[PATCH v10 1/1] virtio-video: Add virtio video device specification

Alexander Gordeev <[email protected]> Fri, 13 Feb 2026 09:53:06 +0100
Newsgroups dev.linux.lists.virtio-comment,org.kernel.vger.linux-media
Message-ID <[email protected]>
From: Alexander Gordeev <[email protected]>

Add the specification of the video decoder and encoder device, which
can be used to provide host-accelerated video operations to the guest.

Signed-off-by: Alexander Gordeev <[email protected]>
---
 conformance.tex                           |   12 +-
 content.tex                               |    1 +
 device-types/video/description.tex        | 1592 +++++++++++++++++++++
 device-types/video/device-conformance.tex |   22 +
 device-types/video/driver-conformance.tex |   20 +
 introduction.tex                          |   21 +
 6 files changed, 1664 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 device-types/video/description.tex
 create mode 100644 device-types/video/device-conformance.tex
 create mode 100644 device-types/video/driver-conformance.tex

diff --git a/conformance.tex b/conformance.tex
index 9af31e2..f34e600 100644
--- a/conformance.tex
+++ b/conformance.tex
@@ -37,8 +37,9 @@ \section{Conformance Targets}\label{sec:Conformance / Conformance Targets}
 \ref{sec:Conformance / Driver Conformance / PMEM Driver Conformance},
 \ref{sec:Conformance / Driver Conformance / CAN Driver Conformance},
 \ref{sec:Conformance / Driver Conformance / SPI Controller Driver Conformance},
-\ref{sec:Conformance / Driver Conformance / Media Driver Conformance} or
-\ref{sec:Conformance / Driver Conformance / RTC Driver Conformance}.
+\ref{sec:Conformance / Driver Conformance / Media Driver Conformance},
+\ref{sec:Conformance / Driver Conformance / RTC Driver Conformance} or
+\ref{sec:Conformance / Driver Conformance / Video Driver Conformance}.
 
     \item Clause \ref{sec:Conformance / Legacy Interface: Transitional Device and Transitional Driver Conformance}.
   \end{itemize}
@@ -68,8 +69,9 @@ \section{Conformance Targets}\label{sec:Conformance / Conformance Targets}
 \ref{sec:Conformance / Device Conformance / PMEM Device Conformance},
 \ref{sec:Conformance / Device Conformance / CAN Device Conformance},
 \ref{sec:Conformance / Device Conformance / SPI Controller Device Conformance},
-\ref{sec:Conformance / Device Conformance / Media Device Conformance} or
-\ref{sec:Conformance / Device Conformance / RTC Device Conformance}.
+\ref{sec:Conformance / Device Conformance / Media Device Conformance},
+\ref{sec:Conformance / Device Conformance / RTC Device Conformance} or
+\ref{sec:Conformance / Device Conformance / Video Device Conformance}.
 
     \item Clause \ref{sec:Conformance / Legacy Interface: Transitional Device and Transitional Driver Conformance}.
   \end{itemize}
@@ -170,6 +172,7 @@ \section{Conformance Targets}\label{sec:Conformance / Conformance Targets}
 \input{device-types/spi/driver-conformance.tex}
 \input{device-types/media/driver-conformance.tex}
 \input{device-types/rtc/driver-conformance.tex}
+\input{device-types/video/driver-conformance.tex}
 
 \conformance{\section}{Device Conformance}\label{sec:Conformance / Device Conformance}
 
@@ -264,6 +267,7 @@ \section{Conformance Targets}\label{sec:Conformance / Conformance Targets}
 \input{device-types/spi/device-conformance.tex}
 \input{device-types/media/device-conformance.tex}
 \input{device-types/rtc/device-conformance.tex}
+\input{device-types/video/device-conformance.tex}
 
 \conformance{\section}{Legacy Interface: Transitional Device and Transitional Driver Conformance}\label{sec:Conformance / Legacy Interface: Transitional Device and Transitional Driver Conformance}
 A conformant implementation MUST be either transitional or
diff --git a/content.tex b/content.tex
index 5de811f..0c13f68 100644
--- a/content.tex
+++ b/content.tex
@@ -835,6 +835,7 @@ \chapter{Device Types}\label{sec:Device Types}
 \input{device-types/spi/description.tex}
 \input{device-types/media/description.tex}
 \input{device-types/rtc/description.tex}
+\input{device-types/video/description.tex}
 
 \chapter{Reserved Feature Bits}\label{sec:Reserved Feature Bits}
 
diff --git a/device-types/video/description.tex b/device-types/video/description.tex
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8945e26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/device-types/video/description.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,1592 @@
+\section{Video Device}
+\label{sec:Device Types / Video Device}
+
+The virtio video device provides support for host-accelerated video encoding
+and decoding.
+
+\subsection{Device ID}
+\label{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device ID}
+
+50
+
+\subsection{Virtqueues}
+\label{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Virtqueues}
+
+\begin{description}
+      \item[0]
+            commandq - driver commands
+      \item[1]
+            eventq - device async responses to commands and standalone device events
+\end{description}
+
+\subsection{Feature bits}
+\label{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Feature bits}
+
+\begin{description}
+      \item[VIRTIO_VIDEO_F_ENCODER (0)]
+            The device can encode video.
+      \item[VIRTIO_VIDEO_F_DECODER (1)]
+            The device can decode video.
+            % Use-case: the device can support both encoding and decoding, so having both
+            % here can save resources.
+      \item[VIRTIO_VIDEO_F_RESOURCE_GUEST_PAGES (2)]
+            Guest pages can be used as the backing memory of resources.
+      \item[VIRTIO_VIDEO_F_RESOURCE_NON_CONTIG (3)]
+            The device can use non-contiguous guest memory as the backing memory of
+            resources. Only meaningful if VIRTIO_VIDEO_F_RESOURCE_GUEST_PAGES is also
+            set.
+      \item[VIRTIO_VIDEO_F_RESOURCE_VIRTIO_OBJECT (4)]
+            Objects exported by another virtio device can be used as the backing memory
+            of resources.
+      \item[VIRTIO_VIDEO_F_V4L2_COMPATIBLE_LAST_BUFFER (5)]
+            The device releases an extra empty output buffer after a drain or DPC so that
+            the driver can send a buffer with V4L2_BUF_FLAG_LAST set in the V4L2 way.
+\end{description}
+
+\devicenormative{\subsubsection}{Feature bits}{Device Types / Video Device / Feature bits}
+
+The device MUST set at least one of VIRTIO_VIDEO_F_ENCODER or VIRTIO_VIDEO_F_DECODER.
+
+The device MUST set at least one of VIRTIO_VIDEO_F_RESOURCE_GUEST_PAGES or
+VIRTIO_VIDEO_F_RESOURCE_VIRTIO_OBJECT, since the absence of both bits would
+mean that no memory can be used at all for resources.
+
+The device MUST NOT set VIRTIO_VIDEO_F_RESOURCE_NON_CONTIG unless it also sets
+VIRTIO_VIDEO_F_RESOURCE_GUEST_PAGES.
+
+\drivernormative{\subsubsection}{Feature bits}{Device Types / Video Device / Feature bits}
+
+The driver MUST negotiate at least one of the VIRTIO_VIDEO_F_ENCODER and
+VIRTIO_VIDEO_F_DECODER features.
+
+The driver MUST negotiate at least one of the
+VIRTIO_VIDEO_F_RESOURCE_GUEST_PAGES and VIRTIO_VIDEO_F_RESOURCE_VIRTIO_OBJECT
+features.
+
+If VIRTIO_VIDEO_F_RESOURCE_GUEST_PAGES has been negotiated, but not
+VIRTIO_VIDEO_F_RESOURCE_NON_CONTIG, the driver MUST use physically
+contiguous memory for all the buffers it allocates.
+
+\subsection{Device configuration layout}
+\label{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device configuration layout}
+
+The video device configuration space uses the following layout:
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+struct virtio_video_config {
+        le32 max_streams;
+        le32 caps_length;
+};
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\begin{description}
+      \item[\field{max_streams}]
+            is the maximum number of concurrent streams the device supports.
+      \item[\field{caps_length}]
+            is the minimum length in bytes that a device-writable buffer must have
+            in order to receive the response to VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_DEVICE_QUERY_CAPS, see
+            \ref{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Device Commands / QUERY CAPS}.
+\end{description}
+
+\devicenormative{\subsubsection}{Device configuration layout}{Device Types / Video Device / Device configuration layout}
+
+\field{max_streams} MUST be positive.
+
+\field{caps_length} MUST be set to the response size of
+VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_DEVICE_QUERY_CAPS.
+
+\subsection{Device Initialization}
+\label{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device Initialization}
+\begin{enumerate}
+      \item
+            The driver reads the feature bits and negotiates the features it needs.
+      \item
+            The driver sets up the commandq and the eventq.
+      \item
+            The driver reads the \field{caps_length} field of the configuration
+            space, prepares a buffer of at least that size and sends the buffer on the
+            commandq with the VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_DEVICE_QUERY_CAPS command.
+      \item
+            The device sends a response over commandq to
+            VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_DEVICE_QUERY_CAPS via used descriptors provided with the
+            command.
+      \item
+            The driver receives the response from the device, and parses its capabilities.
