[RFC PATCH v5 6/8] ALSA: usb: babyfacepro: add the front-panel poll and controls

Adds the 0x17 readback poll (buttons, wheel, IN/OUT/SELECT, MIX, DIM)
as read-only ALSA controls, plus the host-side emulation of the
physical wheel/button behaviour (TotalMix's own role): the OUT/IN/MIX
wheels, SET's phantom toggle and DIM.

Suspend/resume now also stop/start the poll around a system sleep.

On an original Babyface Pro, front-panel OUT selector values 0/1/2
correspond to Ch 1/2, Phones and Opt; correct the mapping, which left
Ch 1/2 at the previous selection and assigned the other two values to
the wrong outputs. Verified against the physical LEDs and knob
targeting on both a non-FS unit and the Pro FS.

Turning the OUT wheel also made heavy zipper noise on the main and
headphone outputs. A loopback measurement (a tone from the headphone
output cabled into IN3/IN4) showed why: the firmware moves the analog
output level itself on each click, smoothed over about 12 ms, but the
driver also wrote the 8-bit (analog) master on every ~20 ms poll from
its own flat 1 dB/click count, overriding the firmware's own move each
time and saw-toothing the level by 1-3 dB while the wheel turned. The
firmware's actual step also depends on the level and on how fast the
wheel turns (0.5 to 3 dB per click, doubled below a ~62 ms gap between
clicks).

Write only the 16-bit (digital) master during the gesture, track the
wheel's own level per side in half-dB so the ALSA controls stay
accurate, poll the panel every 5 ms for 200 ms after a click to tell
fast clicks apart, and reconcile the real 8-bit master once the wheel
has rested for 150 ms, the way TotalMix does at the end of a gesture.
A muted output now stays muted during the gesture instead of being
unmuted by the 8-bit write, and an existing balance (hold-SELECT) is
preserved since both sides move by the louder side's step.

Co-developed-by: David Fredman <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: David Fredman <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Ismaïl Bahloul <[email protected]>
---
 sound/usb/babyfacepro/babyfacepro-ctl.c | 1081 +++++++++++++++++++++++
 sound/usb/babyfacepro/babyfacepro.c     |   20 +
 sound/usb/babyfacepro/babyfacepro.h     |  100 +++
 3 files changed, 1201 insertions(+)

diff --git a/sound/usb/babyfacepro/babyfacepro-ctl.c b/sound/usb/babyfacepro/babyfacepro-ctl.c
index 2b4dd471d..eac97c895 100644
--- a/sound/usb/babyfacepro/babyfacepro-ctl.c
+++ b/sound/usb/babyfacepro/babyfacepro-ctl.c
@@ -2117,3 +2117,1084 @@ int babyface_create_flags(struct snd_usb_babyface *chip)
 	return 0;
 }
 
+/* Control indices in chip->panel_kctl[] (for snd_ctl_notify). */
+enum {
+	BF_PANEL_KCTL_BUTTON,
+	BF_PANEL_KCTL_WHEEL,
+	BF_PANEL_KCTL_IN,
+	BF_PANEL_KCTL_OUT,
+	BF_PANEL_KCTL_MIX,
+	BF_PANEL_KCTL_DIM,
+	BF_PANEL_KCTL_SELECT,
+	BF_PANEL_KCTL_NUM,
+};
+
+static const char *const bf_panel_in_texts[] = {
+	"Unknown", "Ch 1/2", "Ch 3/4", "Opt", NULL
+};
+
+static const char *const bf_panel_out_texts[] = {
+	"Unknown", "Ch 1/2", "Phones", "Opt", NULL
+};
+
+static const char *const bf_panel_select_texts[] = {
+	"Left", "Right", "Both", "None", NULL
+};
+
+/* byte3 button flash -> event code (0 = none).  The idle byte3 is 0x40;
+ * a press flashes the value below the base for one or two poll frames.
