Re: [dinosaur] Turkey ribcage + early mammal jaws + whale gigantism + Cretaceous feather-eating bugs + more
Heinrich Mallison <[email protected]> Sun, 15 Dec 2019 13:41:11 +0100
| Newsgroups | gmane.science.dinosaurs.general |
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| Message-ID | <CAEHScE24+79tUWuk9aCMfxD5PsBJ7TjA+ztEu2rBDEUuWrJ6eg@mail.gmail.com> |
--000000000000798ab50599bd69d3 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="UTF-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: Quoted-printable Re non-single-axis rib rotation in crocs:=0AXROMM was performed with specim= en resting on belly. Thus, gravitationally=0Adriven compression of ribcage = may have influenced rib motion, inducing=0Aabduction etc.=0AErgo: contra ab= stract of turkey rib paper, absence of single axis rotation=0Ahas NOT been = found to be absent in crocs, but only been found to be absent=0Aunder limit= ed, far from maximum performance conditions.=0A=0AOn Thu, Dec 12, 2019, 22:= 32 Ben Creisler <[email protected]> wrote:=0A=0A>=0A> Ben Creisler=0A> bc= [email protected]=0A>=0A>=0A> Some recent non-dino papers:=0A>=0A> =3D=3D= =3D=3D=3D=0A>=0A> Robert J. Brocklehurst, Sabine Moritz, Jonathan Codd, Wil= liam I. Sellers &=0A> Elizabeth L. Brainerd (2019)=0A> XROMM kinematics of = ventilation in wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo).=0A> Journal of Experimen= tal Biology 222: jeb209783=0A> doi: 10.1242/jeb.209783=0A> https://urldefen= se.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__jeb.biologists.org_content_222_23_je= b209783&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_m= O4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3Dngnt7c21XQKpoQcp9BmytthAWx8UFIS= 8FoxZhG5i2vs&s=3D4KOXYODUCUvmSUliPGDSgMiPXo-u2bZy-AoJojI4FkU&e=3D=20=0A> <h= ttps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__jeb.biologists.org_co= ntent_222_23_jeb209783&d=3DDwMFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CS= fnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DZIUkZEQXkO_e835q= Nk3CN1j5NCL6VdpdPfcHNe9GwA8&s=3DxXhJb2SlRL_6yhE29p6ZiPGcqroyxuIkGUcNGX6E0mo= &e=3D>=0A>=0A> The avian ribcage is derived relative to other amniotes, and= is=0A> hypothesised to be constrained in its movements during ventilation.= The=0A> double-headed ribs form two articulations with the vertebrae, and = are=0A> thought to rotate about a strict anatomical axis. However, this=0A>= costovertebral joint constraint has not been demonstrated empirically and= =0A> was not found in other taxa with double-headed ribs (i.e. crocodilians= ).=0A> Here, we used X-ray reconstruction of moving morphology (XROMM) to q= uantify=0A> rib rotation in wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) during breat= hing. We=0A> demonstrate that, as predicted from anatomy, the ribs do rotat= e in a=0A> hinge-like manner about a single axis. There is also evidence fo= r=0A> elliptical motion of the sternum, as has been reported in other taxa.= The=0A> evolution of the avian ribcage is closely related to the co-evolut= ion of=0A> ventilation and flight, and these results are important for how = we model=0A> ventilation mechanics in living and fossil birds.=0A>=0A> =3D= =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=0A>=0A>=0A> Juan Alberto P=C3=A9rez-Valera, = M=C3=A9lani Berrocal-Casero & Fernando P=C3=A9rez-Valera=0A> (2019)=0A> Fir= st Triassic tetrapod (Eusauropterygia) in the Triassic of the Subbetic=0A> = domain of the Betic Cordillera (Southeastern Spain).=0A> PalZ (advance onli= ne publication)=0A> DOI: https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps= -3A__doi.org_10.1007_s12542-2D019-2D00500-2Dy&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEO= VIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9= SI&m=3Dngnt7c21XQKpoQcp9BmytthAWx8UFIS8FoxZhG5i2vs&s=3DTvEqk60389PhQHB8E_aZ= IKVjdIFEnkMQOY7BSobb0vM&e=3D=20=0A> <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/u= rl?u=3Dhttps-3A__doi.org_10.1007_s12542-2D019-2D00500-2Dy&d=3DDwMFaQ&c=3Dcl= K7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn= 5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DZIUkZEQXkO_e835qNk3CN1j5NCL6VdpdPfcHNe9GwA8&s=3DIvM0H58S= f5MtGce2he1ij4EDl86k4s-dg5BoVBCOKRM&e=3D>=0A> https://urldefense.proofpoint= .com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__link.springer.com_article_10.1007_s12542-2D019-2D= 00500-2Dy&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy= _mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3Dngnt7c21XQKpoQcp9BmytthAWx8UF= IS8FoxZhG5i2vs&s=3DiRw_rLoQFVX_Vbmg0TdR_K5RoLfBzegobHDc9mh8AGQ&e=3D=20=0A> = <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__link.springer.com_a= rticle_10.1007_s12542-2D019-2D00500-2Dy&d=3DDwMFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0= NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m= =3DZIUkZEQXkO_e835qNk3CN1j5NCL6VdpdPfcHNe9GwA8&s=3DpeDhakWsWgX0xfZcVPq3meRU= A2yFMzj8j-wpTChlXvE&e=3D>=0A>=0A>=0A> Sauropterygian vertebrate remains fro= m the Ladinian (Middle Triassic) of=0A> the proximity of Calasparra (Murcia= , Spain) are described here. They=0A> represent the first documented Triass= ic vertebrate remains found in the=0A> Province of Murcia, and the first in= the Subbetic domain of the Betic=0A> Cordillera (Southeastern Spain). Thes= e new remains consist of incomplete=0A> vertebrae, some fragmented neural s= pine apophyses, fragments of transverse=0A> processes, a partial thoracic v= ertebrae mould and one isolated thoracic=0A> vertebral centrum, seemingly o= f a single specimen. Their features permit to=0A> refer them to the suborde= r Eusauropterygia. These fossils have been found=0A> in the middle part of = the upper member of the Ceheg=C3=ADn Formation. The=0A> biostratigraphical = framework of the Ceheg=C3=ADn Formation consists of a=0A> relatively abunda= nt fossil content that allowed its attribution to the=0A> uppermost Fassani= an (Lower Ladinian). The sedimentary features and the=0A> palaeontological = content of the site are typical of an epicontinental=0A> platform.=0A>=0A> = =3D=3D=3D=0A>=0A> Free pdf:=0A>=0A> Andrej =C4=8CER=C5=87ANSK=C3=9D & Marc = Louis AUG=C3=89 (2019)=0A> The Oligocene and Miocene fossil lizards (Reptil= ia, Squamata) of Central=0A> Mongolia.=0A> GEODIVERSITAS 41 (24): 811-839= =0A> DOI: https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__doi.org_10= .5252_geodiversitas2019v41a24&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN= 0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3Dngnt7c21X= QKpoQcp9BmytthAWx8UFIS8FoxZhG5i2vs&s=3DGG7ZhYdU5gcjG42kJEWIdyHSVntO4fCL8PCp= CcIOdmg&e=3D=20=0A> <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A_= _doi.org_10.5252_geodiversitas2019v41a24&d=3DDwMFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi= 0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m= =3DZIUkZEQXkO_e835qNk3CN1j5NCL6VdpdPfcHNe9GwA8&s=3DwcN4VhQpnhHhEBoh5JWpGgXn= 96x2knvMRRDFABHNv3s&e=3D>=0A> https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3D= http-3A__sciencepress.mnhn.fr_en_periodiques_geodiversitas_41_24&d=3DDwIFaQ= &c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZg= ecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3Dngnt7c21XQKpoQcp9BmytthAWx8UFIS8FoxZhG5i2vs&s=3DI= OXjMCw9X60nbKMWb9XV2hQS4vX09PHIE5GqX-Ku3Q8&e=3D=20=0A> <https://urldefense.= proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttp-3A__sciencepress.mnhn.fr_en_periodiques_geod= iversitas_41_24&d=3DDwMFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&= r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DZIUkZEQXkO_e835qNk3CN1j= 5NCL6VdpdPfcHNe9GwA8&s=3D9CpIGDfNlSuBDWVgcuA2qL21ypCPCsW83IP5GNhpXgI&e=3D>= =0A>=0A> Free pdf:=0A>=0A> https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhtt= p-3A__sciencepress.mnhn.fr_sites_default_files_articles_pdf_g2019v41a24.pdf= &d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUm= Gof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3Dngnt7c21XQKpoQcp9BmytthAWx8UFIS8FoxZhG= 5i2vs&s=3Dcef9aZko8UnIKGyjqJO50fZb1C5mvmwlx0zEKmgTS0Y&e=3D=20=0A> <https://= urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttp-3A__sciencepress.mnhn.fr_sites_de= fault_files_articles_pdf_g2019v41a24.pdf&d=3DDwMFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi= 0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m= =3DZIUkZEQXkO_e835qNk3CN1j5NCL6VdpdPfcHNe9GwA8&s=3DfmtL2TzFej0izuWhF3uNViWF= gjGbfP8VaB-qXT3fn4k&e=3D>=0A>=0A>=0A> Lizard material from the early Oligoc= ene and early and late Miocene of the=0A> Valley of Lakes, Central Mongolia= is described. Besides the Oligocene=0A> fossorial squamate published elsew= ere, the material can be allocated to=0A> several major clades: Agamidae, L= acertidae and Anguidae (Glyptosaurinae).=0A> The presence of Pseudotinosaur= us Alifanov, 1991 in early and late Rupelian=0A> localities shows that this= taxon has a continuous history in this area from=0A> the Eocene to the Oli= gocene. The same is true for the clade Glyptosaurinae,=0A> represented by i= solated osteoderms in the early Oligocene locality Hsanda=0A> Gol. This mig= ht suggest that the Eocene-Oligocene transition did not have=0A> such a str= ong or rapid impact in East Asia, in contrast to the Grande=0A> Coupure in = Europe, at least among some lizard clades. The early Oligocene=0A> (early R= upelian) lacertids from Taatsiin Gol, Hsanda Gol and Tatal Gol=0A> represen= t one of the oldest evidences of Asiatic dispersal of this clade.=0A> It mi= ght reflect the dispersal pathways after closure of the Turgai Strait=0A> b= etween Europe and Asia. Some of the material closely resembles the common= =0A> European Oligocene taxon Lacerta s.l. filholi Aug=C3=A9, 1988. In the = early=0A> Miocene locality Olon Ovoony Khurem, two clades can be recognized= =E2=80=93=0A> Lacertidae and a scincoid with a specialized dentition (fami= ly=0A> indeterminate). The clade Lacertidae forms a dominant component of t= he late=0A> Miocene lizard fossils in Mongolia. The material from the local= ity Builstyn=0A> Khudag shows differences compared to the early Miocene lac= ertids and=0A> represents the oldest evidence of the tribe Eremiadini in th= is area.=0A>=0A> =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=0A>=0A> Free pdf:=0A>=0A> Nuria Melisa Mor= ales-Garc=C3=ADa, Thomas D. Burgess, Jennifer J. Hill, Pamela=0A> G. Gill a= nd Emily J. Rayfield (2019)=0A> The use of extruded finite-element models a= s a novel alternative to=0A> tomography-based models: a case study using ea= rly mammal jaws.=0A> Journal of the Royal Society Interface 16: 20190674=0A= > doi: https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttp-3A__dx.doi.org_10.= 1098_rsif.2019.0674&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc= _gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3Dngnt7c21XQKpoQcp9Bm= ytthAWx8UFIS8FoxZhG5i2vs&s=3DiXJZqSGPBb50WXnnh9LNd0P8agU0MsbxlgV5p_Ftq0g&e= =3D=20=0A> <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttp-3A__dx.doi.or= g_10.1098_rsif.2019.0674&d=3DDwMFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7= CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DZIUkZEQXkO_e83= 5qNk3CN1j5NCL6VdpdPfcHNe9GwA8&s=3DMaoiw69eKgGtfT1kgQM0PjLP54soJRfiKEeoEHKeI= sc&e=3D>=0A> https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__royalso= cietypublishing.org_doi_10.1098_rsif.2019.0674&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVE= OVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW= 9SI&m=3Dngnt7c21XQKpoQcp9BmytthAWx8UFIS8FoxZhG5i2vs&s=3D7woDIQrgba53SxRGGV2= CEjLd_gp1i2dEQQO5WqPGi4M&e=3D=20=0A> <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/= url?u=3Dhttps-3A__royalsocietypublishing.org_doi_10.1098_rsif.2019.0674&d= =3DDwMFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGo= f_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DZIUkZEQXkO_e835qNk3CN1j5NCL6VdpdPfcHNe9G= wA8&s=3DyPkxRj6knG2-7arJ7eYZZogp3D1u1Yst2oD_ABDdvG8&e=3D>=0A>=0A> Free pdf:= =0A> https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__royalsocietypub= lishing.org_doi_pdf_10.1098_rsif.2019.0674&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIg= vi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&= m=3Dngnt7c21XQKpoQcp9BmytthAWx8UFIS8FoxZhG5i2vs&s=3D9QcXoQrGsQzgi-9WlshBgLK= l90QegoS2ChOvCNBv2wE&e=3D=20=0A> <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?= u=3Dhttps-3A__royalsocietypublishing.org_doi_pdf_10.1098_rsif.2019.0674&d= =3DDwMFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGo= f_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DZIUkZEQXkO_e835qNk3CN1j5NCL6VdpdPfcHNe9G= wA8&s=3DreZqR_Wh7Z5_BITDVRtRhfMqJP2uQDLmbcz45nOrDsc&e=3D>=0A>=0A> Finite-el= ement (FE) analysis has been used in palaeobiology to assess the=0A> mechan= ical performance of the jaw. It uses two types of models:=0A> tomography-ba= sed three-dimensional (3D) models (very accurate, not always=0A> accessible= ) and two-dimensional (2D) models (quick and easy to build, good=0A> for br= oad-scale studies, cannot obtain absolute stress and strain values).=0A> He= re, we introduce extruded FE models, which provide fairly accurate=0A> mech= anical performance results, while remaining low-cost, quick and easy to=0A>= build. These are simplified 3D models built from lateral outlines of a=0A>= relatively flat jaw and extruded to its average width. There are two types= :=0A> extruded (flat mediolaterally) and enhanced extruded (accounts for wi= dth=0A> differences in the ascending ramus). Here, we compare mechanical=0A= > performance values resulting from four types of FE models (i.e.=0A> tomog= raphy-based 3D, extruded, enhanced extruded and 2D) in Morganucodon=0A> and= Kuehneotherium. In terms of absolute values, both types of extruded=0A> mo= del perform well in comparison to the tomography-based 3D models, but=0A> e= nhanced extruded models perform better. In terms of overall patterns, all= =0A> models produce similar results. Extruded FE models constitute a viable= =0A> alternative to the use of tomography-based 3D models, particularly in= =0A> relatively flat bones.=0A>=0A> =3D=3D=3D=3D=0A>=0A> J. A. Goldbogen, D= . E. Cade, D. M. Wisniewska, J. Potvin, P. S. Segre, M.=0A> S. Savoca, E. L= . Hazen, M. F. Czapanskiy, S. R. Kahane-Rapport, S. L.=0A> DeRuiter, S. Ger= o, P. T=C3=B8nnesen, W. T. Gough, M. B. Hanson, M. M. Holt, F.=0A> H. Jense= n, M. Simon, A. K. Stimpert, P. Arranz, D. W. Johnston, D. P.=0A> Nowacek, = S. E. Parks, F. Visser, A. S. Friedlaender, P. L. Tyack, P. T.=0A> Madsen &= N. D. Pyenson (2019)=0A> Why whales are big but not bigger: Physiological = drivers and ecological=0A> limits in the age of ocean giants.