+\end{enumerate}
+
+\subsection{Device Operation}
+\label{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation}
+
+The device supports opening and operating a number of parallel streams up to
+\field{max_streams}. Each stream has three internal device queues: mainqX,
+inputqX and outputqX, where X is the stream id. Each stream command has a
+field that dispatches the command to the specific internal queue.
+
+% Use-case: there might be different real-time requirements for different
+% streams, so more virtqueues can be added in the future if necessary.
+% The internal queues don't change, the data formats don't change, only the
+% mapping of streams/internal queues to particular virtqueues changes.
+
+The mainqX is used to open a stream with VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_OPEN,
+close a stream with VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_CLOSE, reset inputqX or outputqX
+using VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_QUEUE_RESET, set some of the stream parameters out
+of band with high priority with VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_SET_PARAMS, unblock
+the outputqX with VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_UNBLOCK if it gets blocked for
+format negotiation.
+
+The inputqX and outputqX are used to queue input or output resources using
+VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_RESOURCE_QUEUE. Additionally inputqX is used to set input and
+output parameters using VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_SET_PARAMS, to complete
+processing of all queued input resources and make the resulting output
+resources available to the driver using VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_DRAIN.
+
+All the stream commands start async operations, return the results
+using async responses over eventq.
+The eventq is used by the device to send the device's async responses to
+stream commands and the device's standalone events.
+
+% This way eventq becomes the single source of truth about the device's state,
+% the driver doesn't have to tediously synchronize commandq's and eventq's
+% used queues the way it was necessary in the past (similarly to V4L2's DQBUF
+% and DQEVENT). One more benefit is that commandq is processed fast and
+% strictly in order, so commandq descriptors exhaustion should never happen in
+% practice.
+
+Parameters allow the driver to configure the stream including setting up the
+resources. Available parameters depend on the device type, see
+\ref{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device capabilities and parameters}.
+
+A resource is a set of memory buffers that contain a unit of data that
+the device can process or produce. Most resources have only one buffer,
+raw frames using a multi-planar format can have several.
+Input resources are filled by the driver with compressed (coded) video data
+for a decoder and raw frames for an encoder, output resources are filled by
+the device as the result of processing the input resources with decoded raw
+frames for a decoder and compressed (encoded) data for an encoder.
+Resources from inputqX and outputqX are consumed independently, not in pairs.
+One input resource can result in zero to many produced output resources.
+A decoder device dequeues the output decoded frames in presentation order.
+An encoder device dequeues the output decoded frames in decoding order.
+The driver can reuse a queued resource after receiving a corresponding async
+response. Dequeued output resources can still be used by the device as
+reference frames, so the driver can't write to them.
+
+% TODO: maybe send the second RESOURCE_QUEUE async response, when the dequeued
+% output resource is not used by the device anymore and therefore becomes
+% writeable?
+
+The device can detect standalone stream-related events: errors and dynamic
+parameters changes that require intervention from the driver (e.g.
+reallocating backing memory of output resources to fit the new parameters).
+The events are signalled on the eventq, see
+\ref{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Standalone Events}.
+
+\devicenormative{\subsubsection}{Device Operation}{Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation}
+
+The device MUST set to zero all unused, disabled or padding bits in its
+responses.
+
+\subsubsection{Device Operation: Command Virtqueue}
+\label{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Command Virtqueue}
+
+This section lists the commands that can be sent by the driver to commandq.
+
+Different structures are used for each command and response. A command
+structure starts with the requested command code, defined as follows:
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+/* Device */
+#define VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_DEVICE_QUERY_CAPS      0x100
+
+/* Stream */
+#define VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_OPEN            0x200
+#define VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_CLOSE           0x201
+#define VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_SET_PARAMS      0x202
+#define VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_GET_PARAMS      0x203
+#define VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_UNBLOCK         0x204
+#define VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_DRAIN           0x205
+#define VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_QUEUE_RESET     0x206
+#define VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_RESOURCE_QUEUE  0x207
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+Stream commands start with a header:
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+#define VIRTIO_VIDEO_QUEUE_TYPE_MAIN    0
+#define VIRTIO_VIDEO_QUEUE_TYPE_INPUT   1
+#define VIRTIO_VIDEO_QUEUE_TYPE_OUTPUT  2
+
+struct virtio_video_stream_cmd_header {
+        le32 type; /* One of VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_* */
+        le32 stream_id;
+        le32 queue_type; /* One of VIRTIO_VIDEO_QUEUE_TYPE_* */
+        le32 async_response_cookie;
+};
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\begin{description}
+      \item[\field{async_response_cookie}]
+            is an async response cookie provided by the driver, that allows
+            to relate an async response to the previously submitted command.
+\end{description}
+
+\subsubsection{Device Operation: Event Virtqueue}
+\label{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Event Virtqueue}
+
+The eventq is used by the device to send async responses to commands queued
+by the driver on commandq and standalone events. Stream errors and dynamic
+parameters changes are caused by changes in the device's state, not by
+commands, still they are delivered as responses to implicit
+VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_CLOSE and VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_SET_PARAMS,
+respectively.
+
+Events start with a header:
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+#define VIRTIO_VIDEO_EVENT_FLAG_ERROR              (1 << 0)
+#define VIRTIO_VIDEO_EVENT_FLAG_STANDALONE         (1 << 1)
+#define VIRTIO_VIDEO_EVENT_FLAG_CANCELED           (1 << 2)
+#define VIRTIO_VIDEO_EVENT_FLAG_BLOCKED            (1 << 3)
+
+struct virtio_video_event_header {
+        le32 event_type; /* VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_* */
+        le32 stream_id;
+        le32 async_response_cookie;
+        le32 event_flags; /* Bitmask of VIRTIO_VIDEO_EVENT_FLAG_* */
+};
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\begin{description}
+      \item[\field{event_type}]
+            is the type of the event.
+      \item[\field{stream_id}]
+            is the ID of a valid stream.
+      \item[\field{async_response_cookie}]
+            is an async response cookie provided by the driver, that allows
+            to relate the event to a previously submitted command.
+      \item[\field{event_flags}]
+            is a bitmask of VIRTIO_VIDEO_EVENT_FLAG_* flags
+
+            \begin{description}
+                  \item[VIRTIO_VIDEO_EVENT_FLAG_ERROR]
+                        is set if the command finished with an error due to an
+                        invalid argument or for other reasons.
+                  \item[VIRTIO_VIDEO_EVENT_FLAG_STANDALONE]
+                        is set for standalone events, see
+                        \ref{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Standalone Events}.
+                  \item[VIRTIO_VIDEO_EVENT_FLAG_CANCELED]
+                        is set if the command has been canceled by another
+                        command, that has higher priority. Doesn't make sense
+                        for standalone events.
+                  \item[VIRTIO_VIDEO_EVENT_FLAG_BLOCKED]
+                        is set if the command triggered a block on the
+                        outputqX to allow output format negotiation.
+                        When the negotiation is finished the block has to be
+                        removed using VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_UNBLOCK
+                        command, see
+                        \ref{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Stream commands / UNBLOCK}.
+            \end{description}
+\end{description}
+
+The particular data structure representing the event is selected according to
+the \field{event_type}.
+
+\drivernormative{\paragraph}{Device Operation: Event Virtqueue}{Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Event Virtqueue}
+
+The driver MUST at any time have at least one descriptor with a used
+buffer large enough to contain a \field{struct virtio_video_event}
+queued on the eventq.
+
+The driver MUST NOT put device-readable descriptors into the eventq.
+
+The driver MUST account for the fact that the async responses to commands
+might come out-of-order (i.e. after other commands sent to the device),
+and that some of them can be cancelled.
+
+The driver SHOULD wait for an async response of command A, that caused
+cancellation of command B, before queueing the command B again.
+
+\subsubsection{Device Operation: TLV format}
+\label{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: TLV format}
+
+VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_DEVICE_QUERY_CAPS and VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_SET_PARAMS/
+VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_GET_PARAMS
+commands represent device capabilities and corresponding device parameters
+in the form of TLV (Type-Length-Value):
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+struct virtio_video_tlv {
+        le32 type;
+        le32 length;
+        u8 value[length];
+};
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\begin{description}
+      \item[\field{type}]
+            specifies the type of data in \field{value}.
+      \item[\field{length}]
+            specifies the \field{value} size in bytes aligned to 4 bytes.
+      \item[\field{value}]
+            contains the data according to the type.
+\end{description}
+
+The following TLV types are defined:
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+#define VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_CODED_SET                1
+#define VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_RAW_SET                  2
+#define VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_LINK                     3
+#define VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_CODED_FORMAT             4
+#define VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_RAW_FORMAT               5
+#define VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_CODED_RESOURCES          6
+#define VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_RAW_RESOURCES            7
+#define VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_RESOURCE_GUEST_PAGES     8
+#define VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_RESOURCE_VIRTIO_OBJECT   9
+#define VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_CROP                     10
+#define VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_V4L2_CONTROLS            11
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+Some TLVs are used only as containers for sequences of nested TLVs:
+
+\begin{description}
+      \item[\field{VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_CODED_SET}]
+            groups various capabilities or parameters related to a particular coded
+            format.
+      \item[\field{VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_RAW_SET}]
+            groups various capabilities or parameters related to a particular raw
+            format.
