Re: [dinosaur] Early amniote hypothesis: Parareptilia are diapsids, Varanopidae not synapsids

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Also:=0A=0AFree supplementary info:=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/=
v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__static-2Dcontent.springer.com_esm_art-253A10.1038-252F=
s41559-2D019-2D1047-2D3_MediaObjects_41559-5F2019-5F1047-5FMOESM1-5FESM.pdf=
&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUm=
Gof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DJPRsAnv_L78B-N1t-UCJ87K1_a6Y9UoDM0K265=
cVsh0&s=3Dg2YvimB723qEfgsBx-YYsiybwbhZZn-8SwWnNa2ZhJw&e=3D=20=0A=0A=0AAnd:=
=0A=0ASean P. Modesto (2019)=0ARooting about reptile relationships.=0ANatur=
e Ecology & Evolution 4: 10=E2=80=9311=0Adoi:10.1038/s41559-019-1074-0=0Aht=
tps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__www.nature.com_article=
s_s41559-2D019-2D1074-2D0&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p=
7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DJPRsAnv_L78B-=
N1t-UCJ87K1_a6Y9UoDM0K265cVsh0&s=3DTIudwgC277Po38p8F5455ntO7_UIN1jtRBv7nVYw=
mWc&e=3D=20=0A=0AA group of early terrestrial vertebrates called varanopids=
, long regarded=0Aas mammal-line amniotes, is placed wholesale with reptile=
s in a new=0Aanalysis of early amniote relationships. Meanwhile, a new spec=
ies of=0Avaranopid from Canada provides the oldest evidence for extended pa=
rental=0Acare in terrestrial vertebrates.=0A=0A=0AOn Mon, Dec 23, 2019 at 8=
:41 AM Ben Creisler <[email protected]> wrote:=0A=0A>=0A> Ben Creisler=0A=
> [email protected]=0A>=0A> A new paper:=0A>=0A>=0A> David P. Ford & Roge=
r B. J. Benson (2019)=0A> The phylogeny of early amniotes and the affinitie=
s of Parareptilia and=0A> Varanopidae.=0A> Nature Ecology & Evolution 4: 57=
-65=0A> doi:10.1038/s41559-019-1047-3=0A> https://urldefense.proofpoint.com=
/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__www.nature.com_articles_s41559-2D019-2D1047-2D3&d=3DD=
wIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl=
9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DJPRsAnv_L78B-N1t-UCJ87K1_a6Y9UoDM0K265cVsh0&=
s=3DigjZM9RJAPAIJMAunEXCJcVtgRMOo8tqEIpOXCtaivs&e=3D=20=0A>=0A>=0A> Amniote=
s include mammals, reptiles and birds, representing 75% of extant=0A> verte=
brate species on land. They originated around 318 million years ago in=0A> =
the early Late Carboniferous and their early fossil record is central to=0A=
> understanding the expansion of vertebrates in terrestrial ecosystems. We=
=0A> present a phylogenetic hypothesis that challenges the widely accepted=
=0A> consensus about early amniote evolution, based on parsimony analysis a=
nd=0A> Bayesian inference of a new morphological dataset. We find a reduced=
=0A> membership of the mammalian stem lineage, which excludes varanopids. T=
his=0A> implies that evolutionary turnover of the mammalian stem lineage du=
ring the=0A> Early-Middle Permian transition (273 million years ago) was mo=
re abrupt=0A> than has previously been recognized. We also find that Parare=
ptilia are=0A> nested within Diapsida. This suggests that temporal fenestra=
tion, a key=0A> structural innovation with important functional implication=
s, evolved fewer=0A> times than generally thought, but showed highly variab=
le morphology among=0A> early reptiles after its initial origin. Our phylog=
eny also addresses=0A> controversies over the affinities of mesosaurids, th=
e earliest known=0A> aquatic amniotes, which we recover as early diverging =
parareptiles.=0A>=0A> =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=0A>=0A=

