Fw: Afghan Recovery Report No. 4

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From: "Institute for War & Peace Reporting" <[email protected]>
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Sent: Friday, May 10, 2002 7:48 AM
Subject: Afghan Recovery Report No. 4


> WELCOME TO IWPR'S AFGHAN RECOVERY REPORT, No. 4, May 10, 2002
>
> IN THIS ISSUE...
>
> LOYA JIRGA BRINGS HOPE OF STABILITY  Khost citizens hope upcoming Loya
> Jirga will help to bring an end to local factional fighting. Gul Bahar
> Gharwal reports from Khost, eastern Afghanistan
>
> PESHAWAR SMUGGLING BOOM  Roaring smuggling trade across Afghan border keep
> Peshawar markets humming. Abdul Ahad reports from Peshawar
>
> MEDICINE RACKET ENDANGERING LIVES  Government is urged to crackdown on
> illegal sales of pharmaceuticals, which are putting the lives of patients
> at risk. Noor Muhmand Aminullah and Shams-ur-Rehman report from Peshawar
>
> SAD FATE OF TRAUMA VICTIMS  Some of the saddest victims of the Afghan
> conflict are the children driven to near madness by their experiences.
> Mohammad Daud Siyawash reports from Kabul
>
> REFUGEES UNDER NO ILLUSION ABOUT REPATRIATION  Afghan refugees acknowledge
> the problems they face when they return home may be more acute than those
> they've had to endure in exile. Gul Bahar Gharwal reports from Muzafar
> Koat refugee camp
>
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> ******************** THIS WEEK'S STORIES ************************
>
> LOYA JIRGA BRINGS HOPE OF STABILITY
>
> Khost citizens hope upcoming Loya Jirga will help to bring an end to local
> factional fighting.
>
> By Gul Bahar Gharwal in Khost, eastern Afghanistan
>
> The clans from around the eastern Afghan city of Khost who gathered late
> last month to choose delegates for the Loya Jirga, the national assembly
> that is to appoint the nation's next government, were left in doubt about
> the need for the creation of a strong central authority.
>
> As they met in Khost, the capital of the eponymous province, which borders
> Pakistan, a local power struggle, simmering since the  collapse of the
> Taleban, erupted into bloody fighting. Shooting between followers of the
> former governor of neighbouring Gardez Badshah Khan Zadran and the head of
> Khost security Mustafa Khan started on the afternoon of April 25 and did
> not end until the following morning.
>
> Six people died and an unknown number were wounded in the latest episode
> of Khost's troubles, this time triggered by Badshah Khan's attempt to
> replace Mustafa Khan with one of his own men.
>
> In an attempt to end the feuding, interim administration leader Hamid
> Karzai appointed Hakeem Tanniwall, an Afghan intellectual, as governor of
> the province.
>
> "May God solve all the problems and end the power of the armed men," said
> a woman from the Tannai clan, one of the main Pashtun ethnic groups in the
> region, who had lost her son in fighting 10 years ago, following the
> battle that closed the city's sprawling bazaar.
>
> While some regional leaders in areas such as Khost, where the former
> Taleban rulers were strong, might fear that Loya Jirga may not deliver the
> sort of representation in a future government that they expect, exhaustion
> with years of struggle has left many feeling that even if they lose out in
> the assembly it is crucial for cementing stability.
>
> "We do not know what the Loya Jirga will do," said another Tannai member.
> "But we do know that war and the lack of unity is not good because it has
> destroyed our country.
>
> "In this Loya Jirga they should first think about security and stability
> of Afghanistan and people should be chosen who really want the country to
> be peaceful and stable. As you can see, those with opposite ideas are
> making the people feel hopeless."
>
> Khost was peaceful under the austere rule of the Taleban but since their
> defeat by the US-led forces, residents to their dismay have seen the city
> sinking back to the chaos of a decade ago. People had begun to describe
> Badshah Khan as a man willing to see endless fighting rather than lose
> power.
>
> "This critical situation needs a Loya Jirga to solve all of the problems -
> and it will," said Haji Abdul Rahman, a former commander in the mujahedeen
> forces who battled the Soviet army in the 1980s and then each other in the
> early 1990s.
