[Sansevierias] children birds dogs paintings

For homes & gardens - Fettered Birds in colonial 
British America & the early republic


[]
1745 Joseph Badger (American artist, 1708-1765). 
Detail of John Gerry (1741-1786) brother of Elbridge Gerry of Boston with bird.


The birds are returning, and I hope that means 
spring cannot be far away.  I think this is the 
perfect time to look at paintings of 18C 
Americans with their birds, both in the wild & captured in aviaries & cages.


<http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_CvDCiEFbNy8/SxtGXVQH7gI/AAAAAAAAMXI/RMKeRMN4OUQ/s1600-h/1719+Nehemiah+Partridge+1683-1737+Catheine+Ten+Broeck+Butler+2.jpg>
[]
1718 Nehemiah Partridge (American artist, 
1683-1737) Portrait of Catherine Ten Broeck with Bird


We know that native North American birds 
fascinated men & women alike in 18C British 
American colonies. Colonials kept cages for their 
birds. Some even kept larger bird-keeping areas called aviaries.



<http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-rqUD4fPuDV0/UxAKA7zv4SI/AAAAAAABoeY/fyaek1E6PQ8/s1600/1721+Attributed+to+Nehemiah+Partridge+(1683-about+1737)+Sara+Gansevoort+(1718-1731).jpg>
[]

1721 Attributed to Nehemiah Partridge (American 
artist, 1683-1737) Sara Gansevoort (1718-1731) with a bird

An aviary is an enclosed area, often in a garden 
& larger than a traditional birdcage, meant for 
keeping, feeding, and hopefully breeding 
birds.  Aviaries in South Carolina sometimes contained two-story bird houses.


[]
1725 Charles Bridges (American artist, 
1670-1747). Detail of William Byrd II & Lucy 
Parke daughter Evelyn Byrd and a bird in the tree.


Mark Catesby (1682-1749) sailed to Virginia in 
1712, and stayed in the British Atlantic colonies 
for 7 years, sketching & compiling The Natural 
History of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama 
Islands for publication upon his return to 
England. In his monumental work, he described 
birds he had seen in the colonies in cages. 
Thomas Jefferson had a copy of Catesby's History in his library.


[]
1730 Pieter Vanderlyn (American artist, 
1687-1778). Detail Paul de Wandelaer with bird.


Between 1739 and 1762, South Carolinian Eliza 
Lucas Pinckney (c 1722-1793) kept a letterbook in 
which she wrote, "Airry Chorristers pour forth 
their melody...the mocking bird...inchanted me 
with his harmony." By this time, enterprising 
Southerners caged red birds and even exported cages of mockingbirds to England.

The New York Journal published a poem of a woman 
imagining her ideal garden entitled A Wish of a Lady in 1769.

"...Just under my window I'd fancy a lawn,
Where delicate shrubs shou'd be planted with taste,
And none of my ground be seen running to waste.

Instead of Italians, the Linnet and Thrush
Wou'd with harmony greet me from every bush;
Those gay feather'd songsters do rapture inspire!
What music so soft as the heav'nly choir..."


<http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_CvDCiEFbNy8/SxtGLPk1Q3I/AAAAAAAAMWw/eW7ZC_kNtGU/s1600-h/1733+Gerardus+Duyckinck+1695-1746+David+and+Phila+Franks+Am+Jewish+Hist+Soc+Waltham+MA+and+NYC.jpg>
[]
1733 Gerardus Duyckinck (American artist, 
1695-1746). Detail David and Phila Franks with bird.


And 18C portrait painters in America depicted 
men, women, & children with birds from the 
beginning of the century to the end. The question 
is whether the birds are being used as symbols or 
are actually birds that they might have owned.


<http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-NuDJxGrbh-o/UxAKbatIPQI/AAAAAAABoeg/UWYFj27Ar7E/s1600/1750+John+Hesselius+(American+colonial+artist,+1728-1778)+Ann+&+Sarah+Gordon.jpg>
[]

1750 John Hesselius (American colonial artist, 1728-1778) Ann & Sarah Gordon


Birds were kept as pets around Charleston, South 
Carolina, when an ad in the South-Carolina 
Gazette in January of 1753 noted, "ANY Persons 
willing to try the cultivation of Flax and Hemp 
in this province, may have gratis a pint of Hemp 
Seed, and half a pint of Flax Seed, at Mr. 
Commissary Dart's store in Tradd-Street.—But it's 
hopeed ladies will not send for any Hemp Seed for birds."


[]
1755 John Wollaston (American artist, 1710-1775). 
Detail Elizabeth Page & Mann Page, children of 
Mann & Ann Corbin (Tayloe) Page of Rosewell, Gloucester County, with bird.


In February of 1768, James Drummond announced in 
Charleston's The South Carolina and American 
General Gazette that he had "just imported...from 
L(ondon), a large and compleat (Assortment) of 
GOODS, Among which are the following... men and 
womens white Italian gloves... corks, an sortment 
of watchmaker's tools...a bird cage."