+      \item[\field{VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_V4L2_CONTROLS}]
+            contains V4L2 controls represented in the TLV format. Within this container
+            only selected V4L2 control identifiers (V4L2_CID_*) are allowed to be used
+            in the TLV \field{type} field, see
+            \ref{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device capabilities and parameters / CODED / V4L2 CONTROLS}.
+\end{description}
+
+TLV with type VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_LINK is a special one used to define relations
+between sets of capabilities, see
+\ref{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Device Commands / QUERY CAPS}.
+
+For each of the remaining TLV types two different contained data formats are
+defined: one for the capabilities and one for the specific parameter values.
+
+\field{struct virtio_video_range} is used to represent a range of values in
+some TLVs:
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+struct virtio_video_range {
+        le32 min;
+        le32 max;
+        le32 step;
+        u8 padding[4];
+};
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+An integer \(x\) is within the range \field{r} if
+\(\field{r.min} \le x \le \field{r.max}\) holds and \(x\) equals to
+\((\field{min} + \field{step} * n)\) for some integer \(n\).
+
+\devicenormative{\paragraph}{Device Operation: TLV format}{Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: TLV format}
+
+\field{min}, \field{step} and \field{max} MUST be positive.
+
+\field{min} MUST be less then or equal to \field{max} within the same range.
+
+\subsubsection{Device Operation: Device Commands}
+\label{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Device Commands}
+
+This command allows retrieving the device capabilities.
+
+\paragraph{VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_DEVICE_QUERY_CAPS}
+\label{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Device Commands / QUERY CAPS}
+
+Retrieve device capabilities for all available stream parameters (for example,
+the range of values).
+
+The driver sends this command with
+\field{struct virtio_video_device_query_caps}:
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+struct virtio_video_device_query_caps {
+        le32 type; /* VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_DEVICE_QUERY_CAPS */
+};
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+The device responds with
+\field{struct virtio_video_device_query_caps_resp}:
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+
+#define VIRTIO_VIDEO_RESULT_OK      0
+#define VIRTIO_VIDEO_RESULT_ERROR   1
+
+struct virtio_video_device_query_caps_resp {
+        le32 result; /* VIRTIO_VIDEO_RESULT_* */
+        u8 padding[4];
+        /**
+         * Followed by a sequence of TLVs up to caps_length
+         * counted in bytes from the beginning of the struct.
+         */
+};
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\begin{description}
+      \item[\field{result}]
+            is
+
+            \begin{description}
+                  \item[VIRTIO_VIDEO_RESULT_OK]
+                        if the command succeeded,
+                  \item[VIRTIO_VIDEO_RESULT_ERROR]
+                        if the descriptor was smaller than the defined \field{caps_length} in
+                        the video device configuration.
+            \end{description}
+\end{description}
+
+The sequence of TLVs consists of TLV containers VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_CODED_SET
+and VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_RAW_SET defining sets of possible coded, or respectively
+raw formats, including the corresponding parameters (e.g. profiles, levels
+or format modifiers, resolutions), that are supported by the device. For the
+details see
+\ref{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device capabilities and parameters}.
+The last TLVs in the sequence with type VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_LINK establish
+relations between the two groups. If there is a link, then the device supports
+decoding from the specified coded set to the specified raw set, or encoding in
+the opposite direction. The value format is defined as follows:
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+#define VIRTIO_VIDEO_STREAM_TYPE_DECODER 0
+#define VIRTIO_VIDEO_STREAM_TYPE_ENCODER 1
+
+struct virtio_video_tlv_link {
+        le32 stream_type; /* One of VIRTIO_VIDEO_STREAM_TYPE_* */
+        u8 padding[4];
+        le64 links[n_coded * (n_raw + 63) / 64];
+};
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\begin{description}
+      \item[\field{stream_type}]
+            is the type of the stream that is supported and negotiated using
+            the respective feature flags.
+      \item[\field{n_coded}]
+            is the number of VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_CODED_SET containers.
+      \item[\field{n_raw}]
+            is the number of VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_RAW_SET containers.
+      \item[\field{links}]
+            is a bitset establishing links between coded and raw sets. For \field{i}-th
+            coded and \field{j}-th raw sets counted from zero bit \field{(j \% 64)} in
+            \field{links[i * (n_raw + 63) / 64 + j / 64]} defines the link if it is set.
+\end{description}
+
+\devicenormative{\subparagraph}{VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_DEVICE_QUERY_CAPS}{Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Device Commands / QUERY CAPS}
+
+Response to the command MUST be written by the device in the first
+device-writable descriptor of the descriptor chain from which the command
+came.
+
+The device MUST include into the response at least one
+VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_CODED_SET and at least one VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_RAW_SET TLV
+containers, and one VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_LINK TLV defining links between the coded
+and raw sets for each VIRTIO_VIDEO_F_ENCODER and VIRTIO_VIDEO_F_DECODER
+feature flag that is negotiated. The VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_LINK TLVs MUST be the
+last in the sequence.
+
+Each VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_CODED_SET and VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_RAW_SET MUST take part
+in at least one defined link in one of the VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_LINK TLVs.
+
+Each VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_CODED_SET MUST contain exactly one
+VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_CODED_FORMAT TLV, exactly one
+VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_CODED_RESOURCES TLV and at most one TLV of other types.
+
+Each VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_RAW_SET MUST contain exactly one
+VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_RAW_FORMAT TLV, exactly one VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_RAW_RESOURCES
+TLV and at most one TLV of other types.
+
+VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_RAW_SET containers SHOULD be ordered according to raw format
+preferences of the device from preferred to not preferred ones.
+
+The total size of the response MUST be equal to \field{caps_length}
+bytes, as reported by the device configuration.
+
+\drivernormative{\subparagraph}{VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_DEVICE_QUERY_CAPS}{Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Device Commands / QUERY CAPS}
+
+Descriptor chains sent to the commandq by the driver MUST include at least one
+device-writable descriptor. The combined length of all such descriptors MUST
+be at least \field{caps_length} bytes.
+
+\subsubsection{Device Operation: Stream commands}
+\label{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Stream commands}
+
+Stream commands allow to open, close and control the flow of a stream.
+
+\paragraph{VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_OPEN}
+\label{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Stream commands / OPEN}
+
+Open a video stream.
+
+The driver sends this command with \field{struct virtio_video_stream_open}:
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+struct virtio_video_stream_open {
+        struct virtio_video_stream_cmd_header hdr; /* VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_OPEN -> mainqX */
+        le32 stream_type; /* One of VIRTIO_VIDEO_STREAM_TYPE_* */
+};
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\begin{description}
+      \item[\field{hdr.stream_id}]
+            is the ID of the stream to be opened.
+      \item[\field{stream_type}]
+            is the type of the stream to be opened.
+\end{description}
+
+The device begins an async OPEN operation. When the operation is completed the
+device sends the VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_OPEN async response, see
+\ref{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Event Virtqueue}.
+
+\devicenormative{\subparagraph}{VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_OPEN}{Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Stream commands / OPEN}
+
+The device MUST ensure that the \field{stream_id} is within limits and that
+the corresponding stream is not open.
+
+\drivernormative{\subparagraph}{VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_OPEN}{Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Stream commands / OPEN}
+
+VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_OPEN MUST be sent to mainqX.
+
+\paragraph{VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_CLOSE}
+\label{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Stream commands / CLOSE}
+
+% Use-case: the guest user-space app closes the file descriptor. Cleanup fast.
+
+Close a video stream. Any activity on the stream is halted and all resources
+are released by the time the async response is received by the driver.
+
+The driver sends this command with
+\field{struct virtio_video_stream_close}:
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+struct virtio_video_stream_close {
+        struct virtio_video_stream_cmd_header hdr; /* VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_CLOSE -> mainqX */
+};
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\begin{description}
+      \item[\field{stream_id}]
+            is the ID of the stream to be closed.
+\end{description}
+
+The device begins an async CLOSE operation, that consists of RESET operations
+on inputqX and outputqX, see
+\ref{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Stream commands / QUEUE RESET},
+detaching all the resources, releasing the internal stream queues and any
+corresponding internal resources. When the CLOSE operation is completed the
+device sends the VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_CLOSE async response, see
+\ref{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Event Virtqueue}.
+The same async response can also come after an unrecoverable stream error, see
+\ref{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Standalone Events / Error Event}.
+
+\devicenormative{\subparagraph}{VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_CLOSE}{Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Stream commands / CLOSE}
+
+After VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_CLOSE is queued, the device MUST send an async
+response with VIRTIO_VIDEO_EVENT_FLAG_ERROR flag set to any subsequently
+queued command with this stream ID except VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_OPEN.
+
+The CLOSE operation MUST NOT be canceled.
+
+\drivernormative{\subparagraph}{VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_CLOSE}{Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Stream commands / CLOSE}
+
+\field{stream_id} MUST be set to a valid stream ID of an open stream.
+
+VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_CLOSE MUST be sent to mainqX.
+
+\paragraph{VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_SET_PARAMS}
+\label{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Stream commands / SET PARAMS}
+
+Set selected parameters of inputqX or outputqX of a given stream and receive
+back the actual values of the set parameters. Coded parameters within a
+VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_CODED_SET container belong to inputqX of a decoder stream and
+to outputqX of an encoder stream. Raw parameters within a
+VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_RAW_SET container belong to outputqX of a decoder stream and
+to inputqX of an encoder stream.