>
> Regional clan members had gathered in the city of Khost to choose their
> representatives to the Afghan assembly, which is to decide on a successor
> to the Karzai-led administration that was appointed to rule for six
> months.
>
> The 1,500 delegates to the Loya Jirga, including 300 women, will be a mix
> of local choices and selections by central government. Karzai, an ethnic
> Pashtun like the population of Khost, is widely expected to retain top
> position. The former king of Afghanistan, Zahir Shah - also a Pashtun -
> returned to the country last month for the first time in 29 years and will
> have a ceremonial role at the assembly.
>
> However, there is widespread unease in Pashtun areas like Khost about the
> dominant role in the current administration enjoyed by cabinet members
> from the Tajik minority, who led the Northern Alliance forces in defeating
> the Taleban.
>
> But the fighting here is a reminder that the power struggles are not just
> between ethnic groups. Local warlords divided the country into fiefdoms
> before and Afghans anxious for a return to normality fear it could happen
> again.
>
> When the fight between the backers of Badshah Khan and Mustafa Khan ended,
> people again thronged the bazaar. However, they were nervous and openly
> said the government had to impose some order to prevent such turmoil
> becoming a way of life.
>
> "I raise cattle for a living and my job is to look after them and keep
> them away from wolves and thieves," said Nemat Khan. "Our country also
> needs a person to save it from danger and this is the job of the Loya
> Jirga - they should choose a people who can take care of Afghanistan."
>
> By Gul Bahar Gharwal is an Afghan journalist based in Peshawar who
> attended the IWPR journalism course
>
>
> PESHAWAR SMUGGLING BOOM
>
> Roaring smuggling trade across Afghan border keep Peshawar markets
> humming.
>
> By Abdul Ahad in Peshawar
>
> In the teeming smugglers' markets on the margins of Peshawar you can find
> anything from drugs, guns to air conditioners.
>
> If Peshawar is Pakistan's Wild West, then the Karkhano and Barra markets
> are outlaw country where police know better than to interfere. This is the
> domain of Pashtun traders who wander back and forth across the border with
> Afghanistan, just a few kilometers away, at will.
>
> "Police are trying their best to arrest the smugglers and send them to
> jail - but we haven't got plans to do anything about the local people who
> run the stalls," said one officer asked about police efforts to stamp out
> the trade.
>
> The tribal areas of northern Pakistan begin at the edge of Peshawar. The
> ferocious independence of local Pashtuns that so impressed their former
> British colonial adversaries has not faded and Islamabad has followed the
> practice established then of minimal interference. By agreement, the
> tribesmen follow their own customs and laws outside Pakistani
> jurisdiction.
>
> Carrying weapons - officially illegal in Pakistan - is part of that
> tradition, and markets are full of arms shops. Some of the guns are made
> in the tribal areas - perfect replicas right down to serial numbers and
> "Made in Italy" engravings on hand-made pump-action shotguns. Others have
> flowed from Afghanistan, where tradition and a quarter century of conflict
> have left the country awash with weaponry.
>
> A copy of the Soviet-era AK-47 Kalashnikov assault rifle, the commonest
> weapon, costs only 3,000 rupees (50 US dollars). There are doubts about
> the quality of steel in replicas, whose barrels reputedly have a tendency
> to warp and explode. But even the real thing is inexpensive. A Russian
> original costs only 6,000 rupees.  There are also shotguns, Smith and
> Wesson pistols and a range of M-16s, the standard US assault rifle.
>
> Just as illegal - and common - in the markets are drugs. Pakistan banned
> poppy cultivation in the 1990s, winning international praise. In
> Afghanistan, the ruling Taleban did the same before they were driven out
> last year. Now production there is soaring and refining of poppy resin
> into opium and heroin is underway on both sides of the border.
>
> "Opium is cultivated in Afghanistan and refined into heroin in Tera," said
> Mohd Arif, a trader, referring to a tribal area that straddles the
> Afghan-Pakistan border. "There are some heroin companies in Tera and then
> it is brought to these markets and later it is taken to other areas."