=0A> Science 3= 66(6471): 1367-1372=0A> DOI: 10.1126/science.aax9044=0A> https://urldefense= .proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__science.sciencemag.org_content_366_647= 1_1367.abstract&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&= r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3Dngnt7c21XQKpoQcp9Bmytth= AWx8UFIS8FoxZhG5i2vs&s=3DB3OcaHPtXoO7cQR2PMi7a2YlpRpjhHw1f2U2Rz8HBIs&e=3D= =20=0A> <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__science.sci= encemag.org_content_366_6471_1367.abstract&d=3DDwMFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIg= vi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&= m=3DZIUkZEQXkO_e835qNk3CN1j5NCL6VdpdPfcHNe9GwA8&s=3D-Qgz3H44g_d3asZvcO6Bk-Q= OQedelOmTsmVy_zz6POc&e=3D>=0A>=0A> It's the prey that matters=0A>=0A> Altho= ugh many people think of dinosaurs as being the largest creatures to=0A> ha= ve lived on Earth, the true largest known animal is still here today--the= =0A> blue whale. How whales were able to become so large has long been of= =0A> interest. Goldbogen et al. used field-collected data on feeding and di= ving=0A> events across different types of whales to calculate rates of ener= gy gain=0A> (see the Perspective by Williams). They found that increased bo= dy size=0A> facilitates increased prey capture. Furthermore, body-size incr= ease in the=0A> marine environment appears to be limited only by prey avail= ability.=0A>=0A> Abstract=0A>=0A> The largest animals are marine filter fee= ders, but the underlying=0A> mechanism of their large size remains unexplai= ned. We measured feeding=0A> performance and prey quality to demonstrate ho= w whale gigantism is driven=0A> by the interplay of prey abundance and harv= esting mechanisms that increase=0A> prey capture rates and energy intake. T= he foraging efficiency of toothed=0A> whales that feed on single prey is co= nstrained by the abundance of large=0A> prey, whereas filter-feeding baleen= whales seasonally exploit vast swarms=0A> of small prey at high efficienci= es. Given temporally and spatially=0A> aggregated prey, filter feeding prov= ides an evolutionary pathway to=0A> extremes in body size that are not avai= lable to lineages that must feed on=0A> one prey at a time. Maximum size in= filter feeders is likely constrained by=0A> prey availability across space= and time.=0A> ****=0A> Terrie M. Williams (2019)=0A> The biology of big=0A= > Science 366(6471): 1316-1317=0A> DOI: 10.1126/science.aba1128=0A> https:/= /urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__science.sciencemag.org_cont= ent_366_6471_1316&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_g= I&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3Dngnt7c21XQKpoQcp9Bmyt= thAWx8UFIS8FoxZhG5i2vs&s=3DXcVjaZTYHhZajoY9AJ8oD1_P8QZpS4BVSCPvqp0ScYw&e=3D= =20=0A> <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__science.sci= encemag.org_content_366_6471_1316&d=3DDwMFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOU= HhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DZIUkZ= EQXkO_e835qNk3CN1j5NCL6VdpdPfcHNe9GwA8&s=3D9bMwGluAB03qgqOkDsR08nK9BKF1q1pX= vKkGQnYY3MU&e=3D>=0A>=0A>=0A> Summary=0A>=0A> With so many recent scientifi= c advances focused on the mini, micro, nano,=0A> and molecular scales, ther= e is a tendency to overlook the titanic biology=0A> of giants that share th= e Earth. The sheer magnitude of a scientific=0A> undertaking to study an oc= eanic, 25-m-long, 95,000-kg wild blue whale=0A> (Balaenoptera musculus)=E2= =80=94the largest vertebrate in the animal kingdom=E2=80=94has=0A> long lef= t researchers with little more than brief glimpses of their=0A> presence wh= en the leviathan surfaces to breathe. On page 1367 of this=0A> issue, Goldb= ogen et al. (1) describe how they took advantage of=0A> developments in mic= roprocessor technology to design submersible wildlife=0A> tags. The authors= used the new tools to measure the feeding performance and=0A> prey choices= of the largest mammals in the seas. These data revealed the=0A> ecological= and evolutionary factors that drive the biology of being, not=0A> just big= , but the biggest ever=E2=80=94perhaps the biggest possible.=0A>=0A> =3D=3D= =3D=0A>=0A> Free pdf:=0A>=0A> Taiping Gao, Xiangchu Yin, Chungkun Shih, Ale= xandr P. Rasnitsyn, Xing Xu,=0A> Sha Chen, Chen Wang & Dong Ren (2019)=0A> = New insects feeding on dinosaur feathers in mid-Cretaceous amber.=0A> Natur= e Communications 10, Article number: 5424=0A> doi: https://urldefense.proof= point.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__doi.org_10.1038_s41467-2D019-2D13516-2D4&d= =3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGo= f_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3Dngnt7c21XQKpoQcp9BmytthAWx8UFIS8FoxZhG5i= 2vs&s=3D_TSUd4HMU6h4DMbWW1EwV0AGbzSxEUPfNg44hp2a02A&e=3D=20=0A> <https://ur= ldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__doi.org_10.1038_s41467-2D019-2= D13516-2D4&d=3DDwMFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DR= y_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DZIUkZEQXkO_e835qNk3CN1j5NCL6= VdpdPfcHNe9GwA8&s=3Dg8WEw5SUWKp6mrR6R5JvN85zIYx9r4oeijv6Uj9SGU4&e=3D>=0A> h= ttps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__www.nature.com_articl= es_s41467-2D019-2D13516-2D4&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H= 8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3Dngnt7c21XQK= poQcp9BmytthAWx8UFIS8FoxZhG5i2vs&s=3D0WNCFcXqtC6TZOPwhjwAN82Qbo_nI5Jxmr_6Bw= bC73M&e=3D=20=0A> <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__w= ww.nature.com_articles_s41467-2D019-2D13516-2D4&d=3DDwMFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAV= EOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgF= W9SI&m=3DZIUkZEQXkO_e835qNk3CN1j5NCL6VdpdPfcHNe9GwA8&s=3Dn-empxuMhnSfw2gSUu= cJuToRROsr6135haydPU8kl3w&e=3D>=0A>=0A> Free pdf:=0A> https://urldefense.pr= oofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__www.nature.com_articles_s41467-2D019-2D13= 516-2D4.pdf&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3D= Ry_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3Dngnt7c21XQKpoQcp9BmytthAWx8= UFIS8FoxZhG5i2vs&s=3DkoGNake27sWJTvidNrgEPXuC9H8zAdW4JCZ4afZgPFU&e=3D=20=0A= > <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__www.nature.com_ar= ticles_s41467-2D019-2D13516-2D4.pdf&d=3DDwMFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5B= OUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DZIU= kZEQXkO_e835qNk3CN1j5NCL6VdpdPfcHNe9GwA8&s=3DgXSHqJIvODK8hOMNMshzYWCdArXJI6= palOERGfaIjyQ&e=3D>=0A>=0A> Due to a lack of Mesozoic fossil records, the o= rigins and early evolution=0A> of feather-feeding behaviors by insects are = obscure. Here, we report ten=0A> nymph specimens of a new lineage of insect= , Mesophthirus engeli gen et. sp.=0A> nov. within Mesophthiridae fam. nov. = from the mid-Cretaceous (ca. 100 Mya)=0A> Myanmar (Burmese) amber. This new= insect clade shows a series of=0A> ectoparasitic morphological characters = such as tiny wingless body, head=0A> with strong chewing mouthparts, robust= and short antennae having long=0A> setae, legs with only one single tarsal= claw associated with two additional=0A> long setae, etc. Most significantl= y, these insects are preserved with=0A> partially damaged dinosaur feathers= , the damage of which was probably made=0A> by these insects=E2=80=99 integ= ument-feeding behaviors. This finding demonstrates=0A> that feather-feeding= behaviors of insects originated at least in=0A> mid-Cretaceous, accompanyi= ng the radiation of feathered dinosaurs including=0A> early birds.