<http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-TODVLGDrhH4/UxAiixE_CKI/AAAAAAABogs/bAmMpiPVd_Q/s1600/1755+Joseph+Badger+1708-1765+Elizabeth+Gould.jpg>
[]

1755 Joseph Badger (American artist, 1708-1765). 
Detail of Elizabeth Gould with bird.


James McCall advertised in the 1771 South 
Carolina Gazette and Country Journal the he had 
"just received...a great Variety of Garden Seeds, 
Pease and Beans; Hemp, Canary, Rape, and Moss Seed for Birds."


[]
1758 John Singleton Copley (American artist, 
1738-1815). Detail Anne Fairchild (Mrs. Metcal Bowler) with bird in birdcage.


In 1772, the South-Carolina Gazette carried an ad 
for a plantation to be rented "on the Ashley 
River near Charleston" with "two well-contrived 
aviaries." A year later, the same paper noted a 
lot in Charlestown which contained, "a very good Two-Story Birds House."


[]
1758 John Singleton Copley (American artist, 
1738-1815). Detail Thomas Aston Coffin with two birds.


<http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-XnX2ojLrWGY/UxCUaNEiUnI/AAAAAAABokE/a1AExuAkvyE/s1600/1758+John+Singleton+Copley+(American+artist,+1738-1815)+Mary+&+Elizabeth+Royall+with+dog+and+bird.jpg>
[]

1758 John Singleton Copley (American artist, 
1738-1815) Mary & Elizabeth Royall with dog and bird


Baroness Von Riedesel traveling through the 
British American southern colonies with her 
officer husband during the American Revolution 
wrote, "I had brought two gorgeous birds with me 
from Virginia. The main bird was scarlet with a 
darker red tuft of feathers on his head, about 
the size of a bull-finch, and it sang 
magnificently. The female bird was gray with a 
red breast and also had a tuft of feathers on its head."


[]
1760 Joseph Badger (American artist, 1708-1765). James Badger with bird.


The Baroness continued, "They are very tame soon 
after they are caught and eat out of one's hand. 
These birds live a long time, but if two male 
birds are hung in the same room they are so 
jealous of each other that one of them dies soon afterwards."


<http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-DNcrq1R5hZQ/UxAh7tGkoKI/AAAAAAABogg/co6OSfV3OTw/s1600/1760+Joseph+Badger+1708+-+1765+Jemima+Flucker+Chrysler+Mus+Norfolk+VA.jpg>
[]

1760 Joseph Badger (American artist, 1708 - 
1765). Detail of Jemima Flucker with bird.


She related that she, "saw black birds in 
Virginia of the same size, which always cry 
'willow.' This amused us very much because one of 
my husband's aides was named Willoe."


[]
1763-65 Henry Benbridge (American artist, 
1743-1812). Detail of Gordon Family with bird.


The Baroness stated, "One of my servants 
discovered a whole nest of these red birds and 
fed and raised them. Knowing how much I loved 
them, he left Colle with two cages full on his 
back, but they all died before he reached me, much to our sorrow."


[]
1766-67 John Singleton Copley (American artist, 
1738-1815). Detail of Mary Boylston (Mrs Benjamin Hallowell) with bird.


William Faris (1728-1804) was a silversmith & 
clockmaker living in Annapolis, Maryland, for 
over 50 years. He kept journals & a diary of his 
life there, on & off, during the last quarter of 
the 18th century. On October 25, 1793, Faris 
noted, "Last night the 2 yallow Birds died." 
Earlier, he had written that his "poor Mocking 
Bird" had died. Although these are the only 
references to birds in the diary he kept during 
the 1790s, his 1804 inventory listed eleven bird cages.

Although it is difficult to find descriptions of 
18th century aviaries in the British American 
colonies, we find the the books flowing into the 
colonies from England were replete with 
references to aviaries & descriptions of them.


[]
1766 John Singleton Copley (American artist, 
1738-1815). Detail of Elizabeth Ross (Mrs. William Tyng) with bird.


We know that Francis Bacon (1561-1626), English 
philosopher, statesman, scientist, lawyer, 
jurist, & author, did not like aviaries, or so he 
wrote in his 1625 Essayes or Counsels, Civill and 
Morall in the essay entitled Of Gardens. "For 
Aviaries, I like them not, except they be of that 
largeness as they may be turfed, and have living 
plants and bushes set in them; that the birds may 
have more scope and natural nestling, and that no 
foulness appear in the floor of the aviary."