+
+The driver sends this command with
+\field{struct virtio_video_stream_set_params}:
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+struct virtio_video_stream_get_set_params {
+        struct virtio_video_stream_cmd_header hdr; /* VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_SET_PARAMS */
+        /**
+         * Followed by a single VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_CODED_SET or
+         * VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_RAW_SET TLV container with the parameters.
+         */
+};
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\begin{description}
+      \item[\field{hdr.stream_id}]
+            is the ID of the stream to set parameters for.
+\end{description}
+
+The command can be queued to:
+
+\begin{itemize}
+      \item[\field{inputqX}]
+            The parameters are set after all commands previously queued on the
+            inputqX are processed.
+      \item[\field{mainqX}]
+            The parameters are set without waiting for other commands queued
+            on inputqX to be processed.
+\end{itemize}
+
+% Use-case: for the decoder, resolution can be set manually by the driver
+% (useful for codecs that do not embed this information, like MPEG-2).
+% The processing sequence should look similar to the dynamic parameters
+% change case.
+% Use-case: V4L2's request API.
+
+Any changes to formats, decreasing resource numbers or changes to resources
+in use trigger the following sequence:
+\begin{enumerate}
+      \item
+            an implicit DRAIN operation, see
+            \ref{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Stream commands / DRAIN};
+      \item
+            only for changes to outputqX parameters: outputqX is blocked until
+            a VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_UNBLOCK command is received, see
+            \ref{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Stream commands / UNBLOCK}.
+            When the block is active the decoder or encoder can't get anything
+            from outputqX.
+\end{enumerate}
+
+% Use-case: dynamic resolution changes on inter frames in VP9.
+% See https://lore.kernel.org/linux-media/[email protected]/
+% Because of this buffers can't be detached/deallocated/reset the way it was
+% specified in the past when a dynamic resolution change happens. Therefore
+% the access to the outputqX is blocked until the format negotiation is
+% finished. Otherwise there is a race condition: device sends a DPC event, the
+% driver meantime keeps queueing buffers, the device can't figure out if these
+% buffers should be used after the DPC or not. This is somewhat similar to
+% V4L2_DEC_CMD_START command except that here it only covers the parameter
+% changes.
+
+Only the parameters returned in one of the corresponding sets in the device
+capabilities can be set, see
+\ref{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Device Commands / QUERY CAPS}.
+The device checks and applies the parameter changes and sends the
+VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_SET_PARAMS async response, see
+\ref{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Event Virtqueue}.
+The async response can also come in case of a dynamic parameters change, see
+\ref{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Standalone Events / Dynamic Parameters Change Event}.
+
+The command-specific async response
+\field{struct virtio_video_stream_params_async_resp} is defined
+as follows:
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+struct virtio_video_stream_get_set_params_async_resp {
+        struct virtio_video_event_header hdr;
+        /**
+         * Followed by a single VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_CODED_SET or
+         * VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_RAW_SET TLV container with the parameters.
+         */
+};
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+The TLV container in the response is of the same type as in the request and it
+contains the actual values of the set parameters supported by the
+device. The values set by the device can differ from the requested values
+depending on the device's capabilities. If the TLV container in the request is
+empty, the response is also empty. \textbf{Note:} lengths of the
+VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_RESOURCE_GUEST_PAGES and
+VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_RESOURCE_VIRTIO_OBJECT TLVs are always 8 in the device's
+response in order to save memory and make eventq descriptor size more
+predictable, i.e. they include only the \field{resource_id} fields. Missing
+TLV for a resource means that it is not attached.
+
+The backing memory for resources can only be attached when there is no chance
+for it to be simultaneously used by the device.
+
+\devicenormative{\subparagraph}{VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_SET_PARAMS}{Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Stream commands / SET PARAMS}
+
+The device MUST initialize each parameter to a valid default value.
+
+The device MUST allow each parameter to be read even without the driver
+explicitly setting a value for them beforehand.
+
+The device MAY adjust any received parameter to a closest supported
+value if the received one is not supported with the current settings.
+
+The parameters received and returned by the device MUST fit together into a
+pair of linked sets returned in
+\field{struct virtio_video_device_query_caps_resp}.
+
+The parameters MUST be applied in the order of appearance in the TLV
+container.
+The device MUST send an async response with an error flag set as soon as it
+encounters an invalid not correctable input and stop processing the TLVs
+afterwards.
+
+The device MUST process parameters changes, that are embedded in the input
+stream, in the same way as if there is a VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_SET_PARAMS
+command queued into inputqX changing the outputqX parameters. A standalone DPC
+event MUST be sent in place of the command's async response in this case.
+
+The device MUST return the changed inputqX or outputqX parameters in the
+async response.
+
+If the command is interrupted with a RESET operation on inputqX or a CLOSE
+operation, the device MUST send the async response with
+VIRTIO_VIDEO_EVENT_FLAG_CANCELED flag set.
+
+\drivernormative{\subparagraph}{VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_SET_PARAMS}{Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Stream commands / SET PARAMS}
+
+\field{stream_id} MUST be set to a valid stream ID of an open stream.
+
+VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_SET_PARAMS MUST be sent to mainqX or inputqX or
+outputqX where X equals \field{stream_id}.
+
+The driver MUST put exactly one TLV container to the request with type
+selected according to the queue type.
+
+The driver MUST check the actual values of the parameters as set by the
+device and work with these values, or try to set different ones if it
+cannot, or fail properly.
+
+After creating a new stream, the initial value of all parameters is
+undefined to the driver. Thus, the driver MUST NOT assume the default
+value of any parameter and MAY use VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_SET_PARAMS
+in order to get the values of the parameters it needs.
+
+If some of the resources were detached as a result of this command the driver
+SHOULD reattach the backing memories of these resources and queue them again
+to resume the device operation.
+
+The same type of backing memories (either guest pages, or virtio objects)
+MUST be used for all resources within a queue.
+
+\paragraph{VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_GET_PARAMS}
+\label{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Stream commands / GET PARAMS}
+
+Get the current values of all parameters supported by the device for inputqX
+or outputqX of a given stream as reported by
+\ref{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Device Commands / QUERY CAPS}.
+The command is very similar to VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_SET_PARAMS, except that
+the TLV set in the command is always empty and all supported parameters are
+returned by the device in the async response.
+
+\paragraph{VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_UNBLOCK}
+\label{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Stream commands / UNBLOCK}
+
+Unblock the access to outputqX after output format and resource parameters
+negotiation between the device and the driver is finished.
+
+The driver sends this command with
+\field{struct virtio_video_stream_unblock}:
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+struct virtio_video_stream_unblock {
+        struct virtio_video_stream_cmd_header hdr; /* VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_UNBLOCK -> mainqX */
+};
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\begin{description}
+      \item[\field{hdr.stream_id}]
+            is the ID of the stream to continue.
+\end{description}
+
+When the outputqX is unblocked the device sends the
+VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_UNBLOCK async response, see
+\ref{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Event Virtqueue}.
+
+\devicenormative{\subparagraph}{VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_UNBLOCK}{Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Stream commands / UNBLOCK}
+
+The device MUST set the VIRTIO_VIDEO_EVENT_FLAG_ERROR flag if the outputqX is
+not blocked.
+
+\drivernormative{\subparagraph}{VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_UNBLOCK}{Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Stream commands / UNBLOCK}
+
+VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_UNBLOCK MUST be sent to mainqX.
+
+\paragraph{VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_DRAIN}
+\label{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Stream commands / DRAIN}
+
+Complete processing of all input resources queued before this command
+and make the resulting output resources available to the driver.
+
+The driver sends this command with
+\field{struct virtio_video_stream_drain}:
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+struct virtio_video_stream_drain {
+        struct virtio_video_stream_cmd_header hdr; /* VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_DRAIN -> inputqX */
+};
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\begin{description}
+      \item[\field{hdr.stream_id}]
+            is the ID of the stream to drain.
+\end{description}
+
+The device begins the async DRAIN operation. When the operation is completed
+the device sends the VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_DRAIN async response, see
+\ref{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Event Virtqueue}.
+
+\devicenormative{\subparagraph}{VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_DRAIN}{Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Stream commands / DRAIN}
+
+Before the device sends the response, it MUST process and respond to all
+the commands on the inputqX that were sent before the drain command, and make
+all the corresponding output resources available to the driver with async
+responses to their VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_RESOURCE_QUEUE commands.
+
+The device MUST be able to accept commands to inputqX while a DRAIN operation
+is ongoing, but any resulting async responses MUST NOT be sent before
+the async response to the command, that started the DRAIN operation.
+
+If the command is interrupted with a RESET operation on inputqX or a CLOSE
+operation, the device MUST send the async response with
+VIRTIO_VIDEO_EVENT_FLAG_CANCELED flag set.
+
+The device MUST retain certain state after a DRAIN e.g. VPS, SPS, PPS.
+
+\drivernormative{\subparagraph}{VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_DRAIN}{Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Stream commands / DRAIN}
+
+VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_DRAIN MUST be sent to inputqX.
+
+The driver MUST keep queueing output resources until it gets the
+async response to this command or cancels it using
+VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_QUEUE_RESET or
+VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_CLOSE. Failure to do so may result in the
+device stalling as it waits for output resources to write into.