=0A>=0A>= =0A> News:=0A>=0A>=0A> https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3= A__phys.org_news_2019-2D12-2Dancient-2Dlice-2Dlike-2Dinsects-2Ddinosaur-2Df= eathers.html&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r= =3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3Dngnt7c21XQKpoQcp9BmytthA= Wx8UFIS8FoxZhG5i2vs&s=3Dkon4fUyZoNuEOdKWs1nf0c6Zdj7zWJY19HI-QobXFb4&e=3D=20= =0A> <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__phys.org_news_= 2019-2D12-2Dancient-2Dlice-2Dlike-2Dinsects-2Ddinosaur-2Dfeathers.html&d=3D= DwMFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Y= l9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DZIUkZEQXkO_e835qNk3CN1j5NCL6VdpdPfcHNe9GwA8= &s=3DWkgbWukhL_4pvUmGCmxzihljj3Oc9O5vQ9T_22VU3dE&e=3D>=0A>=0A> =3D=3D=3D=3D= =0A>=0A> Free pdf:=0A>=0A> Ekaterina Larina, David J. Bottjer, Frank A. Cor= setti, John-Paul=0A> Zonneveld, Aaron J. Celestian & Jake V. Bailey (2019)= =0A> Uppermost Triassic phosphorites from Williston Lake, Canada: link to= =0A> fluctuating euxinic-anoxic conditions in northeastern Panthalassa befo= re=0A> the end-Triassic mass extinction.=0A> Scientific Reports 9, Article = number: 18790=0A> doi: https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3= A__doi.org_10.1038_s41598-2D019-2D55162-2D2&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVI= gvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI= &m=3Dngnt7c21XQKpoQcp9BmytthAWx8UFIS8FoxZhG5i2vs&s=3DTlxXPl2E1KJyCs1lXOfm43= H_ZJ3SZiP5OjA0wLxV0ng&e=3D=20=0A> <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url= ?u=3Dhttps-3A__doi.org_10.1038_s41598-2D019-2D55162-2D2&d=3DDwMFaQ&c=3DclK7= kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g= 4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DZIUkZEQXkO_e835qNk3CN1j5NCL6VdpdPfcHNe9GwA8&s=3DGRkEOur15Y= BDv4hVpTiPyo79yOFVoaIc5eg6r3r0VAc&e=3D>=0A> https://urldefense.proofpoint.c= om/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__www.nature.com_articles_s41598-2D019-2D55162-2D2&d= =3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGo= f_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3Dngnt7c21XQKpoQcp9BmytthAWx8UFIS8FoxZhG5i= 2vs&s=3DpDryxKuU1nEz0D3pV77e9bvr4VVdkjwhxUEt3eAceVU&e=3D=20=0A> <https://ur= ldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__www.nature.com_articles_s41598= -2D019-2D55162-2D2&d=3DDwMFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_= gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DZIUkZEQXkO_e835qNk3C= N1j5NCL6VdpdPfcHNe9GwA8&s=3DAuw0vmDNAIRA7-ngMl8aCoi4gNKJ5Pk_Y0n3ut1vGe0&e= =3D>=0A>=0A> Free pdf:=0A> https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhtt= ps-3A__www.nature.com_articles_s41598-2D019-2D55162-2D2.pdf&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3D= clK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCK= Hn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3Dngnt7c21XQKpoQcp9BmytthAWx8UFIS8FoxZhG5i2vs&s=3D5go4vb= Jz6JNx39ww2YSWny1B-fmckhmvY4daMwCsN3E&e=3D=20=0A> <https://urldefense.proof= point.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__www.nature.com_articles_s41598-2D019-2D55162= -2D2.pdf&d=3DDwMFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_= mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DZIUkZEQXkO_e835qNk3CN1j5NCL6Vd= pdPfcHNe9GwA8&s=3DMkI3Xbr_P_2yn5hLvDiLc-wjVegcuPqxvjka0WApOHU&e=3D>=0A>=0A>= =0A> The end-Triassic mass extinction (ETE) is associated with a rise in CO= 2=0A> due to eruptions of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP), an= d had=0A> a particularly dramatic effect on the Modern Fauna, so an underst= anding of=0A> the conditions that led to the ETE has relevance to current r= ising CO2=0A> levels. Here, we report multiple phosphorite deposits in stra= ta that=0A> immediately precede the ETE at Williston Lake, Canada, which al= low the=0A> paleoenvironmental conditions leading up to the mass extinction= to be=0A> investigated. The predominance of phosphatic coated grains withi= n=0A> phoshorites indicates reworking in shallow water environments. Raman= =0A> spectroscopy reveals that the phosphorites contain organic carbon, and= =0A> petrographic and scanning electron microscopic analyses reveal that th= e=0A> phosphorites contain putative microfossils, potentially suggesting=0A= > microbial involvement in a direct or indirect way. Thus, we favor a=0A> m= echanism of phosphogenesis that involves microbial polyphosphate=0A> metabo= lism in which phosphatic deposits typically form at the interface of=0A> eu= xinic/anoxic and oxic conditions. When combined with data from deeper=0A> w= ater deposits (Kennecott Point) far to the southwest, it would appear a=0A>= very broad area of northeastern Panthalassa experienced anoxic to euxinic= =0A> bottom water conditions in the direct lead up to the end-Triassic mass= =0A> extinction. Such a scenario implies expansion and shallowing of the ox= ygen=0A> minimum zone across a very broad area of northeastern Panthalassa,= which=0A> potentially created a stressful environment for benthic metazoan= =0A> communities. Studies of the pre-extinction interval from different sit= es=0A> across the globe are required to resolve the chronology and spatial= =0A> distribution of processes that governed before the major environmental= =0A> collapse that caused the ETE. Results from this study demonstrate that= =0A> fluctuating anoxic and euxinic conditions could have been potentially= =0A> responsible for reduced ecosystem stability before the onset of CAMP= =0A> volcanism, at least at the regional scale.=0A>=0A> =3D=3D=3D=0A>=0A> F= ree pdf:=0A>=0A> L. E. Augland, V. V. Ryabov, V. A. Vernikovsky, S. Planke,= A. G. Polozov,=0A> S. Callegaro, D. A. Jerram & H. H. Svensen (2019)=0A> T= he main pulse of the Siberian Traps expanded in size and composition.=0A> S= cientific Reports 9, Article number: 18723=0A> doi: https://urldefense.proo= fpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__doi.org_10.1038_s41598-2D019-2D54023-2D2&d= =3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGo= f_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3Dngnt7c21XQKpoQcp9BmytthAWx8UFIS8FoxZhG5i= 2vs&s=3D-U1-iJIFA3p8GrI732_DUpIS0aGJD7_rAQI0HTIvkdc&e=3D=20=0A> <https://ur= ldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__doi.org_10.1038_s41598-2D019-2= D54023-2D2&d=3DDwMFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DR= y_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DZIUkZEQXkO_e835qNk3CN1j5NCL6= VdpdPfcHNe9GwA8&s=3DQmcDZ0nn6-LRJoszm620_j1nYLiphoy0ZtPUdyirnH0&e=3D>=0A> h= ttps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__www.nature.com_articl= es_s41598-2D019-2D54023-2D2&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H= 8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3Dngnt7c21XQK= poQcp9BmytthAWx8UFIS8FoxZhG5i2vs&s=3D_Udhs3M0lCpPcnA1R3D1kjfeyvruQGcc5kT8ck= _LKWI&e=3D=20=0A> <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__w= ww.nature.com_articles_s41598-2D019-2D54023-2D2&d=3DDwMFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAV= EOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgF= W9SI&m=3DZIUkZEQXkO_e835qNk3CN1j5NCL6VdpdPfcHNe9GwA8&s=3DwFIoVJw8TaQIMFLQnf= k2QB0dh4h5c2cNMDFnr1g82Ws&e=3D>=0A> Free pdf:=0A> https://urldefense.proofp= oint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__www.nature.com_articles_s41598-2D019-2D54023-= 