>
> Narcotics appear to flow unhindered back and forth to Afghanistan and
> further afield. "Drugs from Barra and Karkhano markets are sent to
> Tajikistan, Russia, Iran, Turkey and the European countries," said Gul
> Noor Shah at the Barra bazaar.
>
> However, the bulk of smuggled goods in Peshawar's markets are consumer
> items, from tea to televisions. From here they filter across the rest of
> the country. Almost all Pakistani cities have Barra-like bazaars.
>
> The irony is that most goods smuggled into Pakistan are merely returning.
> Islamabad has in the past allowed goods destined for Afghanistan to enter
> the port of Karachi duty free, under a long-standing agreement. The
> merchandise is ferried north across the border, but because demand has
> tailed off so much since the escalation of violence in 1992, the goods are
> routinely smuggled back and sold in Pakistan at higher prices.
>
> "Cloth is brought to Afghanistan from Japan, China and Korea via Karachi
> by big businessmen and then they use Afghani and Pakistani traders to
> bring it to the Khyber Agency [a tribal area under the control of the
> Pakistani government]," said Mohammad Anis, who sells clothes in the
> Peshawar markets. "From here, smugglers take the cloth to Karkhano and
> Barra, which sell it on to other areas of Pakistan."
>
> Islamabad pays a high cost for its freewheeling markets. The debit-ridden
> government loses out on customs duties. The supply of weapons has
> contributed to high levels of violence across the country. The trade in
> drugs not only alarms foreign governments, it has contributed to
> increasing addiction among Pakistanis.
>
> But there is unlikely to be any clampdown. One smuggler said the police
> sometimes stop goods from the markets as they head deeper into Pakistan,
> declaring them - correctly - to be smuggled. However, he said, once a
> bribe is paid the goods are released.
>
> They risk bloody confrontations if they try to confiscate the merchandise.
> Earlier this year, customs officials confronted smugglers from the Afridi
> tribe, which controls the Khyber Pass. When the shooting stopped, three
> smugglers and seven officials were dead. Since then, customs officials
> have steered clear of the markets.
>
> Abdul Ahad, an Afghan journalist, attended the IWPR reporting course in
> Peshawar.
>
>
> MEDICINE RACKET ENDANGERING LIVES
>
> Government is urged to crackdown on illegal sales of pharmaceuticals,
> which are putting the lives of patients at risk.
>
> By Noor Muhmand Aminullah and Shams-ur-Rehman in Peshawar
>
> Along one short section of road in Peshawar's University Town, a
> residential area in the centre of the city, some 130 shops sit
> side-by-side selling pharmaceuticals. No more than a dozen have licences
> and even that is no guarantee they are dispensing drugs that work.
>
> "Because of a lack of education most of our population don't know that
> treating themselves can endanger their health," said Professor Dr
> Saeed-u-Din Sharafzai, head of internal medicine at Peshawar's Afghan
> University. "The government should take action against the illegal drug
> stores and make sure all pharmacies sell real drugs and just on doctors'
> prescriptions."
>
> The problems are manifold: there are drugs no longer allowed elsewhere in
> the world; those long past their expiry dates and fake ones that are
> useless confections produced in small local factories, stuffed into
> capsules and placed in copies of original packing.
>
> Further complicating matters is that there is no control over the quality,
> distribution or pricing of pharmaceuticals. Anyone can set up shops,
> dispensing to gullible members of the public who indiscriminately consume
> those they think will help them.
>
> "We accept that this is a growing issue and we are doing our best to
> control it," said an official of the district health organisation. "But,
> at the same time, we haven't got enough resources."
>
> In a survey of 120 pharmaceutical shops along a main street in University
> Town, many openly admitted they had no licences, saying their knowledge of
> drugs was gained by spending a few weeks with a doctor or technician. More
> than half said they bribed drug inspectors to look the other way.
>
> Most of the shops offer drugs that have been dropped from the
> international list of acceptable pharmaceuticals. And, of course,
> customers do not need a prescription to buy any steroids, antibiotics,
> poisons, tranquilizers, sedatives, or hormones.
