Cumulative samples without callgraph?

Hello,

I have gathered some profile data using just "operf <program>" (i.e., no
-g option to gather callgraph data).

However, when looking at the gmon output with

$ opgprof <program>
$ gprof -p <program> | head

I find that there are distinct counts for cumulative and self:

> Flat profile:
> 
> Each sample counts as 1 samples.
>   %   cumulative   self              self     total           
>  time   samples   samples    calls  T1/call  T1/call  name    
>   5.19 14089090.00 14089090.00                             dagmg_mumps_302_
>   4.85 27256080.00 13166990.00                             mcdriver_mp_mc_push_
>   4.83 40373868.00 13117788.00                             dagmg_mumps_249_
>   4.56 52738720.00 12364852.00      


I'm confused by this. Doesn't "cumulative" mean the time spend in a
function including time spend in calls to other functions? But if operf
didn't look at the callgraph, how can it know anything about this? I
thought that for every sample operf just records what function is being
executed, but not how this function was called.

Best,
-Nikolaus
-- 
Nikolaus Rath, Ph.D.
Senior Scientist
Tri Alpha Energy, Inc.
+1 949 830 2117 ext 211

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