+
+The driver MUST send a VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_DRAIN command when it does not
+have any further input to ensure it receives all the output.
+
+\paragraph{VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_QUEUE_RESET}
+\label{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Stream commands / QUEUE RESET}
+
+Immediately cancel all queued resources in inputqX or outputqX without
+processing them and discard any processing results, that are not yet dequeued.
+This command is useful for decoders that need to quickly jump to another point
+in the stream (i.e. for seeking), or in order to clear the queue as quickly as
+possible.
+
+The driver sends this command with
+\field{struct virtio_video_queue_reset}:
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+struct virtio_video_queue_reset {
+        struct virtio_video_stream_cmd_header hdr; /* VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_QUEUE_RESET -> mainqX */
+        le32 reset_queue_type; /* One of VIRTIO_VIDEO_QUEUE_TYPE_{INPUT|OUTPUT} */
+};
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\begin{description}
+      \item[\field{hdr.stream_id}]
+            is the ID of the stream to reset.
+      \item[\field{reset_queue_type}]
+            is the queue type to reset.
+\end{description}
+
+The device begins the async RESET operation. When the async RESET operation is
+completed the device sends the VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_QUEUE_RESET async
+response, see
+\ref{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Event Virtqueue}.
+
+\devicenormative{\subparagraph}{VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_QUEUE_RESET}{Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Stream commands / QUEUE RESET}
+
+The device MUST send async responses with VIRTIO_VIDEO_EVENT_FLAG_CANCELED
+flag set for all active or pending commands in the selected queue before
+sending the async response to this command.
+
+The device MUST interrupt operation as quickly as possible. Doing a RESET of
+inputqX MUST NOT depend on output resources being queued by the driver.
+
+% If the device must accept more input after the beginning of the RESET
+% like it was required in the previous versions of the specification, then
+% some more measures are necessary because these are different queues now.
+% For example, adding a "generation" field into the commands. At the moment
+% this doesn't look like a problem because this is not supported in V4L2.
+
+The device MUST retain certain state after a RESET e.g. VPS, SPS, PPS.
+
+\drivernormative{\subparagraph}{VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_QUEUE_RESET}{Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Stream commands / QUEUE RESET}
+
+\field{stream_id} MUST be set to a valid stream ID of an open stream.
+
+VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_QUEUE_RESET MUST be sent to mainqX.
+
+\paragraph{VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_RESOURCE_QUEUE}
+\label{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Stream commands / RESOURCE QUEUE}
+
+Provide an input or output resource to the device for processing.
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+#define VIRTIO_VIDEO_MAX_PLANES                    8
+
+#define VIRTIO_VIDEO_QUEUE_FLAG_KEY_FRAME         (1 << 0)
+#define VIRTIO_VIDEO_QUEUE_FLAG_P_FRAME           (1 << 1)
+#define VIRTIO_VIDEO_QUEUE_FLAG_B_FRAME           (1 << 2)
+/* On dequeue only */
+#define VIRTIO_VIDEO_QUEUE_FLAG_V4L2_DPC_LAST     (1 << 3)
+#define VIRTIO_VIDEO_QUEUE_FLAG_V4L2_DRAIN_LAST   (1 << 4)
+
+struct virtio_video_resource_queue {
+        struct virtio_video_stream_cmd_header hdr; /* VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_RESOURCE_QUEUE */
+        le32 resource_id;
+        le32 flags; /* Bitmask of VIRTIO_VIDEO_QUEUE_FLAG_* */
+        le64 timestamp;
+        le32 offsets[VIRTIO_VIDEO_MAX_PLANES];
+        le32 data_sizes[VIRTIO_VIDEO_MAX_PLANES];
+};
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\begin{description}
+      \item[\field{hdr.stream_id}]
+            is the ID of the stream to provide the resource to.
+      \item[\field{hdr.queue_type}]
+            is either inpuqX, or outputqX.
+      \item[\field{resource_id}]
+            is the ID of the resource to be queued.
+      \item[\field{flags}]
+            is a bitmask of VIRTIO_VIDEO_QUEUE_FLAG_* values.
+
+            \begin{description}
+                  \item[VIRTIO_VIDEO_QUEUE_FLAG_KEY_FRAME]
+                        can be set on decoder input resources when the
+                        resource contains an encoded key frame.
+                  \item[VIRTIO_VIDEO_QUEUE_FLAG_P_FRAME]
+                        can be set on decoder input resources when the
+                        resource contains only differences to preceding frames.
+                  \item[VIRTIO_VIDEO_QUEUE_FLAG_B_FRAME]
+                        can be set on decoder input resources when the
+                        resource contains the differences between the current
+                        frame and both the preceding and following frames.
+            \end{description}
+      \item[\field{timestamp}]
+            is an abstract sequence counter that can be used on the inputqX for
+            synchronization. Resources produced on the output queue will carry the
+            \field{timestamp} of the first input resource they have been produced
+            from.
+      \item[\field{offsets}]
+            is the starting offset for the data in the buffer for each plane.
+            The number of planes depends on the format. Set by the driver for input
+            resources.
+      \item[\field{data_sizes}]
+            is number of data bytes used for each plane. Set by the driver for input
+            resources.
+\end{description}
+
+The device uses the resource in the video processing. When the processing of
+the resource is completed the device sends the
+VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_RESOURCE_QUEUE async response, see
+\ref{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Event Virtqueue}.
+
+The command-specific async response
+\field{struct virtio_video_resource_queue_async_resp} is defined
+as follows:
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+struct virtio_video_resource_queue_async_resp {
+        struct virtio_video_event_header hdr;
+        le32 flags;
+        u8 padding[4];
+        le64 timestamp;
+        le32 offsets[VIRTIO_VIDEO_MAX_PLANES];
+        le32 data_sizes[VIRTIO_VIDEO_MAX_PLANES];
+};
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\begin{description}
+      \item[\field{flags}]
+            is a bitmask of VIRTIO_VIDEO_QUEUE_FLAG_* flags.
+
+            \begin{description}
+                  \item[VIRTIO_VIDEO_QUEUE_FLAG_KEY_FRAME]
+                        is set on encoder output resources when the
+                        resource contains an encoded key frame.
+                  \item[VIRTIO_VIDEO_QUEUE_FLAG_P_FRAME]
+                        is set on encoder output resources when the
+                        resource contains only differences to preceding frames.
+                  \item[VIRTIO_VIDEO_QUEUE_FLAG_B_FRAME]
+                        is set on encoder output resources when the
+                        resource contains the differences between the current
+                        frame and both the preceding and following frames.
+            \end{description}
+      \item[\field{timestamp}]
+            is set on output resources to the \field{timestamp} value of the first input
+            resource that produced the resource.
+      \item[\field{offsets}]
+            is set on output resources to the starting offset for the data in the
+            buffer for each plane.
+      \item[\field{data_sizes}]
+            is set on output resources to the amount of data written by the device,
+            for each plane.
+\end{description}
+
+VIRTIO_VIDEO_EVENT_FLAG_ERROR is set in event_flags of the async response on
+resources when a non-fatal processing error has happened and the data
+contained in the resource is likely to be corrupted.
+
+\devicenormative{\subparagraph}{VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_RESOURCE_QUEUE}{Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Stream commands / RESOURCE QUEUE}
+
+The device MUST set VIRTIO_VIDEO_EVENT_FLAG_ERROR in the async response if the
+resource has not been attached prior to queueing it, or for an attempt to queue
+a resources that is still processed asynchronously, or for resources that might
+contain corrupted content due to an error.
+
+For output resources, the device MUST copy the \field{timestamp}
+parameter of the first input resource that produced it into the async
+response.
+When many output resources are produced from a single input resource, the
+device MUST copy the timestamp of the input resource to all of the output
+resources.
+
+In case of encoder, the device MUST mark each output resource with one of
+VIRTIO_VIDEO_QUEUE_FLAG_KEY_FRAME, VIRTIO_VIDEO_QUEUE_FLAG_P_FRAME, or
+VIRTIO_VIDEO_QUEUE_FLAG_B_FRAME.
+
+If the processing of a resource was canceled due to a stream event, a
+VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_QUEUE_RESET, or a VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_CLOSE,
+the device MUST send the corresponding async response with
+VIRTIO_VIDEO_EVENT_FLAG_CANCELED flag set.
+
+When starting or resuming processing after a RESET or a DRAIN operation, the
+device MAY skip input data until it finds a point that allows it to resume
+operation properly (e.g. until a keyframe is found in the input stream of a
+decoder).
+
+The device MUST properly handle the case when a dequeued but still referenced
+resource is queued again.
+
+\drivernormative{\subparagraph}{VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_RESOURCE_QUEUE}{Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Stream commands / RESOURCE QUEUE}
+
+VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_RESOURCE_QUEUE MUST be sent to inputqX or outputqX.
+
+\field{resource_id} MUST be an ID of a resource, that is both allocated and
+attached for the queue.
+
+The driver MUST be able to handle the output resources in decoding order in
+encoder case, i.e. with timestamps out of order.
+
+\subsubsection{Device Operation: Standalone Events}
+\label{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Standalone Events}
+
+These events are caused by state changes in the device, not as an async
+response to any command.