<http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-HZg5UX4NcA4/US17QbjyedI/AAAAAAABb4s/SUOYZEhDIBo/s1600/John+Singleton+Copley+(1738-1815).Young+Lady+with+a+Bird+and+Dog+1767.jpg>
[]

1767 John Singleton Copley (American artist, 
1738-1815).Young Lady with a Bird and Dog


One of England's earliest agricultural writers, 
John Worlidge's (1640-1700) Systema Horticulturae 
published in 1677, noted that, "One of the 
pleasures belonging to a Garden, is an Aviary, 
which must be near your house, that you may take 
some delight in it there, as well as in your 
Garden, and that you may in all seasons take care 
of its Inhabitants."  Actually, Worlidge dreamed 
of "an Aviary at large, that the whole Garden 
with its Groves and Avenues may be full of these 
pretty Singers, that they may with their charming 
Notes, rouze up our dull Spirits, that are too 
intent upon the Cares of this World, and mind us 
of the Providence, the great God of the Universe 
hath over us, as well as these Creatures."


<http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_CvDCiEFbNy8/SxtDphSOFKI/AAAAAAAAMVY/FTN5zRIP4Mc/s1600-h/1770+-+1775+James+Peale+1+CWF.jpg>
[]
1770-1775 James Peale (American artist, 1749-1831). Girl with bird.


In 1701, when Charles Smith (1715-1762) published 
his Ancient and Present State of the County and 
City of Cork, he noted that "also nearer Cork Mr. 
John Dennis Merchant has a good house and neat gardens with an aviary."


[]
1770 Daniel Hendrickson (American artist, 
1723-1788). Detail of Catharine Hendrickson surrounded by birds.


The most widely read 18C gardening writer &; the 
chief gardener at the Chelsea Physic Garden, 
Philip Miller's (1691-1771) The Gardeners and 
Florists Dictionary of 1724, noted that "Mr. J. 
B. The Author of the Hereford/hire Orchards 
enumerates the Benefits of Orchards, that besides 
their Profit, they sweeten and purify the ambient 
Air, and by that Means, he thinks, conduce to the 
Health...and afford Shade and Shelter in the Heat 
of Summer, but harbour a constant Aviary of sweet 
Singers without Wires."  Philip Miller was widely 
read throughout the British American colonies. 
His Dictionary was owned by Benjamin Franklin, 
Lady Jean Skipwith of Virginia, & Thomas Jefferson.


<http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-4BS1L84tCPs/UxAhO3cAxtI/AAAAAAABogY/AJqWAEqJjuc/s1600/1770s+Charles+Willson+Peale+1741-1827+Mary+Tilghman+&+sons.jpg>
[]

1770s Charles Willson Peale (American artist, 
1741-1827). Detail Mary Tilghman & sons with bluejay.


By 1733, garden designer & writer and an early 
exponent of the English style landscape garden, 
Stephen Switzer (1682-1745) was instructing his 
readers on aviaries in his Practical Husbandman 
and Planter. In the month of June he wrote that 
the aviary requires the "Assistance of the Person 
who looks after it, by the bruising and Emulsion 
of the cool Seeds of Melon and Cucumbers, in 
their watering Pans; as also, by the giving of 
them the leaves of Succory, Beets...and fresh 
Gravel and Earth, to cure them of their Sicknefs 
in Moulting-Time, being now sick of their old 
Feathers. And now young Partridges, Indian Hens, 
Pheasants, Partridges, &c. begin to require a 
little looking after to preserve them from the 
griping Hawk, constantly digging up of Ant-hills 
for the Pecking and Support of the little chirping Brood."


[]
1774 Charles Willson Peale (American artist, 1741 
- 1827). Detail of The Johnson Brothers with bird.


One of the classic books in Thomas Jefferson's 
library, The Builder's Dictionary: or, Gentleman 
and Architect's Companion explained in 1734, that 
an avairy was a "House or Apartment for the 
keeping, feeding, and breeding of Birds." The 
book covers all aspects of building design, 
construction, and finishes. In its time, the 
Dictionary was considered the most complete 
summary available for use by English architects & 
members of the construction trades.


<http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-gVzZUTeoQIM/UxAf6upSt5I/AAAAAAABogM/eqJJvGe66-M/s1600/1788+Charles+Willson+Peale+1741-1827+Mrs+Richard+Gittings+BMA.jpg>
[]

1788 Charles Willson Peale (American artist, 
1741-1827). Detail of Mrs. Richard Gittings with bird in cage.


In 1721, Richard Bradley, a Fellow of the Royal 
Society since 1712, and about to become Professor 
of Botany at Cambridge University, wrote a 
treatise, New Improvements in Planting and 
Gardening both Philosophical and Practical. 
Bradley's work New Improvements... also noted 
that orchards "harbour a constant Aviary of sweet 
Singers, which are here retained without the 
Charge or Violence of the Italian Wires." In the 
British American colonies, Thomas Jefferson also 
owned a copy of Bradley's New Improvements.


