Re: [PATCH v7 1/2] gpu/buddy: replace dual-tree/force_merge with decoupled dirty tracker

On 06/08/2026 17:45, Matthew Auld wrote:
> On 31/07/2026 08:07, Arunpravin Paneer Selvam wrote:
>> The current buddy allocator maintains separate clear_tree[] and
>> dirty_tree[] rbtrees per order, preventing coalescing between cleared
>> and dirty buddies. Under mixed workloads, this creates a merge barrier:
>> adjacent buddies frequently end up split across trees, forcing reliance
>> on __force_merge() during allocation.
>>
>> __force_merge() performs an O(N x max_order) scan under the VRAM manager
>> lock, leading to allocation stalls and failures for large contiguous
>> requests even when sufficient total free memory is available.
>>
>> Solution
>>
>> Replace the dual-tree design with:
>> - A single free_tree[order] rbtree for dirty and mixed free blocks
>>    (fully cleared free blocks float outside this tree)
>> - A lightweight out-of-band dirty tracker (gpu_dirty_tracker)
>>
>> Fully cleared free blocks are tracked outside the buddy trees using an
>> augmented interval rbtree, enabling O(log E) lookup of the largest
>> cleared extents.
>>
>> Buddy coalescing is now unconditional in __gpu_buddy_free(), regardless
>> of clear/dirty state. This removes the merge barrier and eliminates the
>> need for __force_merge().
>>
>> Benefits
>>
>> - Correct high-order allocations after mixed clear/dirty workloads
>> - Elimination of O(N x max_order) merge cost from the allocation path
>> - O(log E) cleared-extent lookup replacing O(N) scans
>> - Predictable allocation latency under fragmentation
>> - Reduced complexity with a single tree per order
>>
>> Test:
>> dEQP-VK.memory.allocation.basic.size_8KiB.reverse.count_4000
>>
>> Below data is from /sys/kernel/debug/dri/1/amdgpu_vram_mm:
>>
>> Base (dual-tree), before VKCTS test:
>>    order- 6 free:   6 MiB,  blocks: 26
>>    order- 5 free:   1 MiB,  blocks: 15
>>    order- 4 free: 960 KiB,  blocks: 15
>>    order- 3 free:   5 MiB,  blocks: 171
>>    order- 2 free:   2 MiB,  blocks: 176
>>    order- 1 free:   1 MiB,  blocks: 165
>>    order- 0 free:  16 KiB,  blocks: 4
>>
>> Base (dual-tree), after VKCTS test:
>>    order- 6 free: 768 KiB,  blocks: 3
>>    order- 5 free: 499 MiB,  blocks: 3999
>>    order- 4 free: 250 MiB,  blocks: 4001
>>    order- 3 free: 129 MiB,  blocks: 4157
>>    order- 2 free:  65 MiB,  blocks: 4161
>>    order- 1 free:  63 MiB,  blocks: 8138
>>    order- 0 free:  20 KiB,  blocks: 5
>>
>> Dirty tracker, before VKCTS test:
>>    order- 6 free:   4 MiB,  blocks: 19
>>    order- 5 free:   2 MiB,  blocks: 18
>>    order- 4 free: 704 KiB,  blocks: 11
>>    order- 3 free:   5 MiB,  blocks: 168
>>    order- 2 free:   2 MiB,  blocks: 174
>>    order- 1 free:   1 MiB,  blocks: 167
>>    order- 0 free:  32 KiB,  blocks: 8
>>
>> Dirty tracker, after VKCTS test:
>>    order- 6 free:   4 MiB,  blocks: 19
>>    order- 5 free:   2 MiB,  blocks: 18
>>    order- 4 free: 704 KiB,  blocks: 11
>>    order- 3 free:   5 MiB,  blocks: 168
>>    order- 2 free:   2 MiB,  blocks: 174
>>    order- 1 free:   1 MiB,  blocks: 167
>>    order- 0 free:  28 KiB,  blocks: 7
>>
>> v2:
>>   - Code-style cleanup and minor refactoring
>>   - Renamed locals for clarity
>>
>> v3:
>>   - Keep cleared blocks inside free_tree[] instead of floating them.
>>   - Add subtree_has_dirty rbtree augment for O(log N) dirty-first walk.
>>
>> v4:
>>   - Fixed checkpatch warnings.
>>   - Optimized gpu_buddy_reset_clear() to a single post-order walk that
>>     flips block headers and recomputes the rbtree augment in one pass.
>>   - Propagate subtree_max_size top-down in insert_extent() so ancestors
>>     are not left with stale values on no-rotation inserts. (sashiko)
>>   - Drop the whole extent in gpu_dirty_tracker_mark_dirty() when the
>>     inside-split allocation fails, avoiding a stale clear claim. 
>> (sashiko)