>
> "Many of the medical stores have connections with local illegal companies
> that supply them with poor quality drugs, which gives good profits to the
> store owners," said Dr Zahid-u-Din, director of the Afghan Teaching
> Hospital. "These drugs are ineffective and won't produce results but until
> the government acts we can only warn people."
>
> Members of the public buying pharmaceuticals that have no effect may be
> lucky. Worse off are those who take inappropriate or faulty drugs or ones
> that have been removed from the market in better-regulated parts of the
> world.
>
> In the Hayatabad Medical Complex Hospital, in an area of Peshawar that
> developed after the influx of Afghan refugees began in 1980, 15-year-old
> Toryalai lies in bed suffering from aplastic anemia - anemia of the bone
> marrow - following an overdose of an anti-malaria drug handed out at a
> clinic three months ago.
>
> Mohammad Ismail, an Afghan refugee living in Shamshatoo camp near
> Peshawar, died last month at the age of 26 during what should have been
> routine surgery, his cousin Abdullah said. "The reason for my cousin's
> death was that he was given expired anesthetic for a nasal polyp
> operation," said Abdullah, who is a medical student at Afghan University.
>
> The indiscriminate use of drugs has also steadily eroded their
> effectiveness, with new drug-resistant strains of diseases appearing.
> Doctors in Peshawar are increasingly worried that pharmaceuticals they
> prescribe will be useless - either because the drugs are faulty or because
> they have become less effective through over-use.
>
> "In the past, drugs were more beneficial and effective but now I have
> noted so many cases, especially post-operative infections, due to the
> worse quality of drugs, especially antibiotics," said Dr Omar Gul
> Mohammad, head of surgery at Jehad Hospital, at Pabo refugee camp outside
> of Peshawar.
>
> "Because of the lack of control, the number of both legal and illegal
> pharmaceutical companies is increasing very quickly so it is very hard to
> know which one is best and produces good quality drugs."
>
> Dr Baray Sidiqui, head of the Afghan Doctors Association in Peshawar,
> wants Pakistani authorities to tighten controls - raising the
> qualifications required and enforcing the rules for operating a pharmacy.
> He says the association is ready to help since doctors know those
> operating illegally or selling dubious drugs.
>
> But Pakistan is like many other poor countries facing problems with
> pharmaceuticals. Corruption is rampant, few rules are enforced and
> expectations for better regulation of drugs are low.
>
> In Nasr Bagh, a teeming Afghan refugee camp with around 100,000 people, on
> the edge of Peshawar, the owner of a pharmacy listed his margins on
> various products. Since those from firms identified as distributing
> questionable drugs gave the highest profit, the shopkeepers in University
> Town are unlikely to change their practices.
>
> Noor Muhmand Aminullah and Shams-ur-Rehman are attending the IWPR
> journalism training course in Peshawar.
>
>
> SAD FATE OF TRAUMA VICTIMS
>
> Some of the saddest victims of the Afghan conflict are the children driven
> to near madness by their experiences.
>
> By Mohammad Daud Siyawash in Kabul
>
> Hameed saw his father murdered before his eyes, killed by a Taleban
> soldier. And in the depths of his torment and confusion, his tortured
> child's mind somehow came to identify his mother as the killer.
>
> As his father lay dying, he had asked Hameed for a last kiss. Perhaps too
> frightened, the boy froze. He subsequently began to plot revenge,
> threatening to kill his mother in punishment for a crime he could not
> begin to comprehend.
>
> "At the beginning, Hameed would just keep calling for his father," said
> psychologist Seema Osami, at the Kabul's psychiatric hospital. Had it not
> been for the treatment he received there, he might have spent the rest of
> his life agonising about his failure to grant his father's dying wish.
>
> Staff at the hospital put the seven-year-old through a programme designed
> to find a way to help him rationalise his loss and find a way out of his
> self-constructed prison of hate.