<http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-MzNT_3FPYpI/UxAeHmQNOoI/AAAAAAABogA/cxC95cduCRk/s1600/1790+Denison+Limner+Probably+Joseph+Steward+1753-1822+Miss+Denison+of+Stonington,+CN+possibly+Matilda+Nat+Gal+Art.jpg>
[]

1790 Denison Limner Probably Joseph Steward 
(American artist, 1753-1822). Detail of Miss 
Denison of Stonington, CN possibly Matilda with bird and squirrel.


William Derham (1657-1735), was an Anglican 
clergyman, Canon of Windsor Castle, & natural 
philosopher. He was the first man known to 
measure the speed of sound. As a member of the 
Royal Society, he edited the correspondence 
between Eleasar Albin (1708-1742) &; John Ray 
helping publish a Natural History of Birds which 
was illustrated by Albin between 1731-38, and 
which noted the Gamboa Grossbeake. "This Bird was 
brought from Gamboa on the Coast of Guinea and 
was in the Possession of his Grace the Duke of 
Chandos in an Aviary at his Grace's Country Seat 
at Edgeworth," where Albin went to draw it.


<http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mO8BU4CRaM4/UxAdINaBqxI/AAAAAAABof4/L-JDjga19-k/s1600/1790+John+Brewster+(American+artist,+1766-1854).+Detail+of+Boy+with+Bird..jpg>
[]

1790 John Brewster (American artist, 1766-1854). Detail of Boy with Bird.


In 1732, French priest Noel Antoine Pluche's 
(1688-1761) juvenile edition of Spectacle de la 
Nature, Or Nature Display'd recommended  the joys 
of communing with the birds in an aviary. 
Although the book influenced many to become 
naturalists, it was a work of popularization, not 
of science.  In the book, the Duchess character 
explains that in the "Bower which the Count has 
inclosed with a Lattice of Brass Wire. I think I 
have seen, in this charming Aviary, all 
imaginable Sorts of little Birds, as well as 
those of a middling Size... this Aviary boafts a 
little of my Invention, and I commonly undertake 
the Management of it; but my Pains are requited 
by Pleasures that vary every Day. The Contentions 
of these little Creatures, their Endearments, 
their Melody, and Labours, and the obliging 
Civilities I receive from the Generality, when I 
pay them a Visit, are extremely entertaining to 
me. I carry my Work to them, and am never alone. 
One may pass whole Hours and Afternoons there."


<http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Eudp-9XeF3I/UxAb43UDpQI/AAAAAAABofs/Xf-plRcAhwg/s1600/1790+Rufus+Hathaway+1770+-+1822+Molly+Wales+Fobes+with+pets1st-gallery-art.com.jpg>
[]

1790 Rufus Hathaway (American artist, 1770 - 
1822). Detail of Molly Wales Fobes with Birds.


In the 1760 Short Account, of the Principal Seats 
and Gardens, in and about Twickenham, female 
writer Joel Henrietta Pye (Jael Henrietta Mendez 
Pye) (1737-1782) tells of The Earl of Lincoln's 
Seat. "About a Mile beyond Weybridge, situated in 
the midst of a noble Park. The Gardens contain 
150 Acres, and are divided by a fine Canal. The 
whole is laid out in the modern Taste, of 
Flowering Shrubs, Lawns, Clumps &...an Aviary of 
every kind of Singing-Birds, who are, so 
concealed by the Trees, that tho' they fillthfe 
Garden with their Harmony, it is impossible to discover whence it proceeds."


<http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-eabXgfAKFRg/UxAa__1iPCI/AAAAAAABofk/D3tnryR-_Mw/s1600/1790s+James+Earl+(American+artist,+1749-1831).+Detail+of+Boy+with+Cardinal..jpg>
[]

1790s James Earl (American artist, 1749-1831). Detail of Boy with Cardinal.


Christopher Smart, Oliver Goldsmith, & Samuel 
Johnson reported in a compilation of their 
writings called, World Displayed: or, A Curious 
Collection of Voyages and Travels published in 
1750, that in Mexico, "Montezuma had, besides the 
palace in which he kept his court, several 
magnificent pleasure houses, one of which was a 
noble building, supported by pillars of jasper. 
In this edifice he had an aviary of those birds 
that are most remarkable on account of their 
singing or feathers, and these were so numerous, 
that 300 men were said to be employed in 
attending them." Both George Washington & John Adams owned a copy of this book.


<http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_CvDCiEFbNy8/SxtC6BANuoI/AAAAAAAAMUQ/Hv6qBODNp0s/s1600-h/1790s+Mrs+Sharples+Theodosia+Burr+New+Jersey+Pvt.jpg>
[]
1790s Ellen Sharples (American artist, 
1769-1849). Detail of Theodosia Burr of New Jersey with bird.


Arthur Young's (1741-1820) accounts of his 
travels throughout Great Britain were imported 
into the colonies as soon as they were published. 
In his 1778-1770, A Six Months Tour Through the 
North of England, he wrote, "From hence a walk 
winds to the aviary, which is a light Chinese 
building of a very pleasing design; it is stocked 
with Canary and other foreign birds, which are 
kept alive in winter by means of hot walls at the back of the building."