+ */
+static int bf_panel_button_decode(u8 flash)
+{
+	switch (flash) {
+	case BF_PANEL_FLASH_IN:		return BF_PANEL_BTN_IN;
+	case BF_PANEL_FLASH_SET:	return BF_PANEL_BTN_SET;
+	case BF_PANEL_FLASH_MIX:	return BF_PANEL_BTN_MIX;
+	case BF_PANEL_FLASH_OUT:	return BF_PANEL_BTN_OUT;
+	case BF_PANEL_FLASH_SELECT:	return BF_PANEL_BTN_SELECT;
+	case BF_PANEL_FLASH_DIM:	return BF_PANEL_BTN_DIM;
+	default:			return BF_PANEL_BTN_NONE;
+	}
+}
+
+/* (byte2 >> 4) & 7 = IN position 4/5/6 -> enum index (0 = not in range). */
+static int bf_panel_in_decode(u8 nib)
+{
+	switch (nib) {
+	case BF_PANEL_IN_CH12:		return 1;
+	case BF_PANEL_IN_CH34:		return 2;
+	case BF_PANEL_IN_OPT:		return 3;
+	default:			return 0;
+	}
+}
+
+/* byte1 & 7 = OUT position.  0/1/2 for physical Ch 1/2 / Phones / Opt,
+ * LED-correlated capture, hardware-verified on both an original
+ * Babyface Pro and the Pro FS.
+ */
+static int bf_panel_out_decode(u8 v)
+{
+	switch (v) {
+	case 0x00:
+	case BF_PANEL_OUT_CH12:		return 1;
+	case 0x01:
+	case BF_PANEL_OUT_PHONES:	return 2;
+	case 0x02:
+	case BF_PANEL_OUT_OPT:		return 3;
+	default:			return 0;
+	}
+}
+
+/* MIX-mode VU display law - monitoring dBx2 -> the 0x1A 0x000A display
+ * value.  Piecewise-linear through the captured (dB, display) points
+ * (cap_mix.pcap 2026-08-23: (-62,0) (-54,1) (-48,2) (-42.5,3)
+ * (-35,4) (-28.4,5); cap_panel.pcap: (-7.4,10) (-6.7,11)
+ * (-4.6,12)) - a log-ish VU scale (coarse at the bottom, ~1.4 dB/step
+ * near 0).  The -28..-8 dB middle is interpolated; the exact law is
+ * pending the cap_mixdisp.pcap full-range sweep (TODO 0g).
+ */
+static int bf_mix_display(int db2)
+{
+	static const struct {
+		s16 db2;
+		u8 disp;
+	} pts[] = {
+		{ -124, 0 }, { -108, 1 }, {  -96, 2 }, {  -85, 3 },
+		{  -70, 4 }, {  -57, 5 }, {  -15, 10 }, {  -13, 11 },
+		{   -9, 12 },
+	};
+	int i;
+
+	if (db2 <= pts[0].db2)
+		return 0;
+	for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(pts) - 1; i++) {
+		if (db2 <= pts[i + 1].db2) {
+			u32 num = (u32)(db2 - pts[i].db2) *
+				  (u32)(pts[i + 1].disp - pts[i].disp);
+			u32 den = pts[i + 1].db2 - pts[i].db2;
+
+			return pts[i].disp + (int)((num + den / 2) / den);
+		}
+	}
+	/* Above -4.6 dB: keep the last slope (2 dB/step) up to +6 dB. */
+	return pts[ARRAY_SIZE(pts) - 1].disp +
+	       clamp((db2 - pts[ARRAY_SIZE(pts) - 1].db2) / 4, 0, 12);
+}
+
+/* The kernel driver plays the TotalMix role for the MIX button (the
+ * standalone emulator is hardware-validated in tuxmix-core/src/panel.rs
+ * + usb.rs): one wheel click in fader mode = +/-0.5 dB on the SELECT-
+ * chosen channel(s) of the IN-selected pair, into the OUT-selected
+ * output's crosspoint block - the STANDARD map only (cap_mix.pcap /
+ * cap_select2.pcap, no low-map mirror).  Mirrors the change into the
+ * xpoint cache so the ALSA controls follow the wheel.  Takes the mutex
+ * (the 0x12 writes cycle the transaction flag like the mixer puts).
+ */
+static void bf_panel_mix_wheel(struct snd_usb_babyface *chip, int delta)
+{
+	/* Canonical output of the OUT selection (enum 1 = Ch1/2,
+	 * 2 = Phones, 3 = Opt): AN1/2, PH3/4, ADAT7/8 (the optical
+	 * output) respectively.