+
+\paragraph{Error Event}
+\label{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Standalone Events / Error Event}
+
+The error event is sent by the device when an unrecoverable error occurs
+during processing a stream. The device operation is the same as when
+it receives a VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_CLOSE command, see
+\ref{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Stream commands / CLOSE}
+except that it also sets the VIRTIO_VIDEO_EVENT_FLAG_ERROR flag in the
+response. Note that this is different from other async responses carrying the
+VIRTIO_VIDEO_EVENT_FLAG_ERROR flag. The latter indicates that e.g. the
+particular output frame might be corrupted, but the stream still exists
+and can recover.
+
+\paragraph{Dynamic Parameters Change Event}
+\label{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Standalone Events / Dynamic Parameters Change Event}
+
+A Dynamic Parameters Change (or DPC) event is sent by a decoder device when it
+detects that the parameters of the stream being decoded have changed.
+The device operation is the same as if it receives a
+VIRTIO_VIDEO_CMD_STREAM_SET_PARAMS command in the inputqX at the exact same
+point in the stream, that changes outputqX parameters, see
+\ref{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Stream commands / SET PARAMS}.
+This includes activating the outputqX block if necessary.
+
+% TODO add QoS events and overall think about quotas. Codecs are normally
+% limited by bandwidth/macroblocks per second. How can we accommodate this?
+
+\subsection{Device capabilities and parameters}
+\label{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device capabilities and parameters}
+
+\subsubsection{VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_CODED_SET}
+\label{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device capabilities and parameters / CODED}
+
+These parameters are defined for the coded parameter sets.
+
+\paragraph{VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_CODED_FORMAT}
+\label{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device capabilities and parameters / CODED / FORMAT}
+
+The following coded formats are defined:
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+#define VIRTIO_VIDEO_CODED_FORMAT_MPEG2  1  /* MPEG-2 Part 2  (V4L2_PIX_FMT_MPEG2) */
+#define VIRTIO_VIDEO_CODED_FORMAT_MPEG4  2  /* MPEG-4 Part 2  (V4L2_PIX_FMT_MPEG4) */
+#define VIRTIO_VIDEO_CODED_FORMAT_H264   3  /* H.264          (V4L2_PIX_FMT_H264)  */
+#define VIRTIO_VIDEO_CODED_FORMAT_HEVC   4  /* HEVC aka H.265 (V4L2_PIX_FMT_HEVC)  */
+#define VIRTIO_VIDEO_CODED_FORMAT_VP8    5  /* VP8            (V4L2_PIX_FMT_VP8)   */
+#define VIRTIO_VIDEO_CODED_FORMAT_VP9    6  /* VP9            (V4L2_PIX_FMT_VP9)   */
+#define VIRTIO_VIDEO_CODED_FORMAT_FWHT   7  /* FWHT           (V4L2_PIX_FMT_FWHT)  */
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+The coded formats and the expected data units per buffer are documented in
+\hyperref[intro:V4L2]{V4L2 header} and
+\hyperref[intro:V4L2 compressed]{V4L2 compressed formats documentation}.
+
+\field{struct virtio_video_tlv_coded_format} represents both the coded format
+in a coded set of capabilities and the specific parameter values:
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+struct virtio_video_tlv_coded_format {
+        le32 format; /* VIRTIO_VIDEO_CODED_FORMAT_* */
+};
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\paragraph{VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_CODED_RESOURCES}
+\label{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device capabilities and parameters / CODED / RESOURCES}
+
+Setup common coded resources parameters.
+
+\field{struct virtio_video_tlv_coded_resources_caps} represents capabilities:
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+struct virtio_video_tlv_coded_resources_caps {
+        struct virtio_video_range num_resources_range;
+        struct virtio_video_range resource_size_range;
+};
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\begin{description}
+      \item[\field{num_resources_range}]
+            is the supported range of resources number of a particular coded set.
+      \item[\field{resource_size_range}]
+            is the supported range of resource sizes.
+\end{description}
+
+\field{struct virtio_video_tlv_resources_val} represents the parameter values:
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+struct virtio_video_tlv_resources_val {
+        le32 num_resources;
+};
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\begin{description}
+      \item[\field{num_resources}]
+            is the number of resources that can be addressed for the queue, numbered
+            from \(0\) to \(num\_resources - 1\). Setting this parameter to zero is
+            allowed even when \field{num_resources_range.min} is positive, this results
+            in detaching all the resources.
+\end{description}
+
+\paragraph{VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_RESOURCE_GUEST_PAGES}
+\label{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device capabilities and parameters / CODED / RESOURCE GUEST PAGES}
+
+This TLV is defined in the same way as for the VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_RAW_SET, see
+\ref{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device capabilities and parameters / RAW / RESOURCE GUEST PAGES}.
+Note, that a coded resource can only have a single buffer, so only the first
+element of \field{num_entries} is not zero.
+
+\paragraph{VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_RESOURCE_VIRTIO_OBJECT}
+\label{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device capabilities and parameters / CODED / RESOURCE VIRTIO OBJECT}
+
+This TLV is defined in the same way as for the VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_RAW_SET, see
+\ref{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device capabilities and parameters / RAW / RESOURCE VIRTIO OBJECT}.
+Note, that a coded resource can only have a single buffer, so
+\field{num_objects} is always 1.
+
+\paragraph{VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_V4L2_CONTROLS}
+\label{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device capabilities and parameters / CODED / V4L2 CONTROLS}
+
+Inside this TLV container only selected V4L2 control IDs are allowed to be
+used as TLV types. The subset is listed in subsections below. Values of the
+V4L2 controls can be converted to TLVs by taking their representation as
+\hyperref[intro:V4L2 ext ctrls]{struct v4l2_ext_control} and replacing the
+pointers with values. Capabilities of the V4L2 controls can't be converted to
+TLVs as easily, so they are described below. This is mostly useful for
+encoders. Most relevant V4L2 controls are codec-specific. All definitions
+related to V4L2 controls can be found in
+\hyperref[intro:V4L2 controls]{V4L2 controls header}, their descriptions
+can be found in \hyperref[intro:V4L2 codec controls]{V4L2 documentation}.
+
+\devicenormative{\subparagraph}{VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_V4L2_CONTROLS}{Device Types / Video Device / Device capabilities and parameters / CODED / V4L2 CONTROLS}
+
+The device MUST NOT advertise codec-specific parameters not corresponding to
+the coded format of the particular coded set.
+
+\subparagraph{V4L2 controls: 32 bit integers}
+\label{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device capabilities and parameters / CODED / V4L2 CONTROLS / V4L2 controls: 32 bit integers}
+
+Integer V4L2 controls are signed by default, but this specification doesn't
+define any signed integer types, see \ref{sec:Structure Specifications}, so
+not every integer V4L2 control could be used directly. Still for many of them
+negative values don't make sense, so these controls are allowed in the range
+from 0 to INT32_MAX:
+
+\begin{itemize}
+      \item V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_BITRATE: bitrate in bits per second
+\end{itemize}
+
+For capabilities the TLV value is defined as follows:
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+struct virtio_video_tlv_v4l2_int_caps {
+        struct virtio_video_range range;
+};
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\begin{description}
+      \item[\field{range}]
+            is a range of possible values of the control.
+\end{description}
+
+For the control values the TLV value is defined as follows:
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+struct virtio_video_tlv_v4l2_int_val {
+        le32 value;
+};
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\begin{description}
+      \item[\field{value}]
+            is one of the supported control values.
+\end{description}
+
+\drivernormative{\subparagraph}{V4L2 controls: 32 bit integers}{Device Types / Video Device / Device capabilities and parameters / CODED / V4L2 CONTROLS / V4L2 controls: 32 bit integers}
+
+The integer V4L2 control values MUST be in the range from 0 to INT32_MAX.
+
+\subparagraph{V4L2 controls: Enumerations}
+\label{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device capabilities and parameters / CODED / V4L2 CONTROLS / V4L2 controls: Enumerations}
+
+The following V4L2 controls with values defined as enums are allowed:
+\begin{itemize}
+      \item V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_MPEG2_PROFILE
+            % enum v4l2_mpeg_video_mpeg2_profile: V4L2_MPEG_VIDEO_MPEG2_PROFILE_*
+      \item V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_MPEG2_LEVEL
+            % enum v4l2_mpeg_video_mpeg2_level: V4L2_MPEG_VIDEO_MPEG2_LEVEL_*
+      \item V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_MPEG4_PROFILE
+            % enum v4l2_mpeg_video_mpeg4_profile: V4L2_MPEG_VIDEO_MPEG4_PROFILE_*
+      \item V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_MPEG4_LEVEL
+            % enum v4l2_mpeg_video_mpeg4_level: V4L2_MPEG_VIDEO_MPEG4_LEVEL_*
+      \item V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_H264_PROFILE
+            % enum v4l2_mpeg_video_h264_profile: V4L2_MPEG_VIDEO_H264_PROFILE_*
+      \item V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_H264_LEVEL
+            % enum v4l2_mpeg_video_h264_level: V4L2_MPEG_VIDEO_H264_LEVEL_*
+      \item V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_HEVC_PROFILE
+            % enum v4l2_mpeg_video_hevc_profile: V4L2_MPEG_VIDEO_HEVC_PROFILE_*
+      \item V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_HEVC_LEVEL
+            % enum v4l2_mpeg_video_hevc_level: V4L2_MPEG_VIDEO_HEVC_LEVEL_*
+      \item V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_VP8_PROFILE
+            % enum v4l2_mpeg_video_vp8_profile: V4L2_MPEG_VIDEO_VP8_PROFILE_*
+      \item V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_VP9_PROFILE
+            % enum v4l2_mpeg_video_vp9_profile: V4L2_MPEG_VIDEO_VP9_PROFILE_*
+      \item V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_VP9_LEVEL
+            % enum v4l2_mpeg_video_vp9_level: V4L2_MPEG_VIDEO_VP9_LEVEL_*
+\end{itemize}
+
+For capabilities the TLV value is defined as follows:
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+#define MASK(x) (1 << (x))
+
+struct virtio_video_tlv_v4l2_enum_caps {
+        le32 bitmask; /* Bitmask of MASK(<enum value>) */
+};
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\begin{description}
+      \item[\field{bitmask}]
+            is a bitmask of supported enum values used as bit numbers, see
+            \hyperref[intro:V4L2 controls]{V4L2 controls header}.