<http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_CvDCiEFbNy8/SxtC1cEjiaI/AAAAAAAAMUI/aLY2xtjpBsA/s1600-h/1793+Rufus+Hathaway+Church+Sampson+Duxbury,+MA+Pvt.jpg>
[]
1793 Rufus Hathaway (American artist, 1770-1822). 
Detail of Church Sampson of Duxbury, MA. with bird and birdcage.


English Architect William Chambers (1723-1796) 
also wrote of what he hoped would be a strong 
Asian influence on English gardening. In his 
1772, A Dissertation on Oriental Gardening, he 
noted that in China, "The saloons generally open 
to little enclosed courts, set round with 
beautiful flower-pots, of different forms, made 
of porcelain, marble or copper, filled with the 
rarest flowers of the season: at the end of the 
court there is generally an aviary."  Chambers' 
book was found in libraries across the new American republic.


<http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-MrFo78eIItA/UxAZqJbC9XI/AAAAAAABofY/pEVr5w8AplI/s1600/1796+Charles+Willson+Peale+1741-1827++Thomas+Elliott+&+gdau+Deborah+Hibernia+Pvt.jpg>
[]

1796 Charles Willson Peale (American artist, 
1741-1827). Thomas Elliott & Grandaughter Deborah Hibernia with white bird.


In England, the 1773 Encyclopaedia Britannica, 
offered its readers practical advice. "AVIARY, a 
place set apart for feeding and propagating 
birds. It Should be so large, as to give the 
birds some freedom of flight; and turfed, to 
avoid the appearance of foulness on the floor." 
These folks had obviously read Francis Bacon's 
essay Of Gardens!  John Charnock (1756-1807) 
wrote in his 1794 Biographia Navalis that the 
retired "Admiral (George) Churchill (1654-1710) 
...had constructed the most beautiful aviary in 
Britain, which he had, at an incredible expence, 
filled with a most rare and valuable collection of birds."

In America, the New-York Magazine; or, Literary 
Repository of 1792, was advising its readers 
that, "A Goldfinch must never be let loose in an 
aviary, for he destroys the nests and breaks the eggs of the other birds."

The next year, William Marshall's (1745-1818) 
Planting and Rural Ornament critically explained 
that "An Aviary Of Foreign Birds appears to be 
equally ill placed, in such a situation: exotic 
birds are apt accompaniments to exotic plants; 
and a shrubery, rather than a sequestered dell, 
seems to be the most natural situation for an 
aviary." George Washington & many other early 
Americans owned a copy of this book.


<http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-dUmesfVIWcQ/UxAN9XZ8bTI/AAAAAAABoe0/ggf4WvhOTiU/s1600/1790s+Unknown+American+artist,+Late+18C+Mary+Ann+Elizabeth+Thum+of+Philadelphia+with+bird..jpg>
[]

1790s Unknown American artist, Mary Ann Elizabeth 
Thum of Philadelphia with bird.


Isaac Weld (1774-1856) noted in his 1800 Travels 
through the States of North America that at 
Thomas Jefferson's Monticello in Virginia, "A 
large apartment is laid out for a library and 
museum, meant to extend the entire breadth of the 
house, the windows of which are to open into an 
extensive greenhouse and aviary."

By the early 19th century, John Claudius Loudon 
(1783-1843) was eager to share his knowledge of 
aviaries with readers of his Encyclopaedia of 
Gardening. He explained that originally apiaries 
were common at the country houses of the Romans, 
where they were used primarily as safe-keeping 
for birds destined to be eaten.  Loudon notes 
that singing-birds, however, also were kept by 
the Persians, Greeks, & Romans in wicker-cages. 
Larger cages of songbirds more permanently set in 
gardens followed. The Chinese built actual 
house-like structures for their birds.  In 1808, 
the last of the great 18C English landscape 
designer Humphrey Repton (1752-1818) 
re-popularized aviaries with his Design for an 
Aviary and Pergola in the Chinese Style.


<http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WelEX7KPqLc/UxAXG4S7P-I/AAAAAAABofE/PIT5uRsBi0o/s1600/1790+Ralph+Earl+(1791-1801)_+Jerusha+Benedict+(Ives).jpg>
[]

1790 Ralph Earl (American artist, 1791-1801) Jerusha Benedict (Ives)


However, Loudon explains that Varro built an 
elegant & spacious aviary, at his country house, 
near Casinum. Varro wrote that there were two 
sorts of aviaries, one for containing birds 
intended for the table, and the other for birds 
kept for their song or plumage. The former sort 
were built entirely for use, but the latter were 
often beautiful pavilions, with an apartment or 
saloon in the centre, for guests to sit in and 
enjoy the melodies of the feathered songsters.