+	 */
+	int out = chip->panel_out == 3 ? 5 :
+		  chip->panel_out == 2 ? 1 : 0;
+	unsigned int blk = bf_xpoint_block[out];
+	u8 targets[2];
+	int n = 0;
+	int db2;
+	u16 raw, flag;
+	int i;
+
+	/* SELECT-chosen channel(s) of the IN pair (manual sec. 5.1: SELECT
+	 * steps left/right/both; none = nothing selected = no-op wheel).
+	 * Source indices: AN1/AN2 = 0/1, AN3/AN4 = 2/3, AS1/2 = 4.
+	 */
+	if (chip->panel_in == 3) {
+		targets[0] = 4;		/* Opt: the AS1/2 pair */
+		n = 1;
+	} else if (chip->panel_select != 3) {
+		int base = chip->panel_in == 2 ? 2 : 0;
+
+		targets[0] = base + (chip->panel_select == 1 ? 1 : 0);
+		n = 1;
+		if (chip->panel_select == 2)
+			targets[n++] = base + 1;
+	}
+
+	mutex_lock(&chip->mutex);
+	db2 = bf_fader_raw_to_db2(chip->panel_mix_raw);
+	db2 = clamp(db2 + delta, BF_FADER_DB2_INF, 12);
+	raw = bf_fader_db2_to_raw(db2);
+	chip->panel_mix_raw = raw;
+	for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+		const struct bf_source *s = &bf_sources[targets[i]];
+
+		flag = bf_flag_cycle[chip->flag_cnt];
+		chip->flag_cnt = (chip->flag_cnt + 1) & 3;
+		bf_vendor_write(chip, BF_REQ_CROSSPOINT, raw,
+				(BF_REG_CROSS_BASE_L + BF_REG_CROSS_STRIDE * blk +
+				 s->idx_l) | flag);
+		bf_vendor_write(chip, BF_REQ_CROSSPOINT, raw,
+				(BF_REG_CROSS_BASE_R + BF_REG_CROSS_STRIDE * blk +
+				 s->idx_r) | flag);
+		chip->xpoint[out][targets[i]][0] = raw;
+		chip->xpoint[out][targets[i]][1] = raw;
+		/* MIX-mode VU display shadow (0x1A 0x000A+mic): TotalMix
+		 * mirrors the monitoring level into the panel display family
+		 * (cap_mix/cap_panel.pcap) - the input VU segments follow it.
+		 * Written only on change (the captures show TotalMix updating
+		 * it on segment crossings).  Law = bf_mix_display (TODO 0g
+		 * pending the exact full-range capture).
+		 */
+		if (targets[i] < 4) {
+			int disp = bf_mix_display(db2);
+
+			if (disp != chip->panel_mix_disp[targets[i]]) {
+				bf_vendor_write(chip, BF_REQ_GAIN,
+						(u16)disp,
+						BF_REG_PANEL_GAIN + targets[i]);
+				chip->panel_mix_disp[targets[i]] = disp;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	mutex_unlock(&chip->mutex);
+}
+
+/* Write an output's L/R masters (8-bit companions + 16-bit with the
+ * transaction flag) and mirror into the cache - shared by the OUT
+ * volume wheel and the balance wheel.  Caller holds the mutex.
+ */
+static void bf_panel_write_master(struct snd_usb_babyface *chip, int out,
+				  u16 l, u16 r)
+{
+	u16 flag;
+
+	flag = bf_flag_cycle[chip->flag_cnt];
+	chip->flag_cnt = (chip->flag_cnt + 1) & 3;
+	bf_vendor_write(chip, BF_REQ_GAIN, bf_master_8bit(l),
+			BF_REG_MASTER_8 + 2 * out);
+	bf_vendor_write(chip, BF_REQ_GAIN, bf_master_8bit(r),
+			BF_REG_MASTER_8 + 2 * out + 1);
+	bf_vendor_write(chip, BF_REQ_CROSSPOINT, l,
+			(BF_REG_MASTER_16 + 2 * out) | flag);
+	bf_vendor_write(chip, BF_REQ_CROSSPOINT, r,
+			(BF_REG_MASTER_16 + 2 * out + 1) | flag);
+	chip->master[out][0] = l;
+	chip->master[out][1] = r;
+	chip->muted[out] = false;
+	/* A Phones change while DIM is engaged re-bases the restore. */
+	if (chip->dim && out == 1) {
+		chip->dim_saved[0] = l;
+		chip->dim_saved[1] = r;
+	}
+}
+
+/* Front-panel OUT wheel, measured on hardware 2026-09-17 with a tone
+ * looped from the headphone output into IN3/IN4:
+ *
+ *  - The firmware moves an analog output's level by itself when the
+ *    wheel turns, with its own ~12 ms smoothing, even when the host
+ *    writes nothing.  See bf_out_wheel_step() for the step size.