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<div dir=3D"ltr">Also:<div><br>Free supplementary info:</div><div><br><a hr=
ef=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__static-2Dconte=
nt.springer.com_esm_art-253A10.1038-252Fs41559-2D019-2D1047-2D3_MediaObject=
s_41559-5F2019-5F1047-5FMOESM1-5FESM.pdf&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtA=
VEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1=
CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DJPRsAnv_L78B-N1t-UCJ87K1_a6Y9UoDM0K265cVsh0&amp;s=3Dg2Yvi=
mB723qEfgsBx-YYsiybwbhZZn-8SwWnNa2ZhJw&amp;e=3D">https://static-content.spr=
inger.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41559-019-1047-3/MediaObjects/41559_2019_104=
7_MOESM1_ESM.pdf</a><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>And:</div>=
<div><br></div><div>Sean P. Modesto (2019)<br>Rooting about reptile relatio=
nships.<br>Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution 4: 10=E2=80=9311 <br>doi:10.1038/=
s41559-019-1074-0<br><a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=
=3Dhttps-3A__www.nature.com_articles_s41559-2D019-2D1074-2D0&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ=
&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof=
_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DJPRsAnv_L78B-N1t-UCJ87K1_a6Y9UoDM0K26=
5cVsh0&amp;s=3DTIudwgC277Po38p8F5455ntO7_UIN1jtRBv7nVYwmWc&amp;e=3D">https:=
//www.nature.com/articles/s41559-019-1074-0</a><br><br>A group of early ter=
restrial vertebrates called varanopids, long regarded as mammal-line amniot=
es, is placed wholesale with reptiles in a new analysis of early amniote re=
lationships. Meanwhile, a new species of varanopid from Canada provides the=
 oldest evidence for extended parental care in terrestrial vertebrates.<br>=
</div><div><br></div></div><br><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><div dir=3D"ltr" =
class=3D"gmail_attr">On Mon, Dec 23, 2019 at 8:41 AM Ben Creisler &lt;<a hr=
ef=3D"mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a>&gt; wrote:<br></d=
iv><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;bord=
er-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir=3D"ltr"><div>=
<br></div>Ben Creisler<div><a href=3D"mailto:[email protected]" target=3D=
"_blank">[email protected]</a></div><div><br></div><div>A new paper:<br><=
div><br></div><div><br></div><div>David P. Ford &amp; Roger B. J. Benson (2=
019)<br>The phylogeny of early amniotes and the affinities of Parareptilia =
and Varanopidae.<br>Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution 4: 57-65 <br>doi:10.1038=
/s41559-019-1047-3<br><a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=
=3Dhttps-3A__www.nature.com_articles_s41559-2D019-2D1047-2D3&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ=
&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof=
_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DJPRsAnv_L78B-N1t-UCJ87K1_a6Y9UoDM0K26=
5cVsh0&amp;s=3DigjZM9RJAPAIJMAunEXCJcVtgRMOo8tqEIpOXCtaivs&amp;e=3D" target=
=3D"_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-019-1047-3</a></div><div=
><br><br>Amniotes include mammals, reptiles and birds, representing 75% of =
extant vertebrate species on land. They originated around 318 million years=
 ago in the early Late Carboniferous and their early fossil record is centr=
al to understanding the expansion of vertebrates in terrestrial ecosystems.=
 We present a phylogenetic hypothesis that challenges the widely accepted c=
onsensus about early amniote evolution, based on parsimony analysis and Bay=
esian inference of a new morphological dataset. We find a reduced membershi=
p of the mammalian stem lineage, which excludes varanopids. This implies th=
at evolutionary turnover of the mammalian stem lineage during the Early-Mid=
dle Permian transition (273 million years ago) was more abrupt than has pre=
viously been recognized. We also find that Parareptilia are nested within D=
iapsida. This suggests that temporal fenestration, a key structural innovat=
ion with important functional implications, evolved fewer times than genera=
lly thought, but showed highly variable morphology among early reptiles aft=
er its initial origin. Our phylogeny also addresses controversies over the =
affinities of mesosaurids, the earliest known aquatic amniotes, which we re=
cover as early diverging parareptiles.<br><br>=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D<br></div></di=
v></div>=0A</blockquote></div>=0A=

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