According to Loudon, his fellow countryman, John 
Evelyn (1620-1706) mentioned in his Kalendarium 
Hortense: or, the Gardner's Almanac the parrots 
in the aviary of the Marquis of Argyll at Sayes 
Court. Loudon explained that a parrot aviary was 
built with a glass roof front and ends covered 
with shades & curtains to protect it from the sun 
& frost, and a flue for winter heating. In these 
aviaries artificial or dead trees with glazed 
foliage were fixed in the floor. Sometimes cages 
hung on them, and at other times the birds 
allowed to fly free within the aviary. Early 
Americnas (Increase (1639-1723) & Cotton Mather 
(1663-1728) and New Yorker Lewis Morris 
(1726-1798) owned Evelyn's Kalendarium.)


<http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-7hFQyeUw36M/UxANY2xZccI/AAAAAAABoes/t82z5Rw1pfw/s1600/1805+John+Brewster+Jr.+(American+Painter,+1766-1854)+Francis+O+Watts+with+Bird.jpg>
[]

1805 John Brewster Jr (American artist, 1766-1854)  Francis O Watts with Bird


Loudon revealed that a special canary aviary was 
set in an opaque-roofed greenhouse or 
conservatory, by enclosing it with a partition of 
wire; and furnishing the greenhouse 
with...branches suspended from the roof for the 
birds to perch on.  In another type of aviary...a 
net or wire curtain was thrown over the tops of 
trees. Here songbirds could sing on the trees; 
aquatic birds could glide on the water; & 
pheasants could stroll over the lawn. For severe 
seasons, discreet houses & cages would offer them refuge.


<http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-wIBkdVRL0Ao/US2XggWdBNI/AAAAAAABb7I/92f4Wn0aMAo/s1600/Michele+Felice+Corne+(American+artist,+1752-1845)+Two+Children+at+Play+with+White+Bird+1805.jpg>
[]

  1805 Michele Felice Corne (American artist, 
1752-1845) Two Children at Play with White Bird


Loudon noted that in England, portable netted 
enclosures, from 10 to 20 feet square, were 
distributed over areas of the lawn to display a 
curious collection of domestic fowls. In each 
enclosure was a small wooden box for sheltering 
the animals during night or in severe weather, 
and for breeding. Loudon even suggested that 
"Curious varieties of aquatic fowls might be 
placed on floating aviaries on a lake or 
pond."  He explained that birds from the hot 
climates were sometimes kept in hot-houses among 
their native plants with doors & openings for 
giving air covered with wire cloth. Loudon 
proposed that grouping birds together 
geographically would give rise to an educational 
aviary containing specimens of the native birds 
of a particular country...promoting the knowledge 
of their names, classification, climates, & 
habits. Loudon noted that the emperor Napoleon 
kept a large aviary with species of birds from all over the globe.


<http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-UBV43vQ5XfQ/UxAX9u5noII/AAAAAAABofM/85-fcbLZDf4/s1600/1810+Cephus+Thompson+(American+artist,++1775-1856)+Girl+with+a+Dove+1810.jpg>
[]

1810 Cephus Thompson (American artist, 1775-1856) Girl with a Dove

In America, we finally do get an eyewitness 
account of an aviary in New York City. Grant 
Thorburn's (1773-1863) early 19th-century 
Horticultural Repository on John Street in New 
York City had an avaiary, when Thomas Green 
Fessenden (1771-1837) visited. He wrote of it in 
the Horticultural Register and Gardener's 
Magazine, "The aviary...is filled with many 
beautiful birds which fill the air with their 
sweet songs--the native mockingbird, canary &c. 
all exerting their sweet voices in mingled 
harmony, and fluttering as merrily as in their native woods."


<http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hYiQ37_ZQSs/US2W7TXQ59I/AAAAAAABb64/88miIomlK1k/s1600/Jacob+Maentel+(German-born+American+artist,+1763-1863)+Boy+with+Bird+c+1815.jpg>
[]

  1815 Jacob Maentel (German-born American artist, 1763-1863) Boy with Bird

As the 19th century saw American towns & industry 
grow and homeowners' property size decrease, 
caged birds became more popular. Pennsylvania 
attorney Henry Beck Hirst (1813-1874) wrote, "And 
what man lives, who, as he passes by the cottage 
of the humble labourer, and observes the wicker 
habitation of the well tended Canary suspended at 
the door, does not form a favorable idea of the 
taste of those who dwell within its walls...And 
oh! in the crowded cities, with the hum of 
business & the rattle of wheels sounding ever 
around, is it not pleasant to the ear...to hear 
the voice of some lone bird...and the melancholy 
warbler is converted into the many voiced choir of the forest."