2D2.pdf&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_m= O4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3Dngnt7c21XQKpoQcp9BmytthAWx8UFIS= 8FoxZhG5i2vs&s=3DKle-ZmOqBp9pZY5LeEns84lyuXAppgY0WQB6CS0Fh4Y&e=3D=20=0A> <h= ttps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__www.nature.com_articl= es_s41598-2D019-2D54023-2D2.pdf&d=3DDwMFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHh= pN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DZIUkZEQ= XkO_e835qNk3CN1j5NCL6VdpdPfcHNe9GwA8&s=3DuZmE8NyW5UAPnFmQVvHi0EGWwWp6zJ8P3x= EJKnbp_3w&e=3D>=0A>=0A>=0A> Emplacement of large volumes of (sub)volcanic r= ocks during the main pulse=0A> of the Siberian Traps occurred within <1 m.y= ., coinciding with the=0A> end-Permian mass extinction. Volcanics from outs= ide the main Siberian=0A> Traps, e.g. Taimyr and West Siberia, have since l= ong been correlated, but=0A> existing geochronological data cannot resolve = at a precision better than ~5=0A> m.y. whether (sub)volcanic activity in th= ese areas actually occurred during=0A> the main pulse or later. We report t= he first high precision U-Pb zircon=0A> geochronology from two alkaline ult= ramafic-felsic layered intrusive=0A> complexes from Taimyr, showing synchro= nicity between these and the main=0A> Siberian Traps (sub)volcanic pulse, a= nd the presence of a second=0A> Dinerian-Smithian pulse. This is the first = documentation of felsic=0A> intrusive magmatism occurring during the main p= ulse, testifying to the=0A> Siberian Trap=E2=80=99s compositional diversity= . Furthermore, the intrusions cut=0A> basal basalts of the Taimyr lava stra= tigraphy hence providing a minimum age=0A> of these basalts of 251.64 =C2= =B1 0.11 Ma. Synchronicity of (sub)volcanic=0A> activity between Taimyr and= the Siberian Traps imply that the total area of=0A> the Siberian Traps mai= n pulse should include a ~300 000 km2 area north of=0A> Norilsk. The vast a= erial extent of the (sub)volcanic activity during the=0A> Siberian Traps ma= in pulse may explain the severe environmental consequences.=0A>=0A>=0A= --000000000000798ab50599bd69d3 Content-Type: text/html; charset="UTF-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable <div dir=3D"auto">Re non-single-axis rib rotation in crocs:<div dir=3D"auto= ">XROMM was performed with specimen resting on belly. Thus, gravitationally= driven compression of ribcage may have influenced rib motion, inducing abd= uction etc.=C2=A0</div><div dir=3D"auto">Ergo: contra abstract of turkey ri= b paper, absence of single axis rotation has NOT been found to be absent in= crocs, but only been found to be absent under limited, far from maximum pe= rformance conditions.</div></div><br><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><div dir=3D= "ltr" class=3D"gmail_attr">On Thu, Dec 12, 2019, 22:32 Ben Creisler <<a = href=3D"mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a>> wrote:<br><= /div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-le= ft:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div dir=3D"ltr"><br><div>Ben Creisler<= /div><div><a href=3D"mailto:[email protected]" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"n= oreferrer">[email protected]</a></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>= Some recent non-dino papers:</div><div><br></div><div>=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D</div>= <div><br></div><div>Robert J. Brocklehurst, Sabine Moritz, Jonathan Codd, W= illiam I. Sellers & Elizabeth L. Brainerd (2019)<br>XROMM kinematics of= ventilation in wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo).<br>Journal of Experimen= tal Biology 222: jeb209783 <br>doi: 10.1242/jeb.209783 <br><a href=3D"https= ://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__jeb.biologists.org_conten= t_222_23_jeb209783&d=3DDwMFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8= p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DZIUk= ZEQXkO_e835qNk3CN1j5NCL6VdpdPfcHNe9GwA8&s=3DxXhJb2SlRL_6yhE29p6ZiPGcqro= yxuIkGUcNGX6E0mo&e=3D" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noreferrer">https://jeb= .biologists.org/content/222/23/jeb209783</a><br><br>The avian ribcage is de= rived relative to other amniotes, and is hypothesised to be constrained in = its movements during ventilation. The double-headed ribs form two articulat= ions with the vertebrae, and are thought to rotate about a strict anatomica= l axis. However, this costovertebral joint constraint has not been demonstr= ated empirically and was not found in other taxa with double-headed ribs (i= .e. crocodilians). Here, we used X-ray reconstruction of moving morphology = (XROMM) to quantify rib rotation in wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) duri= ng breathing. We demonstrate that, as predicted from anatomy, the ribs do r= otate in a hinge-like manner about a single axis. There is also evidence fo= r elliptical motion of the sternum, as has been reported in other taxa. The= evolution of the avian ribcage is closely related to the co-evolution of v= entilation and flight, and these results are important for how we model ven= tilation mechanics in living and fossil birds.</div><div><br>=3D=3D=3D=3D= =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D<br><br></div><div><br></div><div>Juan Alberto P=C3=A9= rez-Valera, M=C3=A9lani Berrocal-Casero & Fernando P=C3=A9rez-Valera (2= 019)<br>First Triassic tetrapod (Eusauropterygia) in the Triassic of the Su= bbetic domain of the Betic Cordillera (Southeastern Spain).<br>PalZ (advanc= e online publication)<br>DOI: <a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/= v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__doi.org_10.1007_s12542-2D019-2D00500-2Dy&d=3DDwMFa= Q&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGo= f_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DZIUkZEQXkO_e835qNk3CN1j5NCL6VdpdPfcH= Ne9GwA8&s=3DIvM0H58Sf5MtGce2he1ij4EDl86k4s-dg5BoVBCOKRM&e=3D" targe= t=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noreferrer">https://doi.org/10.1007/s12542-019-00500-y<= /a><br><a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__li= nk.springer.com_article_10.1007_s12542-2D019-2D00500-2Dy&d=3DDwMFaQ&= ;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9= MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DZIUkZEQXkO_e835qNk3CN1j5NCL6VdpdPfcHNe9Gw= A8&s=3DpeDhakWsWgX0xfZcVPq3meRUA2yFMzj8j-wpTChlXvE&e=3D" target=3D"= _blank" rel=3D"noreferrer">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12542= -019-00500-y</a><br><br><br>Sauropterygian vertebrate remains from the Ladi= nian (Middle Triassic) of the proximity of Calasparra (Murcia, Spain) are d= escribed here. They represent the first documented Triassic vertebrate rema= ins found in the Province of Murcia, and the first in the Subbetic domain o= f the Betic Cordillera (Southeastern Spain). These new remains consist of i= ncomplete vertebrae, some fragmented neural spine apophyses, fragments of t= ransverse processes, a partial thoracic vertebrae mould and one isolated th= oracic vertebral centrum, seemingly of a single specimen. Their features pe= rmit to refer them to the suborder Eusauropterygia. These fossils have been= found in the middle part of the upper member of the Ceheg=C3=ADn Formation= . The biostratigraphical framework of the Ceheg=C3=ADn Formation consists o= f a relatively abundant fossil content that allowed its attribution to the = uppermost Fassanian (Lower Ladinian). The sedimentary features and the pala= eontological content of the site are typical of an epicontinental platform.