
appears to bear the abbreviation WA for wanaks or wanakteron; Driessen
and Shelmerdine in do refer to this piece in their respective
contributions to the Companion.

YD's "Mycenaean anthology" takes up nearly half of the Companion. It
consists of a selection of Linear B texts from Knossos, Mycenae, Pylos,
and Thebes, presented as line drawings (from various published
sources), transliterations into Latin characters, transcriptions into
Mycenaean Greek, translations into English, and commentary. The
selection overlaps with those of Hooker's Linear B: An Introduction
(1980) and the "Chrestomathy" in Bartonek's Handbuch des mykenischen
Griechisch (2003: 510-32), but it is substantially different,
particularly because of its treatment of tablets lately discovered at
Thebes. It contains many astute and inventive new readings, as well as
some innovative line numberings (e.g. PY Tn 316, p. 322 -- which,
however, does not correspond to that in the forthcoming PoN IV). His
introductory section (pp. 243-9) is the most accurate and precise part
of the Companion as concerns Linear B writing and its transliteration
and transcription. It is equally careful about Mycenaean syntax and
reconstructed phonology. The only formal oddity in YD's chapter is his
choice of transcribing the palatal glide with j. Although this conforms
with the standard transliteration of the Linear B glide series, it
looks strange in Anglophone linguistics, which expects y or i with a
"sub-breve." Incidentally, YD evidently prefers Driessen's earlier
dates for the RCT at Knossos (p. 276; see above).

Probably the most useful discussion in YD's chapter is on the meaning
of symbols *120, *121, and *129 (cf. *69), with reference to Pylos
tribute text Un 718 (pp. 346-347). He rightly points out that *129,
transcribed conventionally as FAR, is frequently misconstrued as farina
"flour," particularly because of its juxtaposition with me-re-u-ro
*meleuron on Pylos Un 718. Rather, it is meant to stand for just that
-- Latin far -- suggesting what has been ground, as distinct from
GRAnum and HORDeum. YD suggests that *129, which resembles *69 ju,
could be an old abbreviation for the name of a grain beginning in yu-
(later zu-) -- alphabetic Greek <greek>zeia/</greek> being a likely
cognate or descendant. Proto-Indo-European *yewo- is the stem of a
number of very ancient words of grain, variously identified with
barley, einkorn wheat, or emmer wheat (Hittite ewan, Sanskrit / Avestan
ya/va-, Greek <greek>zeia/</greek>). He muddles the discussion somewhat
by adducing R. Palmer's maverick interpretation of *120 as "barley" and
*121 as some kind of "wheat" (see above) and Halstead's (1995)
observations of evidence of pulses. I am content to think that *120
represents emmer (Triticum dicoccum), the wheat most often found on
Greek Bronze Age sites (Halstead 1995), *121 some variety of barley,
and *129 einkorn (T. monococcum). This fits the Theophrastian
description of <greek>zeia/</greek>, without fear of contradicting
Homer's usage of <greek>zeiai/</greek> for "fodder" (pace YD) -- or
anything in the Linear B corpus.

YD's lengthiest commentary is reserved for the ticklish subject of the
interpretation of the Thebes tablets (Aravantinos, Godart, and Sacconi
2001). He deals with the issues directly but more delicately than he
and other have elsewhere (ibid. 2002-03; James 2002-03; Palaima
2000-01, 2003). I will not recite the arguments here. Suffice it to
state that YD covers the major problems: the identity of sometimes
written enclitic *65 and -u-*65 as "son" (not FAR) in the Theban
"dialect" (pp. 353-9); the case for dry unit GRA 1 = fraction T 10 at
Thebes, as elsewhere (pp. 360-1); and the case against identifying a
holy trinity of Zeus, Demeter, and Kore in the Thebes texts (pp.
361-71). The stem from which Greek words for "son" are derived is
probably *suH-yus (not **suyus, p. 355). Hence all of YD's
transcriptions of Mycenaean dialectal / idiolectal reflexes should
contain long u or i from dissimilation and compensatory lengthening. As
YD points out, while ke-re-na-i (TH Fq 126) is certainly not "to the
cranes" (as if votive), neither is it likely to be "women making barley
groats" (p. 371; cf. Hsch. <greek>ge/ranos</greek>: instrument for
making <greek>a)/lfita</greek>) -- not least because the word does not
take the shape of a Mycenaean feminine noun of agency. There are
miscellaneous, contestable issues of morphology and lexical semantics,
but these are scarce.

As for contextual readings, YD revives the interpretation, first
suggested by L. Palmer (1963: 340, 354), that te-ke the^ke could be
translated as "he buried" in funerary context. I will not comment on
its applicability to Thebes Fq 126 (pp. 303-4). Suffice it to reiterate
that the case for "buried," rather than "installed (in office)," in
Pylos Ta 711 was long ago undermined by evidence that the rest of the
Ta set does not record funeral accoutrements (see Palaima 2004).
Perhaps of greater interest to archaeologists, YD refers to Mycenaean
ta-ra-si-ja tala(n)sia^ as a term for corve/e (p. 268), which, to be
fair, is how it is often glossed (Aura Jorro 1999: 319-20). However, he
may assume too much in this definition. Killen has more cautiously
defined it as dispensation of amounts of material, measured so as to
prevent theft or fraud, to dependent or semi-dependent crafts-persons
(see pp. 191-5 of the Companion).