+ *  - A host write to the 8-bit master (the analog gain) overrides that.
+ *    Writing it on every poll from the host's own count made the level
+ *    saw-tooth by 1-3 dB while turning, heard as heavy zipper noise.
+ *  - The 16-bit master does not affect the analog level, but it is the
+ *    digital outputs' level.  TotalMix writes only the 16-bit during a
+ *    wheel gesture, and the 8-bit once the wheel is at rest.
+ *
+ * So while the wheel turns, only the 16-bit is written, and the cache
+ * follows the firmware's own count so the ALSA controls read the real
+ * level.  A muted output stays muted: only the cache moves.  Both
+ * sides move by the louder side's step, so a balance (hold-SELECT) is
+ * kept.  Same output mapping as the MIX wheel (Phones = canon 1,
+ * Opt = ADAT7/8 = canon 5, else AN1/2).
+ */
+static void bf_panel_out_wheel_write(struct snd_usb_babyface *chip, int out,
+				     u16 l, u16 r)
+{
+	u16 flag;
+
+	if (!chip->muted[out]) {
+		flag = bf_flag_cycle[chip->flag_cnt];
+		chip->flag_cnt = (chip->flag_cnt + 1) & 3;
+		bf_vendor_write(chip, BF_REQ_CROSSPOINT, l,
+				(BF_REG_MASTER_16 + 2 * out) | flag);
+		bf_vendor_write(chip, BF_REQ_CROSSPOINT, r,
+				(BF_REG_MASTER_16 + 2 * out + 1) | flag);
+	}
+	chip->master[out][0] = l;
+	chip->master[out][1] = r;
+	/* A Phones change while DIM is engaged re-bases the restore. */
+	if (chip->dim && out == 1) {
+		chip->dim_saved[0] = l;
+		chip->dim_saved[1] = r;
+	}
+}
+
+/* A click that follows the previous one within this gap moves twice as
+ * far.  In the recordings the firmware doubled clicks up to 58 ms apart
+ * and not from 67 ms.  A normal poll every ~21 ms can't tell those
+ * apart, so after an OUT wheel click the panel is polled every
+ * BF_PANEL_FAST_POLL_MS for BF_PANEL_FAST_HOLD_MS, and each click is
+ * dated at the middle of the interval it was seen in.  A wrong guess is
+ * fixed by the resync at rest below.
+ */
+#define BF_OUT_WHEEL_ACCEL_MS	62
+#define BF_PANEL_FAST_POLL_MS	5
+#define BF_PANEL_FAST_HOLD_MS	200
+
+/* Quiet time after the last click before the resync write. */
+#define BF_OUT_WHEEL_RESYNC_MS	150
+
+/* The device's own OUT wheel range: below -90 dB a side is muted.
+ * BF_OUT_WHEEL_MUTED is where a muted louder side is kept.
+ */
+#define BF_OUT_WHEEL_FLOOR	(-180)		/* half-dB */
+#define BF_OUT_WHEEL_MUTED	(BF_OUT_WHEEL_FLOOR - 1)
+/* Lowest level the 8-bit master is known to take (BF_MASTER_8_MIN). */
+#define BF_OUT_WHEEL_8BIT_MIN	(BF_MASTER_8_MIN - BF_MASTER_8_0DB)
+
+/**
+ * bf_out_wheel_step - the firmware's OUT wheel step, in half-dB
+ * @half_db: the louder side's level before the click, in half-dB
+ *
+ * Measured on the headphone output (a tone looped into IN3/IN4, the
+ * driver writing nothing):
+ *
+ *	-9.5 dB and up		0.5 dB per click
+ *	-10 to -25.5 dB		1 dB
+ *	-26 to -41.5 dB		1.5 dB
+ *	-42 to -57.5 dB		2 dB
+ *	-58 dB and down		3 dB
+ *
+ * A fast click moves twice as far.  Both sides move by the step of the
+ * louder one, so a balance is kept.