Children with pet birds 16C-18C

Posted: 28 Feb 2014 06:08 AM PST

<http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-xLTmu5xVATU/UxB9t_XLCII/AAAAAAABohE/PtjG2O1tcbk/s1600/1564+Hermann+tom+Ring+(German+artist,+1521%E2%80%931597)+Sisters+Ermengard+and+Walburg+von+Rietberg+Detail+from+Rietberg+Family+Portrait+1564+(with+pet+bird+and+monkey).jpg>
[]

  1564 Hermann tom Ring (German artist, 
1521–1597) Sisters Ermengard and Waalburg von 
Rietberg Detail from Rietberg Family Portrait 1564 (with pet bird and monkey)


<http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-B2dHhPhTOXA/UxB9t7jqz0I/AAAAAAABohA/QUVfc0jbLF0/s1600/1604+Dani%C3%ABl+van+den+Queborn+(Dutch+artist,+1552%E2%80%931602)+Portrait+of+a+little+boy,+maybe+Lodewijk+van+Nassau+(1602-65).jpg>
[]

  1604 Daniël van den Queborn (Dutch artist, 
1552–1602) Portrait of a little boy, maybe Lodewiijk van Nassau


<http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-z-l0CHsdrG4/UxB9t7wYGbI/AAAAAAABog8/rWl0e0sbrNg/s1600/1608+Marcus+Gheeraerts+the+Younger+(1561-1636)+Portrait+of+a+Boy+aged+2.jpg>
[]

  1608 Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger (1561-1636) Portrait of a Boy aged 2


<http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-cgDOGOCn-vQ/UxB9upmrfhI/AAAAAAABohU/Cw1MyZFzPTs/s1600/1620+Unknown,+Flemish+School,+Portrait+of+a+boy,+ca.+1620-30.jpg>
[]

  1620 Unknown artist of the Flemish School, Portrait of a boy


<http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-j7RJvRN35LY/UxB9u9gm6zI/AAAAAAABohY/xZURHZhuodM/s1600/1620s+Cornelis+de+Vos+(Flemish+artist,+1584-1651)++A+Young+Girl+Holding+a+Bullfinch.jpg>
[]

  1620s Cornelis de Vos (Flemish artist, 
1584-1651)  A Young Girl Holding a Bullfinch


<http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-zIrzvib4AA0/UxB9uxOVi2I/AAAAAAABohg/l5CbhFMSlkY/s1600/1627+Wybrand+de+Geest+(Dutch+artist,+1592-1661-65)+Portrait+of+a+boy+(2).jpg>
[]

  1627 Wybrand de Geest (Dutch artist, 1592-1661-65) Portrait of a boy


<http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-G_gjK70l4GE/UxB9vTdlcEI/AAAAAAABoh0/zbC21K-BYZQ/s1600/1629+Attr+to+Dirck+Dircksz+van+Santvoort+(Dutch+artist,+1610-1680)+Portrait+of+a+Child+age+Two+Holding+a+Parrot.jpg>
[]

  1629 Attr to Dirck Dircksz van Santvoort (Dutch 
artist, 1610-1680) Portrait of a Child age Two Holding a Parrot


<http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-uLNft3QHf2Q/UxB9vrc5vVI/AAAAAAABohw/d7eCnrbU5yg/s1600/1632+Jan+Anthonisz+van+Ravesteyn+(Dutch+painter,+1572-1657)+Portrait+of+Joannes+de+Ruyter,+1632+-+Princess+Salimah+Aga+Khan.jpg>
[]

  1632 Jan Anthonisz van Ravesteyn (Dutch 
painter, 1572-1657) Portrait of Joannes de 
Ruyter, 1632 - Princess Salimah Aga Khan


<http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-GTuoU3ww1GI/UxB9v4ZcTiI/AAAAAAABohs/JZsIivgVFAY/s1600/1639+Unknown+artist,+Erardus+van+der+Laen,+1630.jpg>
[]

  1630 Unknown artist, Erardus van der Laen,


<http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-A2uKt27aSOI/UxB9w6V2U4I/AAAAAAABoiE/6Xc6SQ_Xe44/s1600/1640+Unknown+artist+Netherlandish+School+Portrait+of+a+Girl+with+a+Parrot.jpg>
[]

  1640 Unknown artist Netherlandish School Portrait of a Girl with a Parrot


<http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-QJXiJ5NO_Rk/UxB9yPpE_xI/AAAAAAABoiI/Z67pRSw8ZaM/s1600/1640s+Circle+of+Wybrand+de+Geest+(Dutch+artist,+1592-1661-65)+Portrait+of+a+Girl.jpg>
[]

  1640s Circle of Wybrand de Geest (Dutch artist, 
1592-1661-65) Portrait of a Girl


<http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-PdWik_m3wtM/UxB90uob6nI/AAAAAAABoiw/BgWTIctRn5A/s1600/1640s+Philippe+de+Champaigne+(Fench+artist,+1602-1674)++Portrait+of+Anna+Maria+de+Chevreuse+her+father+was+the+chief+falconer+of+F.jpg>
[]

  1640s Philippe de Champaigne (Fench artist, 
1602-1674)  Portrait of Anna Maria de Chevreuse 
her father was the chief falconer of France