= <br><br>=3D=3D=3D<br></div><div><br></div><div>Free pdf:</div><div><br></di= v><div>Andrej =C4=8CER=C5=87ANSK=C3=9D & Marc Louis AUG=C3=89 (2019)<br= >The Oligocene and Miocene fossil lizards (Reptilia, Squamata) of Central M= ongolia.<br>GEODIVERSITAS 41 (24): 811-839<br>DOI: <a href=3D"https://urlde= fense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__doi.org_10.5252_geodiversitas2019= v41a24&d=3DDwMFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&a= mp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DZIUkZEQXkO_e835q= Nk3CN1j5NCL6VdpdPfcHNe9GwA8&s=3DwcN4VhQpnhHhEBoh5JWpGgXn96x2knvMRRDFABH= Nv3s&e=3D" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noreferrer">https://doi.org/10.5252= /geodiversitas2019v41a24</a><br><a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.co= m/v2/url?u=3Dhttp-3A__sciencepress.mnhn.fr_en_periodiques_geodiversitas_41_= 24&d=3DDwMFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r= =3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DZIUkZEQXkO_e835qNk3C= N1j5NCL6VdpdPfcHNe9GwA8&s=3D9CpIGDfNlSuBDWVgcuA2qL21ypCPCsW83IP5GNhpXgI= &e=3D" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noreferrer">http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr= /en/periodiques/geodiversitas/41/24</a></div><div><br>Free pdf:<br><a href= =3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttp-3A__sciencepress.mnhn= .fr_sites_default_files_articles_pdf_g2019v41a24.pdf&d=3DDwMFaQ&c= =3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9My= ZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DZIUkZEQXkO_e835qNk3CN1j5NCL6VdpdPfcHNe9GwA8= &s=3DfmtL2TzFej0izuWhF3uNViWFgjGbfP8VaB-qXT3fn4k&e=3D" target=3D"_b= lank" rel=3D"noreferrer">http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/ar= ticles/pdf/g2019v41a24.pdf</a><br><br><br>Lizard material from the early Ol= igocene and early and late Miocene of the Valley of Lakes, Central Mongolia= is described. Besides the Oligocene fossorial squamate published elsewere,= the material can be allocated to several major clades: Agamidae, Lacertida= e and Anguidae (Glyptosaurinae). The presence of Pseudotinosaurus Alifanov,= 1991 in early and late Rupelian localities shows that this taxon has a con= tinuous history in this area from the Eocene to the Oligocene. The same is = true for the clade Glyptosaurinae, represented by isolated osteoderms in th= e early Oligocene locality Hsanda Gol. This might suggest that the Eocene-O= ligocene transition did not have such a strong or rapid impact in East Asia= , in contrast to the Grande Coupure in Europe, at least among some lizard c= lades. The early Oligocene (early Rupelian) lacertids from Taatsiin Gol, Hs= anda Gol and Tatal Gol represent one of the oldest evidences of Asiatic dis= persal of this clade. It might reflect the dispersal pathways after closure= of the Turgai Strait between Europe and Asia. Some of the material closely= resembles the common European Oligocene taxon Lacerta s.l. filholi Aug=C3= =A9, 1988. In the early Miocene locality Olon Ovoony Khurem, two clades can= be recognized =E2=80=93 Lacertidae and a scincoid with a specialized denti= tion (family indeterminate). The clade Lacertidae forms a dominant componen= t of the late Miocene lizard fossils in Mongolia. The material from the loc= ality Builstyn Khudag shows differences compared to the early Miocene lacer= tids and represents the oldest evidence of the tribe Eremiadini in this are= a.<br></div><div><br></div><div>=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D</div><div><br></div><div>Fr= ee pdf:</div><div><br>Nuria Melisa Morales-Garc=C3=ADa, Thomas D. Burgess, = Jennifer J. Hill, Pamela G. Gill and Emily J. Rayfield (2019)<br>The use of= extruded finite-element models as a novel alternative to tomography-based = models: a case study using early mammal jaws.<br>Journal of the Royal Socie= ty Interface 16: 20190674<br>doi: <a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.= com/v2/url?u=3Dhttp-3A__dx.doi.org_10.1098_rsif.2019.0674&d=3DDwMFaQ&am= p;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl= 9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DZIUkZEQXkO_e835qNk3CN1j5NCL6VdpdPfcHNe9G= wA8&s=3DMaoiw69eKgGtfT1kgQM0PjLP54soJRfiKEeoEHKeIsc&e=3D" target=3D= "_blank" rel=3D"noreferrer">http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2019.0674</a><br= ><a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__royalsoc= ietypublishing.org_doi_10.1098_rsif.2019.0674&d=3DDwMFaQ&c=3DclK7kQ= UTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn= 5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DZIUkZEQXkO_e835qNk3CN1j5NCL6VdpdPfcHNe9GwA8&s=3D= yPkxRj6knG2-7arJ7eYZZogp3D1u1Yst2oD_ABDdvG8&e=3D" target=3D"_blank" rel= =3D"noreferrer">https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsif.2019.06= 74</a><br><br>Free pdf:<br><a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/= url?u=3Dhttps-3A__royalsocietypublishing.org_doi_pdf_10.1098_rsif.2019.0674= &d=3DDwMFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r= =3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DZIUkZEQXkO_e835qNk3C= N1j5NCL6VdpdPfcHNe9GwA8&s=3DreZqR_Wh7Z5_BITDVRtRhfMqJP2uQDLmbcz45nOrDsc= &e=3D" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noreferrer">https://royalsocietypublish= ing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rsif.2019.0674</a><br><br>Finite-element (FE) analy= sis has been used in palaeobiology to assess the mechanical performance of = the jaw. It uses two types of models: tomography-based three-dimensional (3= D) models (very accurate, not always accessible) and two-dimensional (2D) m= odels (quick and easy to build, good for broad-scale studies, cannot obtain= absolute stress and strain values). Here, we introduce extruded FE models,= which provide fairly accurate mechanical performance results, while remain= ing low-cost, quick and easy to build. These are simplified 3D models built= from lateral outlines of a relatively flat jaw and extruded to its average= width. There are two types: extruded (flat mediolaterally) and enhanced ex= truded (accounts for width differences in the ascending ramus). Here, we co= mpare mechanical performance values resulting from four types of FE models = (i.e. tomography-based 3D, extruded, enhanced extruded and 2D) in Morganuco= don and Kuehneotherium. In terms of absolute values, both types of extruded= model perform well in comparison to the tomography-based 3D models, but en= hanced extruded models perform better. In terms of overall patterns, all mo= dels produce similar results. Extruded FE models constitute a viable altern= ative to the use of tomography-based 3D models, particularly in relatively = flat bones.</div><div><br>=3D=3D=3D=3D<br></div><div><br></div><div>J. A. G= oldbogen, D. E. Cade, D. M. Wisniewska, J. Potvin, P. S. Segre, M. S. Savoc= a, E. L. Hazen, M. F. Czapanskiy, S. R. Kahane-Rapport, S. L. DeRuiter, S. = Gero, P. T=C3=B8nnesen, W. T. Gough, M. B. Hanson, M. M. Holt, F. H. Jensen= , M. Simon, A. K. Stimpert, P. Arranz, D. W. Johnston, D. P. Nowacek, S. E.