Errors of Copy Editing and Proofreading

The editors could have ensured for the sake of non-specialist readers,
especially non-linguists, that the Mycenaean Greek transcriptions are
consistent with one another. Instead one finds labiovelars transcribed
with both superscript u and superscript w. Furthermore, if superscripts
are to be used to represent phonemes, then a superscript h should be
used for the aspirate series, though this is inconsistently applied in
the Companion. Closer attention to editing the contributions of
non-Anglophones might have prevented the appearance of some
occasionally worrisome misspellings and solecisms: e.g. shipwrek (p.
85); persistance (p. 89 n.10), Galilea (for Galilee, p. 89 n. 13);
weaved (for woven, p. 219); amphor (for amphora, pp. 223, 225); dying
(for dyeing, pp. 219, 229, 252); cultual (for cultic, Duhoux passim,
except p. 304!), heroin (sic) <greek>I)fime/deia</greek> (p. 334);
Pylian official described as "influent" (p. 341). There is no
legitimate excuse among the authors, all classically educated, for
"data is" (p. 136) and "data does" (p. 377). Finally, it seems the
person who did the desktop layout forgot to toggle the "small caps"
button for the running header on several pages of Van Alfen's article.
A minor error I noticed in Pope's contribution is his identification of
Linear B a-to-po-qo artopokwos "(bread-)baker" with
*<greek>a)rtopo/kos</greek>. The latter is unattested: only normally
dissimilating <greek>artopo/pos</greek> (kw > <greek>p</greek> before
<greek>o</greek>) and metathesizing and dissimilating (?)
<greek>a)rtoko/pos</greek> are attested (the last perhaps representing
conflation with words like <greek>kreoko/pos</greek>).

Summary

Altogether, the Companion is a valuable single resource on the study of
Linear B in its various aspects at the beginning of the twenty-first
century. In the company of a knowledgeable instructor, the Companion
could be more than adequate as a textbook for a course in Linear B and
Mycenaean Greek, perhaps in combination with previously published
chrestomathies, high-quality photographs, and good examples of
contextual analysis of and economic inference into Linear B. As a
handbook for specialists and non-specialists, one of its editors'
express purposes, the Companion is rather lacking. The inconsistency
not just in transcription of Linear B but also in translation of
important terms is bound to confuse or mislead non-specialists, whereas
even a scholar with a firm foundation in Greek, if not comparative
Indo-European linguistics, is likely to find the inconsistencies in the
techniques of presentation troublesome. Still, the Companion comprises
extensive and up-to-date bibliographies, and it is well indexed in
English, Greek, and Linear B. I am eager to see the second volume of
this already well-rounded work. I hope that the editors will attend
more to the details in that volume than in the present, not least for
the sake of the supposed readership.

References Cited

Aravantinos, V.L., L. Godart, and A. Sacconi. 2001. The\bes, fouilles
de la Cadme/e I: les tablettes en line/aire B de la Odos Pelopidou,
edition et commentaire. Pisa / Rome: Instituti Editoriali e Poligrafici
Internazionali.

Aura Jorro, F. 1999. Diccionario mice/nico. Diccionario
griego-espan~ol, anejo 1. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones
Cienti/ficas.

Bartonek, A. 2003. Handbuch des mykenischen Griechisch. Indogermanische
Bibliotek, Erste Reihe. Heidelburg: C. Winter Universitaetsverlag.

Caskey, J.L. 1960. The Early Helladic Period in the Argolid. Hesperia
29: 285-303.

Chadwick, J. 1992 (1967). The Decipherment of Linear B, 2nd ed. Canto
Books. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

De Fidio, P. 1987. Fattori di crisi nella Messenia dell tarda Eta\ del
Bronzo. In Studies in Mycenaean and Classical Greek Presented to John
Chadwick (= Minos 20-22) (ed. J.T. Killen, J.L. Melena, and J.-P.
Olivier). Salamanca: Universidad de Salamanca. pp. 127-36.

Driessen, J. 1988. The scribes of the Room of the Chariot Tablets. In
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offered to E.L. Bennett, Jr. . Minos Supplement 10. Salamanca: Ed.
Universidad de Salamanca. pp. 123-165.

Driessen, J. 1990. An Early Destruction in the Mycenaean Palace at
Knossos: A New Interpretation of the Excavation Field-notes of the
South-east Area of the West Wing. Acta Archaeologica Lovaniensia
Monographiae 2. Leuven: Catholic University of Leuven.

Driessen, J. 2000. The Scribes of the Room of the Chariot Tablets at
Knossos: Interdisciplinary Approach to the Study of a Linear B Deposit.
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Duhoux, Y. 2002-03. Dieux ou humains? Qui sont ma-ka, o-po-re-i et
ko-wa dans les tablettes line/aire B de The\bes? Minos 37/38: 173-254.

Galaty, M.L. and W.A. Parkison. 2007. 2007 introduction: Mycenaean
palaces rethought. In Rethinking Mycenaean Palaces II: Revised and
Expanded Edition (ed. M.L. Galaty and W.A. Parkinson). Monograph 60,
Cotsen Institute of Archaeology. Los Angeles: University of California
at Los Angeles. pp. 1-17.

Hallager, E. 1987. The inscribed stirrup jars: implications for Late
Minoan IIIB Crete. American Journal of Archaeology 91(2): 171-90.

Halstead, P. 1995. Late Bronze Age grain crops and Linear B ideograms
*65, *120, and *121. Annual of the British School at Athens 90: 229-34.

Haskell, H.W. 1984. Pylos: stirrup jars and the international oil
trade. In Pylos Comes Alive: Industry + Administration in a Mycenaean
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Archaeological Institute of America and Fordham University. New York:
Fordham University. pp. 97-107.

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