Can Soil Microbes Slow Climate Change? - Scientific American

Lawrence London <[email protected]> Tue, 26 Mar 2019 21:33:03 -0400
Newsgroups gmane.politics.activism.permaculture
Message-ID <CA+j2Q+ArZk5ULv-TRsPjXFPi3LKBvDVS=zPJQt2Cxg21auYopQ@mail.gmail.com>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