>
> "In the last stage of his treatment he began to pray for his father,"
> Osami told IWPR. "He was able to find another means of responding to his
> tragedy. He was able to convince himself that avenging the murder would
> degrade his father's martyrdom, an act he had come to believe would have
> displeased him."
>
> Another child, eight-year-old Sulaiman, saw Taleban soldiers arrest and
> take away his father at night. Soon after the abduction, the boy developed
> a terrible stammer, almost unable to speak, and has withdrawn into a
> shell.
>
> As Sulaiman struggles to tell his story, his eyes begin to move
> unnaturally, he becomes nervous, to twitch and eventually he begins to
> weep.
>
> Psychologist Zarghona Ahmadzai is trying to help him break his involuntary
> physical response to trauma. She is using word practice, recitation and
> tongue exercises, and also tries to help him overcome his fears.
>
> She believes that children are particularly prone to post-traumatic stress
> because of their idealised view of life. "They believe that they are
> important, the world is secure and the future is lovely, but a single
> shocking incident can destroy this belief in a second. They lose all sense
> of self-belief, of security or self-confidence," she said.
>
> But most Afghans are unable to understand how medical treatment can help
> cure children suffering from such conditions. "Many people think that a
> bottle of medicinal syrup will work better that psychiatric help," said Dr
> Sohaila Sadat. The most sceptical of all were the Taleban, who tended to
> regard mental illness as a consequence of lack of faith.
>
> The hospital, opened in 1985, became the base in 1992 for the country's
> then newly-established Institute of Psychiatric Health. It boasted 530
> professional and ancillary personnel on its wards. But the Taleban slashed
> the staff to 50.
>
> Despite the fall of the student militia, it continues to run a limited
> service largely because there's not enough money for specialist equipment
> and support workers.
>
> The hospital has also fallen victim to changes in policy by the
> international aid community. The UN children's agency, UNICEF, was forced
> to stop work with its traumatised children during the Taleban's reign. It
> now wants to help with their treatment again but through community
> programmes.  The trouble is that without more direct support, the hospital
> itself can only provide basic therapeutic care.
>
> Essential programmes like vocational therapy cannot begin without craft
> materials and instruments for music therapy. "Our hospital doesn't have
> the material for patients such as paper, pencils, toys, playroom equipment
> or a soundproofed room," said Dr Ahmadzai.
>
> Patients' families have to buy medicines from the bazaar as the hospital
> dispensary cannot provide them. Breakfast for many patients is often no
> more than a handful of sugar; they must make their own lunches and suppers
> from rice and beans or potatoes.
>
> Mohammad Daud Siyawash is a freelance journalist in Kabul.
>
>
> REFUGEES UNDER NO ILLUSION ABOUT REPATRIATION
>
> Afghan refugees acknowledge the problems they face when they return home
> may be more acute than those they've had to endure in exile.
>
> By Gul Bahar Gharwal in Muzafar Koat refugee camp
>
> In the 20 years since Afghan refugees began arriving in Pakistan, the site
> of the camp at Muzafar Koat has been transformed from an empty, arid
> plain, stuck between the mountainous terrain, into a thriving community.
>
> But it could soon become a desert again. When Afghanistan's former king,
> Zahir Shah, returned after 29 years in exile on April 18, the residents of
> this camp celebrated, seeing it as a sign that they would soon be leaving
> the place where they have lived for two decades.
>
> "Congratulations, do you know that Zahir Shah has come to Afghanistan and
> now the fighting in Afghanistan will be over and we'll all go there
> without any fear," an old man shouted confidently in the bazaar.
>
> Despite continuing instability in Afghanistan, with almost daily reports
> of shootings and potential plots against the Kabul interim administration
> headed by Hamid Karzai, the estimated three million Afghan refugees inside
> Pakistan are beginning to stream home.
>
> The UN refugee agency, UNHCR, had hoped for the return of 400,000 refugees
> this year, but about 300,000 have already poured over the border since the
> organisation's repatriation programme began officially on March 1.
>
> So far, only 15 families from the Muzafar Koat camp, 250 km from Peshawar
> along the Pakistani border with Afghanistan, have formally asked UNHCR to
> help them return. The agency is giving families up to 100 US dollars to
> cover transportation costs and providing rations for their first weeks
> back in Afghanistan.