>>   - Make gpu_dirty_tracker_find() alignment-aware and fall back to the
>>     dirty tree on steered failure to avoid spurious -ENOSPC. (sashiko)
>>
>> v5:
>>   - Track dirty extents instead of cleared ones: steer dirty allocs onto
>>     tracked dirty windows and pick clear allocs via a free-tree augment,
>>     avoiding clear-memory wastage by keeping cleared free blocks 
>> untouched
>>     during dirty allocation.
>>
>> v6:
>>   - Make __alloc_range_bias() return the highest/right-most address by
>>     default, establishing top-down as the intended placement for
>>     range-biased allocations.
>>   - Honour GPU_BUDDY_CLEAR_ALLOCATION in __alloc_range_bias() by steering
>>     the descent towards clear subtrees for non-top-down clear
>>     requests. (sashiko)
>>   - Skip dirty-tracker steering for offset-aligned requests so they keep
>>     their min_block_size alignment. (sashiko)
>>   - sashiko reported that the __GFP_NOFAIL dirty-extent allocations on
>>     the free path could deadlock during memory reclaim, since that is a
>>     GFP_KERNEL allocation on the free path; move to a per-tracker
>>     mempool so extent nodes are guaranteed without __GFP_NOFAIL.
>>     (sashiko)
>>   - Derive each free block's clear/dirty class from the blocks already
>>     in hand on split, free, alloc, trim and init instead of querying the
>>     dirty tracker, removing the tracker lookups from the hot paths.
>>
>> v7:
>>   - Preserve mixed-block clear state in __gpu_buddy_free() when a mixed
>>     split child is re-merged after an undone split. (sashiko)
>>   - Prefer a fully-clear block over a mixed one of the same order via a
>>     single ordered clear-state max augment on free_tree[].
>>
>> Assisted-by: Claude:claude-opus-4-8
>> Cc: Matthew Auld <[email protected]>
>> Cc: Christian König <[email protected]>
>> Signed-off-by: Arunpravin Paneer Selvam <[email protected]>
> 
> <snip>
> 
>> @@ -620,13 +1100,18 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL(gpu_buddy_reset_clear);
>>   void gpu_buddy_free_block(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
>>                 struct gpu_buddy_block *block)
>>   {
>> +    u64 size = gpu_buddy_block_size(mm, block);
>> +    u64 offset = gpu_buddy_block_offset(block);
>> +
>>       gpu_buddy_driver_lock_held(mm);
>>       BUG_ON(!gpu_buddy_block_is_allocated(block));
>> -    mm->avail += gpu_buddy_block_size(mm, block);
>> -    if (gpu_buddy_block_is_clear(block))
>> -        mm->clear_avail += gpu_buddy_block_size(mm, block);
>> -    __gpu_buddy_free(mm, block, false);
>> +    mm->avail += size;
>> +    if (!gpu_buddy_block_is_clear(block))
>> +        gpu_dirty_tracker_mark_dirty(&mm->dirty, offset, size);
>> +
>> +    gpu_buddy_sync_clear_avail(mm);
>> +    __gpu_buddy_free(mm, block);
>>   }
>>   EXPORT_SYMBOL(gpu_buddy_free_block);
>> @@ -641,9 +1126,9 @@ static void __gpu_buddy_free_list(struct 
>> gpu_buddy *mm,
>>       list_for_each_entry_safe(block, on, objects, link) {
>>           if (mark_clear)
>> -            mark_cleared(block);
>> +            block->header |= GPU_BUDDY_HEADER_CLEAR;
>>           else if (mark_dirty)
>> -            clear_reset(block);
>> +            block->header &= ~GPU_BUDDY_HEADER_CLEAR;
>>           gpu_buddy_free_block(mm, block);
> 
> Just a thought, not a blocker or anything. It looks possible that as you 
> loop through the blocks here you could easily extend the extent range if 
> you keep finding something contig to the current extent, and then turn 
> that into fewer mark_dirty() calls. If you ever encounter something non- 
> contig you call mark_dirty() with whatever extent range you have now, 
> and then start again. Obvious case is if you had a contig allocation 
> which is more than one block, which could be turned into one mark_dirty().

For example: 
https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mwa/kernel/-/commit/f58b83b638fd2203de6d06a0eb0994fbe4ec046a

>