Poor TCP performance as latency increases

Hi folks —

It seems that there is a performance issue in the TCP stack, and I’m hoping someone else can reproduce my findings as I’m not an expert in this area.

Simple test: Download a file from a web server. As latency between the client and server increases, there is a drastic reduction in throughput. I don’t see this with other (Linux, macOS) TCP stacks.

To rule out any issues with the NIC driver (I’ve tried both wm(4) and ixg(4) here), I can fetch a file hosted on a local Linux NAS and performance is reasonable. As the latency to the web server increases (20ms, 30ms), we see a drop off in performance:

> 0.2ms
berserk$ ping -c1 10.0.0.100
PING aigis (10.0.0.100): 56 data bytes
64 bytes from 10.0.0.100: icmp_seq=0 ttl=64 time=0.213683 ms
berserk$ curl -o /dev/null http://10.0.0.100/files/1Gb.dat
  % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed
100 1024M  100 1024M    0     0   112M      0  0:00:09  0:00:09 --:--:—  112M

> 20ms
aigis$ ping -c1 cdn.netbsd.org
PING cdn.netbsd.org (151.101.137.6): 56 data bytes
64 bytes from 151.101.137.6: seq=0 ttl=57 time=21.185 ms
berserk$ curl -o /dev/null http://cdn.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/images/10.1/NetBSD-10.1-evbarm-aarch64.iso
  % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed
100  261M  100  261M    0     0  21.2M      0  0:00:12  0:00:12 --:--:-- 26.7M

> 30ms
berserk$ ping -c1 bhs.proof.ovh.ca
PING bhs.proof.ovh.ca (51.222.154.207): 56 data bytes
64 bytes from 51.222.154.207: icmp_seq=0 ttl=50 time=28.642797 ms
berserk$ curl -o /dev/null https://bhs.proof.ovh.ca/files/1Gb.dat
  % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed
100 1024M  100 1024M    0     0  10.5M      0  0:01:36  0:01:36 --:--:-- 9674k


From the Linux client (on the same network, behind the same router), performance is reasonable:

> 20ms
aigis$ ping -c1 cdn.netbsd.org
PING cdn.netbsd.org (151.101.137.6): 56 data bytes
64 bytes from 151.101.137.6: seq=0 ttl=57 time=21.185 ms
aigis$ curl -o /dev/null http://cdn.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/images/10.1/NetBSD-10.1-evbarm-aarch64.iso
  % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed
100  261M  100  261M    0     0   137M      0  0:00:01  0:00:01 --:--:--  137M


> 30ms
aigis$ ping -c1 bhs.proof.ovh.ca
PING bhs.proof.ovh.ca (51.222.154.207): 56 data bytes
64 bytes from 51.222.154.207: seq=0 ttl=50 time=28.453 ms
aigis$ curl -o /dev/null https://bhs.proof.ovh.ca/files/1Gb.dat
  % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed
100 1024M  100 1024M    0     0  85.5M      0  0:00:11  0:00:11 --:--:— 95.7M


I’ve tried tweaking some sysctls and some have given small gains but nothing has given a radical improvement. The above test is with these settings, which so far have worked best for me:

  net.inet.tcp.sendbuf_max=16777216 
  net.inet.tcp.recvbuf_max=16777216
  net.inet.tcp.init_win=10
  net.inet.tcp.init_win_local=10
  net.inet.ip.ifq.maxlen=4096
  net.inet.tcp.congctl.selected=cubic
  kern.sbmax=4194304
  net.inet.tcp.sendspace=262144
  net.inet.tcp.recvspace=262144

I can reproduce this on 10.1 and -current.

Take care,
Jared