= Parks, F. Visser, A. S. Friedlaender, P. L. Tyack, P. T. Madsen & N. D= . Pyenson (2019)<br>Why whales are big but not bigger: Physiological driver= s and ecological limits in the age of ocean giants.<br>Science 366(6471): 1= 367-1372<br>DOI: 10.1126/science.aax9044<br><a href=3D"https://urldefense.p= roofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__science.sciencemag.org_content_366_6471_= 1367.abstract&d=3DDwMFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSf= nc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DZIUkZEQXk= O_e835qNk3CN1j5NCL6VdpdPfcHNe9GwA8&s=3D-Qgz3H44g_d3asZvcO6Bk-QOQedelOmT= smVy_zz6POc&e=3D" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noreferrer">https://science.= sciencemag.org/content/366/6471/1367.abstract</a></div><div><br>It's th= e prey that matters</div><div><br>Although many people think of dinosaurs a= s being the largest creatures to have lived on Earth, the true largest know= n animal is still here today--the blue whale. How whales were able to becom= e so large has long been of interest. Goldbogen et al. used field-collected= data on feeding and diving events across different types of whales to calc= ulate rates of energy gain (see the Perspective by Williams). They found th= at increased body size facilitates increased prey capture. Furthermore, bod= y-size increase in the marine environment appears to be limited only by pre= y availability.</div><div><br>Abstract</div><div><br>The largest animals ar= e marine filter feeders, but the underlying mechanism of their large size r= emains unexplained. We measured feeding performance and prey quality to dem= onstrate how whale gigantism is driven by the interplay of prey abundance a= nd harvesting mechanisms that increase prey capture rates and energy intake= . The foraging efficiency of toothed whales that feed on single prey is con= strained by the abundance of large prey, whereas filter-feeding baleen whal= es seasonally exploit vast swarms of small prey at high efficiencies. Given= temporally and spatially aggregated prey, filter feeding provides an evolu= tionary pathway to extremes in body size that are not available to lineages= that must feed on one prey at a time. Maximum size in filter feeders is li= kely constrained by prey availability across space and time.<br>****<br>Ter= rie M. Williams (2019)<br>The biology of big<br>Science 366(6471): 1316-131= 7<br>DOI: 10.1126/science.aba1128<br><a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoi= nt.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__science.sciencemag.org_content_366_6471_1316&am= p;d=3DDwMFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy= _mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DZIUkZEQXkO_e835qNk3CN1j5N= CL6VdpdPfcHNe9GwA8&s=3D9bMwGluAB03qgqOkDsR08nK9BKF1q1pXvKkGQnYY3MU&= e=3D" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noreferrer">https://science.sciencemag.org/c= ontent/366/6471/1316</a><br><br><br>Summary</div><div><br>With so many rece= nt scientific advances focused on the mini, micro, nano, and molecular scal= es, there is a tendency to overlook the titanic biology of giants that shar= e the Earth. The sheer magnitude of a scientific undertaking to study an oc= eanic, 25-m-long, 95,000-kg wild blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus)=E2=80= =94the largest vertebrate in the animal kingdom=E2=80=94has long left resea= rchers with little more than brief glimpses of their presence when the levi= athan surfaces to breathe. On page 1367 of this issue, Goldbogen et al. (1)= describe how they took advantage of developments in microprocessor technol= ogy to design submersible wildlife tags. The authors used the new tools to = measure the feeding performance and prey choices of the largest mammals in = the seas. These data revealed the ecological and evolutionary factors that = drive the biology of being, not just big, but the biggest ever=E2=80=94perh= aps the biggest possible.<br><br></div><div>=3D=3D=3D</div><div><br></div><= div>Free pdf:</div><div><br></div><div>Taiping Gao, Xiangchu Yin, Chungkun = Shih, Alexandr P. Rasnitsyn, Xing Xu, Sha Chen, Chen Wang & Dong Ren (2= 019)<br>New insects feeding on dinosaur feathers in mid-Cretaceous amber.<b= r>Nature Communications 10, Article number: 5424 <br>doi: <a href=3D"https:= //urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__doi.org_10.1038_s41467-2D0= 19-2D13516-2D4&d=3DDwMFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CS= fnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DZIUkZEQX= kO_e835qNk3CN1j5NCL6VdpdPfcHNe9GwA8&s=3Dg8WEw5SUWKp6mrR6R5JvN85zIYx9r4o= eijv6Uj9SGU4&e=3D" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noreferrer">https://doi.org= /10.1038/s41467-019-13516-4</a> <br><a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoin= t.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__www.nature.com_articles_s41467-2D019-2D13516-2D4= &d=3DDwMFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r= =3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DZIUkZEQXkO_e835qNk3C= N1j5NCL6VdpdPfcHNe9GwA8&s=3Dn-empxuMhnSfw2gSUucJuToRROsr6135haydPU8kl3w= &e=3D" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noreferrer">https://www.nature.com/arti= cles/s41467-019-13516-4</a></div><div><br>Free pdf:<br><a href=3D"https://u= rldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__www.nature.com_articles_s4146= 7-2D019-2D13516-2D4.pdf&d=3DDwMFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHh= pN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m= =3DZIUkZEQXkO_e835qNk3CN1j5NCL6VdpdPfcHNe9GwA8&s=3DgXSHqJIvODK8hOMNMshz= YWCdArXJI6palOERGfaIjyQ&e=3D" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noreferrer">http= s://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-13516-4.pdf</a><br></div><div><br></= div><div>Due to a lack of Mesozoic fossil records, the origins and early ev= olution of feather-feeding behaviors by insects are obscure. Here, we repor= t ten nymph specimens of a new lineage of insect, Mesophthirus engeli gen e= t. sp. nov. within Mesophthiridae fam. nov. from the mid-Cretaceous (ca. 10= 0 Mya) Myanmar (Burmese) amber. This new insect clade shows a series of ect= oparasitic morphological characters such as tiny wingless body, head with s= trong chewing mouthparts, robust and short antennae having long setae, legs= with only one single tarsal claw associated with two additional long setae= , etc. Most significantly, these insects are preserved with partially damag= ed dinosaur feathers, the damage of which was probably made by these insect= s=E2=80=99 integument-feeding behaviors. This finding demonstrates that fea= ther-feeding behaviors of insects originated at least in mid-Cretaceous, ac= companying the radiation of feathered dinosaurs including early birds.<br><= /div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>News:</div><div><br></div><div><a h= ref=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__phys.org_news= _2019-2D12-2Dancient-2Dlice-2Dlike-2Dinsects-2Ddinosaur-2Dfeathers.html&= ;d=3DDwMFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_= mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DZIUkZEQXkO_e835qNk3CN1j5NC= L6VdpdPfcHNe9GwA8&s=3DWkgbWukhL_4pvUmGCmxzihljj3Oc9O5vQ9T_22VU3dE&e= =3D" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noreferrer">https://phys.org/news/2019-12-anc= ient-lice-like-insects-dinosaur-feathers.html</a><br></div><div><br></div><= div>=3D=3D=3D=3D</div><div><br></div><div>Free pdf:</div><div><br></div><di= v>Ekaterina Larina, David J. Bottjer, Frank A. Corsetti, John-Paul Zonnevel= d, Aaron J. Celestian & Jake V. Bailey (2019)<br>Uppermost Triassic pho= sphorites from Williston Lake, Canada: link to fluctuating euxinic-anoxic c= onditions in northeastern Panthalassa before the end-Triassic mass extincti= on.