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Daniel,
What pnetops said, and yes, open circuit means no connection, like a simple switch that's off / open. Closed circuit means like a closed switch (on), allowing current to pass both ways.
The diode is meant to only allow current from the battery to the RAM when there is no external power supply providing 5V, and ideally no current at all the other way, though there might be a few microamps.
A healthy diode conducts best when the voltage at the anode is about 0.6V higher than the voltage at the cathode - for a silicon one, or about 0.3V for a germanium diode... it varies, depending on the material and type of diode, but it's generally in about that range.
A dead diode either doesn't conduct at all, or conducts like a small value resistor, with little or no difference in direction.
Since the batteries were soldered in, a lot of these synths still have the original ones because it's not trivial to change one, but a lot of those original batteries still work, after all these years.
- Andy