>
> While few have actually left, everyone in the camp seems to be talking
> about returning, preparing mentally to make the trek back up the dirt
> track that heads over the mountainous border just six kilometres away.
>
> Certainly there are problems facing them in Afghanistan. Their houses are
> destroyed, their fields have been abandoned and there are no schools in
> many areas. There is also a shortage of water and health services are
> almost non-existent.
>
> "We're going to have to deal with real problems when we go back - one of
> the most worrying is the continued presence of armed groups," said a
> resident of the camp, pointing to the international community's reluctance
> to get involved in policing any of the country outside Kabul. "If the
> peacekeepers are sent all over the country we will go as soon as
> possible."
>
> However, with or without foreign protection, there is optimism among
> almost all the refugees that Afghanistan's situation is improving and
> finally they could have an opportunity to head home. That is likely to
> mean the end of their entire town, a place they never expected to spend so
> many years.
>
> The camp was set up in 1980 as Afghan refugees streamed over the border in
> the wake of the Soviet invasion in the late Seventies. It now holds just
> over ten thousand families - more than 60,000 people by the conservative
> yardstick of six people per family.
>
> The residents represent the clans of Afghanistan's Paktia province - the
> Zazi, Mangal, Sabir, Babeker Khail, Khosti and Matan - and have built a
> peaceful, normal life. Food rations for the camp stopped about 10 years
> ago and the refugees now support themselves.
>
> As well as the pull of Afghanistan, there are pressures in Pakistan
> pushing them to go back to their former homes. Residents complain that
> Pakistani officials, who have objected to the prolonged presence of
> refugees, will not let Afghans repair damage to their mud-walled houses
> without the payment of bribes.
>
> They say the quality of education has gone down; and that the only
> hospital here is primitive, with a single doctor. Patients have to endure
> a six-hour drive to the provincial capital, Peshawar, for anything
> serious.
>
> "The Pakistan government closed down our clinics because they didn't like
> the fact that Afghan, rather than Pakistani, doctors were treating
> patients, " said Dr Abdul Rahim Gharwal, who has been in the camp for
> seven years and once had a clinic.
>
> Over the years, people here have had to put up with many hardships - and
> there's no doubt that when they return they may face even greater
> problems. But the general feeling in the camp is that it's better to
> struggle in your own country than a foreign one.
>
> Gul Bahar Gharwal is an Afghan journalist based in Peshawar.
>
> ******************* ABOUT AFGHAN RECOVERY REPORT *******************
>
> Afghan Recovery Report from the Institute for War & Peace Reporting is a
> unique free service providing local media outlets and the international
> community with objective and reliable news from local sources.
>
> Afghan Recovery Report is produced as part of IWPR's training work to
> develop the professional capabilities and sustainability of the Afghan
> print media, facilitating their role as a critical monitor and guardian of
> the stabilization and recovery process.
>
> IWPR Afghanistan provides workshops and practical on-the-job training for
> local journalists, with weekly publicaton and syndication in local
> languague media. Further activities include maintaining an Afghan-run news
> Website, <http://www.afghanweb.org>, training Afghan trainers, working
> with Kabul University journalism students and faculty and reporting on
> human rights and humanitarian issues. The project operates in parternship
> with the Geneva-based Media Action International and, in Peshawar, with
> the Afghan Media Resource Centre.
>
> Executive Director: Anthony Borden; Managing Editor: Yigal Chazan; Project
> Coordinator and Editor: Jamila Aman; Programme Manager: Duncan Furey;
> Training Coordinator: Andrew Stroehlein; Local trainers: Rohan Jayasekera
> (Kabul) & Jack Redden (Peshawar).
>
> The opinions expressed in IWPR's Afghan Recovery Report are those of the
> authors and do not necessarily represent those of the publication or of
> IWPR.
>
> ************************ ABOUT IWPR *****************************
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> Copyright (c) 2002 The Institute for War & Peace Reporting
>
> Afghan Recovery Report No. 4
>
>
>
>