<http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-uxts2qbQ3eg/UxB9yWrDPPI/AAAAAAABoiU/Sp8vrhsG0hs/s1600/1642+Charles+Beaubrun+(Charles+Bobrun)+(French+artist,+1604%E2%80%931692)++Portrait+of+Louis+XIV+with+his+younger+brother+Philip+I+of+Orl%C3%A9ans,+ca.+1642.jpg>
[]

  1642 Charles Beaubrun (Charles Bobrun) (French 
artist, 1604–1692)  Portrait of Loouis XIV with 
his younger brother Philip I of Orléans


<http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-M5z5nWdNHDs/UxB9yt9ECGI/AAAAAAABoiY/GXsUc6S3JHo/s1600/1644+Unknown+artist+of+the+Dutch+School+Portrait+of+a+Boy,+Aged+Three,+with+a+Large+Hat+and+a+Parrot.jpg>
[]

  1644 Unknown artist of the Dutch School 
Portrait of a Boy, Aged Three, with a Large Hat and a Parrot


<http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Gfh6NC7FCrA/UxB9zUSpd-I/AAAAAAABoig/SNFrsLTCPcw/s1600/1649+Jacob+Gerritszoon+Cuyp+(Dutch+painter,+1594-1652)+Michiel+Pompe+van+Slingelandt+(1643-1685),.jpg>
[]

  1649 Jacob Gerritszoon Cuyp (Dutch painter, 
1594-1652) Michiel Pompe van Slingelandt (1643-1685),


<http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Z5RPAGFpcjc/UxB9z8cUnQI/AAAAAAABoi0/ulMGhZXJejo/s1600/1650+Erasmus+Quellinus+II+(Flemish+painter,+1607%E2%80%931678)+Portrait+of+a+Young+Boy.jpg>
[]

  1650 Erasmus Quellinus II (Flemish painter, 
1607–1678) Portrait off a Young Boy


<http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-MwXZKYjcBnc/UxB90JmDnxI/AAAAAAABois/Dpetqbkz1pU/s1600/1650-90+Unknown+artist+Young+Children+with+a+Spaniel+and+a+Parrot+1650-99+artist+unknown.jpg>
[]

  1650-90 Unknown artist Young Children with a Spaniel and a Parrot


<http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-C6-CkocZkos/UxB91PzoMkI/AAAAAAABojM/m_zJJxZ1HF8/s1600/1664+Cesar+Pietersz,+or+Cesar+Boetius+van+Everdingen+(Dutch+artist,+1616-17-1678)+Two-year-old+Boy+with+an+Apple+1664.jpg>
[]

  1664 Cesar Pietersz, or Cesar Boetius van 
Everdingen (Dutch artist, 1616-17-1678) Two-year-old Boy with an Apple


<http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-zFLvtXD7eCM/UxB91Z40ieI/AAAAAAABojI/_6lN_N61SVo/s1600/1690s+Godfrey+Kneller+(English+artist,+1648%E2%80%931723)+Portrait+of+a+Boy+of+the+Pole+Family.jpg>
[]

  1690s Godfrey Kneller (English artist, 
1648–1723) Portrait of a Boy of the Pole Family

<
<http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Cy651DsIhBA/UxB91WDmdHI/AAAAAAABojE/7qxzPk52-Co/s1600/1731+Jean+Ranc+(French+artist,+1674-1735)+Mar%C3%ADa+Antonieta+Fernanda+de+Borb%C3%B3n+(1729-1785).jpg>
[]

  1731 Jean Ranc (French artist, 1674-1735) 
María Antonieta Fernanda de Borbón (1729-1785)


<http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-XYOJMluk9Ao/UxB92A8CvbI/AAAAAAABojg/JxHb7nESOY8/s1600/1768+Francesco+Guardi+(Italian+artist,+1712-93)+A+Young+Girl+of+the+Gradenigo+Family+with+a+Dove.jpg>
[]

  1768 Francesco Guardi (Italian artist, 1712-93) 
A Young Girl of the Gradenigo Family with a Dove


<http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-aMAgFgP_2Pk/UxB92VGk9yI/AAAAAAABojc/PbMrJFQuack/s1600/1776+Thomas+Hudson+(English+artist,+1701-79)+Boy+with+Birds+in+a+Tricorn+Hat+c+1776.jpg>
[]

1776 Thomas Hudson (English artist, 1701-79) Boy with Birds in a Tricorn Hat


<http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-5gQDrq4_15Q/UxCYFKpgXRI/AAAAAAABokQ/TUZzbQGfJyY/s1600/1787+Francisco+Jos%C3%A9+de+Goya+(Spanish+painter,+1746%E2%80%931828)+Don+Manuel+Osorio+Manrique+de+Zuniga.jpg>
[]

1787 Francisco José de Goya (Spanish painter, 
1746–1828) Don Manuel Osorio Manrique de Zuniiga