+ */
+static int bf_out_wheel_step(int half_db)
+{
+	if (half_db >= -19)
+		return 1;
+	if (half_db >= -51)
+		return 2;
+	if (half_db >= -83)
+		return 3;
+	if (half_db >= -115)
+		return 4;
+	return 6;
+}
+
+/* The wheel's view of one side: its own tracked level while the master
+ * is still what the wheel wrote, else the master's level.
+ */
+static int bf_out_wheel_level(struct snd_usb_babyface *chip, int out, int ch)
+{
+	u16 raw = chip->master[out][ch];
+
+	if (raw == chip->panel_master_last[out][ch])
+		return chip->panel_out_hdb[out][ch];
+	if (!raw)
+		return BF_OUT_WHEEL_MUTED;
+	return bf_master_half_db(raw);
+}
+
+/* One click on both sides.  They move together, so a balance is kept.
+ * When the louder side would go below the floor, both stop there and the
+ * louder side mutes; from mute, turning up continues from the floor
+ * (-90 dB up one step is -87).  A quieter side below the floor is muted
+ * but keeps its offset, so the balance comes back as the level rises.
+ */
+static void bf_out_wheel_click(int db[2], int step)
+{
+	int louder = max(db[0], db[1]);
+	int shift = step;
+
+	if (louder < BF_OUT_WHEEL_FLOOR) {
+		if (step < 0)
+			return;
+		shift = BF_OUT_WHEEL_FLOOR - louder + step;
+	} else if (louder + step < BF_OUT_WHEEL_FLOOR) {
+		shift = BF_OUT_WHEEL_MUTED - louder;
+	} else if (louder + step > 12) {
+		shift = 12 - louder;
+	}
+	db[0] += shift;
+	db[1] += shift;
+}
+
+static void bf_panel_out_wheel(struct snd_usb_babyface *chip, int delta)
+{
+	int out = chip->panel_out == 3 ? 5 :
+		  chip->panel_out == 2 ? 1 : 0;
+	int dir = delta > 0 ? 1 : -1;
+	int clicks = abs(delta);
+	ktime_t now = ktime_get();
+	bool fast;
+	int ch, i, step, louder;
+	int db[2];
+	u16 next[2];
+
+	chip->panel_fast_until = jiffies +
+				 msecs_to_jiffies(BF_PANEL_FAST_HOLD_MS);
+	/* The click came some time since the previous poll: take the
+	 * middle.  Clicks after the first in this poll came within one
+	 * interval, so only the first can be slow.  A reversal starts a
+	 * new turn.
+	 */
+	if (chip->panel_poll_t)
+		now = ktime_sub(now,
+				ktime_divns(ktime_sub(now, chip->panel_poll_t), 2));
+
+	mutex_lock(&chip->mutex);
+	fast = chip->panel_out_wheel_t &&
+	       dir == chip->panel_out_wheel_dir &&
+	       out == chip->panel_out_wheel_out &&
+	       ktime_ms_delta(now, chip->panel_out_wheel_t) <
+	       BF_OUT_WHEEL_ACCEL_MS;
+	for (ch = 0; ch < 2; ch++)
+		db[ch] = bf_out_wheel_level(chip, out, ch);
+	for (i = 0; i < clicks; i++) {
+		/* Muted, the louder side counts as the floor. */
+		louder = max3(db[0], db[1], BF_OUT_WHEEL_FLOOR);
+		step = dir * bf_out_wheel_step(louder);
+		if (fast || i)
+			step *= 2;
+		bf_out_wheel_click(db, step);
+	}
+	for (ch = 0; ch < 2; ch++)
+		next[ch] = db[ch] < BF_OUT_WHEEL_FLOOR ? 0 :
+			   bf_master_16bit(db[ch]);
+	bf_panel_out_wheel_write(chip, out, next[0], next[1]);
+	for (ch = 0; ch < 2; ch++) {
+		chip->panel_master_last[out][ch] = next[ch];
+		chip->panel_out_hdb[out][ch] = db[ch];
+	}
+	chip->panel_out_wheel_t = now;
+	chip->panel_out_wheel_dir = dir;
+	chip->panel_out_wheel_out = out;
+	chip->panel_out_resync = true;
+	mutex_unlock(&chip->mutex);
+}
+
+/* Once the wheel has rested, write the wheel's level to the 8-bit (and
+ * 16-bit) master, as TotalMix does at the end of a gesture.  The level
+ * already follows the firmware's step rule, so this normally changes
+ * nothing audible.  It fixes the rare click whose speed the driver
+ * guessed wrong: one zone step per such click, smoothed by the
+ * firmware.  Nothing is written below -64 dB, where the 8-bit codes the
+ * device takes are unknown, nor after a mixer application has set the
+ * master since (that write already set the device).