<br>Scientific Reports 9, Article number: 18790 <br>doi: <a href=3D"http= s://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__doi.org_10.1038_s41598-2= D019-2D55162-2D2&d=3DDwMFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7= CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DZIUkZE= QXkO_e835qNk3CN1j5NCL6VdpdPfcHNe9GwA8&s=3DGRkEOur15YBDv4hVpTiPyo79yOFVo= aIc5eg6r3r0VAc&e=3D" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noreferrer">https://doi.o= rg/10.1038/s41598-019-55162-2</a><br><a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoi= nt.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__www.nature.com_articles_s41598-2D019-2D55162-2D= 2&d=3DDwMFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r= =3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DZIUkZEQXkO_e835qNk3C= N1j5NCL6VdpdPfcHNe9GwA8&s=3DAuw0vmDNAIRA7-ngMl8aCoi4gNKJ5Pk_Y0n3ut1vGe0= &e=3D" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noreferrer">https://www.nature.com/arti= cles/s41598-019-55162-2</a></div><div><br>Free pdf:<br><a href=3D"https://u= rldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__www.nature.com_articles_s4159= 8-2D019-2D55162-2D2.pdf&d=3DDwMFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHh= pN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m= =3DZIUkZEQXkO_e835qNk3CN1j5NCL6VdpdPfcHNe9GwA8&s=3DMkI3Xbr_P_2yn5hLvDiL= c-wjVegcuPqxvjka0WApOHU&e=3D" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noreferrer">http= s://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-55162-2.pdf</a><br><br><br>The end-T= riassic mass extinction (ETE) is associated with a rise in CO2 due to erupt= ions of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP), and had a particular= ly dramatic effect on the Modern Fauna, so an understanding of the conditio= ns that led to the ETE has relevance to current rising CO2 levels. Here, we= report multiple phosphorite deposits in strata that immediately precede th= e ETE at Williston Lake, Canada, which allow the paleoenvironmental conditi= ons leading up to the mass extinction to be investigated. The predominance = of phosphatic coated grains within phoshorites indicates reworking in shall= ow water environments. Raman spectroscopy reveals that the phosphorites con= tain organic carbon, and petrographic and scanning electron microscopic ana= lyses reveal that the phosphorites contain putative microfossils, potential= ly suggesting microbial involvement in a direct or indirect way. Thus, we f= avor a mechanism of phosphogenesis that involves microbial polyphosphate me= tabolism in which phosphatic deposits typically form at the interface of eu= xinic/anoxic and oxic conditions. When combined with data from deeper water= deposits (Kennecott Point) far to the southwest, it would appear a very br= oad area of northeastern Panthalassa experienced anoxic to euxinic bottom w= ater conditions in the direct lead up to the end-Triassic mass extinction. = Such a scenario implies expansion and shallowing of the oxygen minimum zone= across a very broad area of northeastern Panthalassa, which potentially cr= eated a stressful environment for benthic metazoan communities. Studies of = the pre-extinction interval from different sites across the globe are requi= red to resolve the chronology and spatial distribution of processes that go= verned before the major environmental collapse that caused the ETE. Results= from this study demonstrate that fluctuating anoxic and euxinic conditions= could have been potentially responsible for reduced ecosystem stability be= fore the onset of CAMP volcanism, at least at the regional scale.<br></div>= <div><br></div><div>=3D=3D=3D</div><div><br></div><div>Free pdf:</div><div>= <br></div><div>L. E. Augland, V. V. Ryabov, V. A. Vernikovsky, S. Planke, A= . G. Polozov, S. Callegaro, D. A. Jerram & H. H. Svensen (2019)<br>The = main pulse of the Siberian Traps expanded in size and composition.<br>Scien= tific Reports 9, Article number: 18723 <br>doi: <a href=3D"https://urldefen= se.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__doi.org_10.1038_s41598-2D019-2D54023= -2D2&d=3DDwMFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&= ;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DZIUkZEQXkO_e835qNk= 3CN1j5NCL6VdpdPfcHNe9GwA8&s=3DQmcDZ0nn6-LRJoszm620_j1nYLiphoy0ZtPUdyirn= H0&e=3D" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noreferrer">https://doi.org/10.1038/s= 41598-019-54023-2</a><br><a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/ur= l?u=3Dhttps-3A__www.nature.com_articles_s41598-2D019-2D54023-2D2&d=3DDw= MFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaU= mGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DZIUkZEQXkO_e835qNk3CN1j5NCL6VdpdP= fcHNe9GwA8&s=3DwFIoVJw8TaQIMFLQnfk2QB0dh4h5c2cNMDFnr1g82Ws&e=3D" ta= rget=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noreferrer">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-0= 19-54023-2</a><br>Free pdf:<br><a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com= /v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__www.nature.com_articles_s41598-2D019-2D54023-2D2.pdf&= amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3D= Ry_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DZIUkZEQXkO_e835qNk3CN1j= 5NCL6VdpdPfcHNe9GwA8&s=3DuZmE8NyW5UAPnFmQVvHi0EGWwWp6zJ8P3xEJKnbp_3w&am= p;e=3D" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noreferrer">https://www.nature.com/article= s/s41598-019-54023-2.pdf</a><br><br><br>Emplacement of large volumes of (su= b)volcanic rocks during the main pulse of the Siberian Traps occurred withi= n <1=E2=80=89m.y., coinciding with the end-Permian mass extinction. Volc= anics from outside the main Siberian Traps, e.g. Taimyr and West Siberia, h= ave since long been correlated, but existing geochronological data cannot r= esolve at a precision better than ~5=E2=80=89m.y. whether (sub)volcanic act= ivity in these areas actually occurred during the main pulse or later. We r= eport the first high precision U-Pb zircon geochronology from two alkaline = ultramafic-felsic layered intrusive complexes from Taimyr, showing synchron= icity between these and the main Siberian Traps (sub)volcanic pulse, and th= e presence of a second Dinerian-Smithian pulse. This is the first documenta= tion of felsic intrusive magmatism occurring during the main pulse, testify= ing to the Siberian Trap=E2=80=99s compositional diversity. Furthermore, th= e intrusions cut basal basalts of the Taimyr lava stratigraphy hence provid= ing a minimum age of these basalts of 251.64=E2=80=89=C2=B1=E2=80=890.11=E2= =80=89Ma. Synchronicity of (sub)volcanic activity between Taimyr and the Si= berian Traps imply that the total area of the Siberian Traps main pulse sho= uld include a ~300 000 km2 area north of Norilsk. The vast aerial extent of= the (sub)volcanic activity during the Siberian Traps main pulse may explai= n the severe environmental consequences.<br></div><div><br></div></div> </blockquote></div> --000000000000798ab50599bd69d3--