+\end{description}
+
+For the control values the TLV value is defined as follows:
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+struct virtio_video_tlv_v4l2_enum_val {
+        u8 value; /* <enum value> */
+        u8 padding[3];
+};
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\begin{description}
+      \item[\field{value}]
+            is one of the supported enum values, see
+            \hyperref[intro:V4L2 controls]{V4L2 controls header}.
+\end{description}
+
+\subsubsection{VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_RAW_SET}
+\label{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device capabilities and parameters / RAW}
+
+These parameters are defined for the raw parameter sets.
+
+\paragraph{VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_RAW_FORMAT}
+\label{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device capabilities and parameters / RAW / FORMAT}
+
+DRM fourcc format definitions and DRM format modifiers are used to represent
+raw formats capabilities and values. The layouts of raw formats are documented
+in \hyperref[intro:DRM formats]{DRM} and \hyperref[intro:V4L2]{V4L2} headers,
+as well as in \hyperref[intro:V4L2 RGB]{V4L2 RGB} and
+\hyperref[intro:V4L2 YUV]{planar YUV} formats documentation.
+
+% Some DRM and V4L2 formats can be matched with this table:
+% DRM_FORMAT_ARGB8888 = V4L2_PIX_FMT_ABGR32
+% DRM_FORMAT_BGRA8888 = V4L2_PIX_FMT_ARGB32
+% DRM_FORMAT_RGBA8888 = V4L2_PIX_FMT_BGRA32
+% DRM_FORMAT_NV12     = V4L2_PIX_FMT_NV12
+% DRM_FORMAT_YUV420   = V4L2_PIX_FMT_YUV420
+% DRM_FORMAT_YVU420   = V4L2_PIX_FMT_YVU420
+% DRM_FORMAT_YUYV     = V4L2_PIX_FMT_YUYV
+
+\field{struct virtio_video_tlv_raw_format_caps} is used to describe the
+capabilities:
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+enum virtio_video_planes_layout {
+        VIRTIO_VIDEO_PLANES_LAYOUT_SINGLE_BUFFER = 1,
+        VIRTIO_VIDEO_PLANES_LAYOUT_MULTI_BUFFERS = 2,
+};
+
+struct virtio_video_tlv_raw_format_caps {
+        le32 planes_layout_mask; /* Bitmask of VIRTIO_VIDEO_PLANES_LAYOUT_* */
+        le32 fourcc; /* DRM_FORMAT_* */
+        le64 modifier; /* DRM_FORMAT_MOD_* */
+        struct virtio_video_range width_range;
+        struct virtio_video_range height_range;
+        le32 stride_align_mask;
+        le32 height_align_mask;
+        le32 plane_align_mask;
+};
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\begin{description}
+      \item[\field{planes_layout_mask}]
+            is a bitmask of supported planes layout types according to
+            \field{enum virtio_video_planes_layout}.
+      \item[\field{fourcc}]
+            specifies the raw format, to which these capabilities apply.
+      \item[\field{modifier}]
+            specifies the raw format modifier.
+      \item[\field{width_range}]
+            is a range of widths in pixels.
+      \item[\field{height_range}]
+            is a range of heights in pixels.
+      \item[\field{stride_align_mask}]
+            is a bitmask of all supported power of two alignments of the distance in
+            bytes between two lines of data (stride).
+      \item[\field{height_align_mask}]
+            is a bitmask of all supported power of two height alignments in pixels (scanlines).
+      \item[\field{plane_align_mask}]
+            is a bitmask of all supported power of two alignments in bytes of planes
+            within a buffer. This field is valid only if \field{planes_layout_mask} has
+            the \field{VIRTIO_VIDEO_PLANES_LAYOUT_SINGLE_BUFFER} bit set.
+\end{description}
+
+\field{struct virtio_video_tlv_raw_format_val} is used to describe the
+values:
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+struct virtio_video_tlv_raw_format_val {
+        le32 planes_layout; /* VIRTIO_VIDEO_PLANES_LAYOUT_* */
+        le32 fourcc; /* DRM_FORMAT_* */
+        le64 modifier; /* DRM_FORMAT_MOD_* */
+        le32 width;
+        le32 height;
+        le32 stride_align;
+        le32 height_align;
+        le32 plane_align;
+};
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\begin{description}
+      \item[\field{planes_layout}]
+            is the actual layout of the planes.
+      \item[\field{fourcc}]
+            specifies the raw format.
+      \item[\field{modifier}]
+            specifies the raw format modifier.
+      \item[\field{width}]
+            is the width in pixels of the stream frames.
+      \item[\field{height}]
+            is the height in pixels of the stream frames.
+      \item[\field{stride_align}]
+            is the power of two stride alignment in bytes.
+      \item[\field{height_align}]
+            is the power of two height alignment in pixels (scanlines).
+      \item[\field{plane_align}]
+            is the power of two alignment in bytes of planes within a buffer. This field
+            is valid only if \field{planes_layout} has the
+            \field{VIRTIO_VIDEO_PLANES_LAYOUT_SINGLE_BUFFER} bit set.
+\end{description}
+
+% TODO: add colorimetry
+
+\devicenormative{\subparagraph}{VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_RAW_FORMAT}{Device Types / Video Device / Device capabilities and parameters / RAW / FORMAT}
+
+The device MUST set \field{VIRTIO_VIDEO_PLANES_LAYOUT_SINGLE_BUFFER} bit in
+\field{planes_layout_mask} if the plane layout with planes of a frame laid out
+one after another in the same buffer is supported.
+
+The device MUST set \field{VIRTIO_VIDEO_PLANES_LAYOUT_MULTI_BUFFERS} bit in
+\field{planes_layout_mask} if the plane layout with planes of a frame laid out
+in separate buffers is supported.
+
+% TODO: not sure if !VIRTIO_VIDEO_F_RESOURCE_NON_CONTIG should be compatible
+% with VIRTIO_VIDEO_PLANES_LAYOUT_MULTI_BUFFERS or not.
+
+\paragraph{VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_RAW_RESOURCES}
+\label{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device capabilities and parameters / RAW / RESOURCES}
+
+\field{struct virtio_video_tlv_raw_resources_caps} represents capabilities:
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+struct virtio_video_tlv_raw_resources_caps {
+        struct virtio_video_range num_resources_range;
+};
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\begin{description}
+      \item[\field{num_resources_range}]
+            is the supported range of resources number of a particular raw set.
+\end{description}
+
+\field{struct virtio_video_tlv_resources_val} represents the parameter values,
+see
+\ref{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device capabilities and parameters / CODED / RESOURCES}.
+
+\paragraph{VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_RESOURCE_GUEST_PAGES}
+\label{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device capabilities and parameters / RAW / RESOURCE GUEST PAGES}
+
+Setup guest pages as backing memory of a resource.
+
+The parameter capabilities are empty. The empty TLV with zero length indicates
+the support for attaching guest pages to resources.
+
+\field{struct virtio_video_tlv_resource_guest_pages} represents the parameter
+values:
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+struct virtio_video_resource_sg_entry {
+        le64 addr;
+        le32 length;
+        u8 padding[4];
+};
+
+struct virtio_video_tlv_resource_guest_pages {
+        le32 resource_id;
+        u8 padding[4];
+        le32 num_entries[VIRTIO_VIDEO_MAX_PLANES];
+        struct virtio_video_resource_sg_entry entries[];
+};
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\begin{description}
+      \item[\field{resource_id}]
+            is the ID of the resource.
+      \item[\field{num_entries}]
+            is the number of scatter-gather list entries in each of the separate buffers
+            forming together the resource according to currently set format. Unused
+            array elements are set to 0. Sum of the array is the length of the
+            \field{entries} array.
+      \item[\field{entries}]
+            is an array of the scatter-gather list entries:
+
+            \begin{description}
+                  \item[\field{addr}]
+                        is a guest physical address of the start of the SG entry aligned to
+                        the physical guest pages size.
+                  \item[\field{length}]
+                        is the length of the SG entry in bytes aligned to the physical guest
+                        pages size.
+            \end{description}
+\end{description}
+
+\drivernormative{\subparagraph}{VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_RESOURCE_GUEST_PAGES}{Device Types / Video Device / Device capabilities and parameters / RAW / RESOURCE GUEST PAGES}
+
+\field{resource_id} MUST be an integer within the range of resource IDs
+currently allocated for the queue.