+ */
+static void bf_panel_out_resync(struct snd_usb_babyface *chip)
+{
+	int out, ch;
+	int db[2];
+	u16 flag;
+
+	if (!chip->panel_out_resync ||
+	    ktime_ms_delta(ktime_get(), chip->panel_out_wheel_t) <
+	    BF_OUT_WHEEL_RESYNC_MS)
+		return;
+
+	mutex_lock(&chip->mutex);
+	chip->panel_out_resync = false;
+	out = chip->panel_out_wheel_out;
+	for (ch = 0; ch < 2; ch++) {
+		if (chip->master[out][ch] != chip->panel_master_last[out][ch])
+			goto unlock;
+		db[ch] = chip->panel_out_hdb[out][ch];
+		if (db[ch] < BF_OUT_WHEEL_8BIT_MIN)
+			goto unlock;
+	}
+	if (!chip->muted[out]) {
+		flag = bf_flag_cycle[chip->flag_cnt];
+		chip->flag_cnt = (chip->flag_cnt + 1) & 3;
+		bf_vendor_write(chip, BF_REQ_GAIN, BF_MASTER_8_0DB + db[0],
+				BF_REG_MASTER_8 + 2 * out);
+		bf_vendor_write(chip, BF_REQ_GAIN, BF_MASTER_8_0DB + db[1],
+				BF_REG_MASTER_8 + 2 * out + 1);
+		bf_vendor_write(chip, BF_REQ_CROSSPOINT, chip->master[out][0],
+				(BF_REG_MASTER_16 + 2 * out) | flag);
+		bf_vendor_write(chip, BF_REQ_CROSSPOINT, chip->master[out][1],
+				(BF_REG_MASTER_16 + 2 * out + 1) | flag);
+	}
+unlock:
+	mutex_unlock(&chip->mutex);
+}
+
+/* IN-mode wheel: the gain of the SELECT-chosen channel(s) of the
+ * IN-selected pair, +/-1 dB per click (manual sec. 5.1: SELECT steps
+ * left/right/both, then the wheel changes the gain).  Writes the PANEL
+ * gain registers 0x1A 0x000A+mic (cap_select.pcap 2026-08-24 - the
+ * "ADC gain" family, which drives the same preamp as the GUI
+ * 0x0000+mic; the cache tracks the raw either way).  Opt has no
+ * preamp and SELECT None = no target.
+ */
+static void bf_panel_gain_wheel(struct snd_usb_babyface *chip, int delta)
+{
+	u8 mics[2];
+	int n = 0;
+	int i;
+
+	if (chip->panel_in == 3 || chip->panel_select == 3)
+		return;
+	{
+		int base = chip->panel_in == 2 ? 2 : 0;
+
+		mics[0] = base + (chip->panel_select == 1 ? 1 : 0);
+		n = 1;
+		if (chip->panel_select == 2)
+			mics[n++] = base + 1;
+	}
+
+	mutex_lock(&chip->mutex);
+	for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+		int mic = mics[i];
+		int db = clamp((int)chip->gain[mic] + delta,
+				0, bf_gain_max_db(mic));
+		u8 raw = bf_gain_raw(mic, db);
+
+		bf_vendor_write(chip, BF_REQ_GAIN, raw, BF_REG_PANEL_GAIN + mic);
+		chip->gain[mic] = db;
+	}
+	mutex_unlock(&chip->mutex);
+}
+
+/* OUT-balance wheel (hold SELECT + wheel - manual sec. 5.1 "Output
+ * Balance"): moves the stereo image of the OUT-selected output by
+ * attenuating ONE side, linear in raw (cap_pan_stereo.pcap: the varied
+ * side = fixed*(1-|pan|), ~0x9C raw step per click at 0 dB - the PAN
+ * of the stereo hardware output in TotalMix).  The balance position is
+ * derived from the L/R master ratio (the louder side is the fixed
+ * one), so the gesture needs no extra state - and the OUT wheel below
+ * moves both sides by the same dB to preserve an existing balance.