+
+The memory regions identified by the elements of the \field{entries} array
+MUST NOT overlap.
+
+\paragraph{VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_RESOURCE_VIRTIO_OBJECT}
+\label{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device capabilities and parameters / RAW / RESOURCE VIRTIO OBJECT}
+
+Setup virtio objects as backing memory to a resource.
+
+The parameter capabilities are empty. The empty TLV with zero length indicates
+the support for attaching virtio objects to resources.
+
+\field{struct virtio_video_tlv_resource_virtio_object} represents the parameter
+values:
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+struct virtio_video_resource_object {
+        u8 uuid[16];
+};
+
+struct virtio_video_tlv_resource_virtio_object {
+        le32 resource_id;
+        le32 num_objects; /* Up to VIRTIO_VIDEO_MAX_PLANES */
+        struct virtio_video_resource_object objects[num_objects];
+};
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\begin{description}
+      \item[\field{resource_id}]
+            is the ID of the resource.
+      \item[\field{num_objects}]
+            is the length of the \field{objects} array according to currently set
+            format.
+      \item[\field{object}]
+            is an array of objects exported from another virtio device, see
+            \ref{sec:Basic Facilities of a Virtio Device / Exporting Objects}.
+
+            \begin{description}
+                  \item[uuid]
+                        is a version 4 UUID specified by \hyperref[intro:rfc4122]{[RFC4122]}.
+            \end{description}
+\end{description}
+
+\drivernormative{\subparagraph}{VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_RESOURCE_VIRTIO_OBJECT}{Device Types / Video Device / Device capabilities and parameters / RAW / RESOURCE VIRTIO OBJECT}
+
+\field{resource_id} MUST be an integer within the range of resource IDs
+currently allocated for the queue.
+
+\paragraph{VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_CROP}
+\label{sec:Device Types / Video Device / Device capabilities and parameters / RAW / CROP}
+
+% TODO There is no reason in doing crop if it doesn't affect the output.
+% So the output frames have to be smaller, than the full size. In the decoder
+% case this means, that the buffers can't be used as a reference. So when crop
+% is enabled, the decoder probably has to have some intermediate buffers.
+% Is it reasonable to reallocate output buffers then? It could be. So it has
+% to be decided (probably in the same way it is usually done in V4L2). In the
+% encoder case this is not a problem.
+% Is setting compose rectangles useful at all?
+
+This parameter sets a rectangle covering the visible area of the frame.
+
+The parameter capabilities are empty. The empty TLV with zero length indicates
+the support for cropping.
+
+The parameter value is defined as follows:
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+struct virtio_video_tlv_crop_val {
+        le32 left;
+        le32 top;
+        le32 width;
+        le32 height;
+};
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\begin{description}
+      \item[\field{left, top}]
+            are coordinates of top left corner of the crop rectangle in pixels.
+      \item[\field{width, height}]
+            are dimensions of the crop rectangle in pixels.
+\end{description}
+
+\devicenormative{\subparagraph}{VIRTIO_VIDEO_TLV_CROP}{Device Types / Video Device / Device capabilities and parameters / RAW / CROP}
+
+The crop rectangle MUST be reset to full frame size on every resolution
+change.
diff --git a/device-types/video/device-conformance.tex b/device-types/video/device-conformance.tex
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..64960ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/device-types/video/device-conformance.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+\conformance{\subsection}{Video Device Conformance}
+\label{sec:Conformance / Device Conformance / Video Device Conformance}
+
+A video device MUST conform to the following normative statements:
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\item \ref{devicenormative:Device Types / Video Device / Feature bits}
+\item \ref{devicenormative:Device Types / Video Device / Device configuration layout}
+\item \ref{devicenormative:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation}
+\item \ref{devicenormative:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: TLV format}
+\item \ref{devicenormative:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Device Commands / QUERY CAPS}
+\item \ref{devicenormative:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Stream commands / OPEN}
+\item \ref{devicenormative:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Stream commands / CLOSE}
+\item \ref{devicenormative:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Stream commands / SET PARAMS}
+\item \ref{devicenormative:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Stream commands / UNBLOCK}
+\item \ref{devicenormative:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Stream commands / DRAIN}
+\item \ref{devicenormative:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Stream commands / QUEUE RESET}
+\item \ref{devicenormative:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Stream commands / RESOURCE QUEUE}
+\item \ref{devicenormative:Device Types / Video Device / Device capabilities and parameters / CODED / V4L2 CONTROLS}
+\item \ref{devicenormative:Device Types / Video Device / Device capabilities and parameters / RAW / FORMAT}
+\item \ref{devicenormative:Device Types / Video Device / Device capabilities and parameters / RAW / CROP}
+\end{itemize}
diff --git a/device-types/video/driver-conformance.tex b/device-types/video/driver-conformance.tex
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ca59885
--- /dev/null
+++ b/device-types/video/driver-conformance.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+\conformance{\subsection}{Video Driver Conformance}
+\label{sec:Conformance / Driver Conformance / Video Driver Conformance}
+
+A video driver MUST conform to the following normative statements:
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\item \ref{drivernormative:Device Types / Video Device / Feature bits}
+\item \ref{drivernormative:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Event Virtqueue}
+\item \ref{drivernormative:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Device Commands / QUERY CAPS}
+\item \ref{drivernormative:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Stream commands / OPEN}
+\item \ref{drivernormative:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Stream commands / CLOSE}
+\item \ref{drivernormative:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Stream commands / SET PARAMS}
+\item \ref{drivernormative:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Stream commands / UNBLOCK}
+\item \ref{drivernormative:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Stream commands / DRAIN}
+\item \ref{drivernormative:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Stream commands / QUEUE RESET}
+\item \ref{drivernormative:Device Types / Video Device / Device Operation / Device Operation: Stream commands / RESOURCE QUEUE}
+\item \ref{drivernormative:Device Types / Video Device / Device capabilities and parameters / CODED / V4L2 CONTROLS / V4L2 controls: 32 bit integers}
+\item \ref{drivernormative:Device Types / Video Device / Device capabilities and parameters / RAW / RESOURCE GUEST PAGES}
+\item \ref{drivernormative:Device Types / Video Device / Device capabilities and parameters / RAW / RESOURCE VIRTIO OBJECT}
+\end{itemize}
diff --git a/introduction.tex b/introduction.tex
index 9a9cbde..52efa16 100644
--- a/introduction.tex
+++ b/introduction.tex
@@ -113,6 +113,15 @@ \section{Normative References}\label{sec:Normative References}
 	\phantomsection\label{intro:SEC1}\textbf{[SEC1]} &
     Standards for Efficient Cryptography Group(SECG), ``SEC1: Elliptic Cureve Cryptography'', Version 1.0, September 2000.
 	\newline\url{https://www.secg.org/sec1-v2.pdf}\\
+	\phantomsection\label{intro:V4L2}\textbf{[V4L2]} &
+	Linux V4L2 interface.
+	\newline\url{https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/include/uapi/linux/videodev2.h}\\
+	\phantomsection\label{intro:V4L2 controls}\textbf{[V4L2 Controls]} &
+	Linux V4L2 controls definitions.
+	\newline\url{https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/include/uapi/linux/v4l2-controls.h}\\
+	\phantomsection\label{intro:DRM formats}\textbf{[DRM Formats]} &
+	Linux DRM format definitions.
+	\newline\url{https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/include/uapi/drm/drm_fourcc.h}\\
 
 	\phantomsection\label{intro:rfc2784}\textbf{[RFC2784]} &
     Generic Routing Encapsulation. This protocol is only specified for IPv4 and used as either the payload or delivery protocol.
@@ -194,6 +203,18 @@ \section{Non-Normative References}
 	\phantomsection\label{intro:Virtio PCI Draft}\textbf{[Virtio PCI Draft]} &
 	Virtio PCI Draft Specification
 	\newline\url{http://ozlabs.org/~rusty/virtio-spec/virtio-0.9.5.pdf}\\
+	\phantomsection\label{intro:V4L2 compressed}\textbf{[V4L2 compressed formats]} &
+	Detailed descriptions of V4L2 compressed formats
+	\newline\url{https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/Documentation/userspace-api/media/v4l/pixfmt-compressed.rst}\\
+	\phantomsection\label{intro:V4L2 RGB}\textbf{[V4L2 RGB formats]} &
+	Detailed descriptions of V4L2 RGB formats
+	\newline\url{https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/Documentation/userspace-api/media/v4l/pixfmt-rgb.rst}\\
+	\phantomsection\label{intro:V4L2 YUV}\textbf{[V4L2 planar YUV formats]} &
+	Detailed descriptions of V4L2 planar YUV formats
+	\newline\url{https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/Documentation/userspace-api/media/v4l/pixfmt-yuv-planar.rst}\\
+	\phantomsection\label{intro:V4L2 codec controls}\textbf{[V4L2 codec controls]} &
+	Detailed descriptions of V4L2 controls
+	\newline\url{https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/Documentation/userspace-api/media/v4l/ext-ctrls-codec.rst}\\
 \end{longtable}
 
 \section{Terminology}\label{Terminology}
-- 
2.43.0