+ */
+static void bf_panel_balance_wheel(struct snd_usb_babyface *chip, int delta)
+{
+	int out = chip->panel_out == 3 ? 5 :
+		  chip->panel_out == 2 ? 1 : 0;
+	u16 l, r;
+	int bal;		/* -100..+100; + = image right (left varies) */
+	u16 fixed, varied;
+
+	mutex_lock(&chip->mutex);
+	/* Read under the lock so the L/R pair is consistent with the
+	 * master/mute/dim writers (they update chip->master[] under the
+	 * same mutex).
+	 */
+	l = chip->master[out][0];
+	r = chip->master[out][1];
+	/* Balance from the L/R ratio: the louder side is the fixed one. */
+	if (l >= r) {
+		bal = r ? -(100 - (100 * r) / l) : -100;
+		fixed = l;
+	} else {
+		bal = l ? (100 - (100 * l) / r) : 100;
+		fixed = r;
+	}
+	bal = clamp(bal + delta * 2, -100, 100);
+	varied = (u16)((u32)fixed * (100 - abs(bal)) / 100);
+	l = bal >= 0 ? varied : fixed;
+	r = bal >= 0 ? fixed : varied;
+
+	bf_panel_write_master(chip, out, l, r);
+	mutex_unlock(&chip->mutex);
+}
+
+/* SET press (byte3 0x42 flash): toggle 48V phantom on the
+ * SELECT-chosen mic(s) of the IN-selected pair.  The hardware only
+ * does this in standalone mode (online, TotalMix ignores SET - no USB
+ * write in the captures), but the driver IS the host: it writes the
+ * preamp state itself and the P48 LEDs follow (the tuxmix-core
+ * emulator, hardware-verified).  Restricted to IN mode + Ch1/2 (the
+ * phantom-capable pair); Opt/Ch3/4 and SELECT None = no target.
+ */
+static void bf_panel_set_phantom(struct snd_usb_babyface *chip)
+{
+	u16 bits = 0;
+	int m;
+
+	if (chip->panel_mix || chip->panel_in != 1 ||
+	    chip->panel_select == 3)
+		return;
+	if (chip->panel_select != 1)
+		bits |= BF_PREAMP_48V_MIC1;
+	if (chip->panel_select != 0)
+		bits |= BF_PREAMP_48V_MIC2;
+
+	mutex_lock(&chip->mutex);
+	/* One channel selected: toggle it.  Both selected: ALIGN both to
+	 * the same state, so repeated SET presses cycle all-on <-> all-off
+	 * (a mixed phantom state cannot persist with both selected).
+	 */
+	if (chip->panel_select == 2) {
+		if ((chip->preamp & bits) == bits)
+			chip->preamp &= ~bits;
+		else
+			chip->preamp |= bits;
+	} else {
+		chip->preamp ^= bits;
+	}
+	bf_preamp_state_write(chip);
+	for (m = 0; m < 4; m++)
+		chip->panel_mix_disp[m] = 0;
+	mutex_unlock(&chip->mutex);
+}
+
+static void bf_panel_notify(struct snd_usb_babyface *chip, int ctl)
+{
+	if (chip->panel_kctl[ctl])
+		snd_ctl_notify(chip->card, SNDRV_CTL_EVENT_MASK_VALUE,
+			       &chip->panel_kctl[ctl]->id);
+}
+
+/* One 0x17 read + decode.  Called from the poll work; no locking needed -
+ * the worker is the only writer and the control get callbacks run under
+ * the ALSA controls lock (chip->panel_button/wheel are consumed there).
+ */
+static void bf_panel_tick(struct snd_usb_babyface *chip)
+{
+	u8 st[4];
+	int delta, in, out;
+	bool dim;
+	u8 cls, pcls;
+	int btn;
+	bool mix_flash, fader_now;
+
+	if (bf_vendor_read(chip, BF_REQ_PREAMP, BF_REG_PANEL_READ, st) < 0)
+		return;	/* device gone / busy - retry next tick */
+
+	if (!chip->panel_seen) {
+		chip->panel_seen = true;
+		memcpy(chip->panel_prev, st, sizeof(st));
+		/* Seed the state controls from the first snapshot. */
+		in = bf_panel_in_decode((st[2] >> BF_PANEL_IN_SHIFT) & 0x7);
+		if (in)
+			chip->panel_in = in;
+		out = bf_panel_out_decode(st[1] & 0x07);
+		if (out)
+			chip->panel_out = out;
+		chip->panel_mix = !!(st[0] & 0x80);
+		chip->panel_saw_fader = (st[2] >> 4) == 0x0;
+		chip->panel_dim = !!(st[1] & 0x20);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/* The udev alsactl restore (~100 ms after probe) clobbers the host
+	 * SELECT with a stale stored value (the control is VOLATILE but
+	 * this alsactl stores/restores it anyway) - re-assert the device's
+	 * power-on state (nothing selected, cycle ARMED) for the first
+	 * ~3 s so the boot always starts in sync.
+	 */
+	if (time_is_after_jiffies(chip->panel_start + 3 * HZ))
+		chip->panel_select = 3;
+
+	/* Button flash (byte3 over the 0x40 idle base). */
+	btn = bf_panel_button_decode(st[3]);
+	if (btn)
+		chip->panel_button = btn;
+
+	/* Wheel: signed 4-bit wrap delta of the byte2 low nibble - only
+	 * while the mode class is unchanged.  A mode switch (IN 0x4x ->
+	 * fader 0x0x on a MIX press, or the OUT counter carrying 0x8F ->
+	 * 0x90 - the OUT counter is a full byte, cap_set2.pcap) must not
+	 * be read as a wheel jump.  Class: 0 = fader (0x0x), 1 = OUT
+	 * (0x8x/0x9x), 2 = IN (0x4x/0x5x/0x6x).
+	 */
+	cls = (st[2] >> 4) == 0x8 || (st[2] >> 4) == 0x9 ? 1 :
+	      (st[2] >> 4) == 0x0 ? 0 : 2;
+	pcls = (chip->panel_prev[2] >> 4) == 0x8 ||
+	       (chip->panel_prev[2] >> 4) == 0x9 ? 1 :
+	       (chip->panel_prev[2] >> 4) == 0x0 ? 0 : 2;
+	delta = (int)(st[2] & 0x0f) - (int)(chip->panel_prev[2] & 0x0f);
+	if (delta > 8)
+		delta -= 16;
+	else if (delta < -8)
+		delta += 16;
+	if (delta && cls == pcls) {
+		chip->panel_wheel = clamp(chip->panel_wheel + delta,
+					  SHRT_MIN, SHRT_MAX);
+		bf_panel_notify(chip, BF_PANEL_KCTL_WHEEL);
+		/* Wheel by mode (LINUX-VALIDATION sec. 12, the TotalMix
+		 * emulator): MIX -> monitoring level, OUT (0x8x/0x9x) -> the
+		 * selected output master (or its balance while SELECT is
+		 * held), IN (0x4x/0x5x/0x6x) -> the SELECT-chosen preamp
+		 * gain.
+		 */
+		if (chip->panel_mix)
+			bf_panel_mix_wheel(chip, delta);
+		else if (chip->panel_sel_hold >= 10 && cls == 1)
+			bf_panel_balance_wheel(chip, delta);
+		else if (cls == 1)
+			bf_panel_out_wheel(chip, delta);
+		else if (cls == 2)
+			bf_panel_gain_wheel(chip, delta);
+	}
+	bf_panel_out_resync(chip);
+
+	/* Selections - keep the previous when the field is not in range
+	 * (the fader-mode readback drops the IN position bits).
+	 */
+	in = bf_panel_in_decode((st[2] >> BF_PANEL_IN_SHIFT) & 0x7);
+	if (in && in != chip->panel_in) {
+		chip->panel_in = in;
+		/* The card CLEARS its L/R/both selection on an IN pair
+		 * switch (user-verified 2026-08-27): re-sync the host-
+		 * tracked SELECT so SET / the wheel / MIX target nothing
+		 * until the user picks a channel again.  This is the main
+		 * anti-desync hook (the physical state is not readable).
+		 */
+		if (chip->panel_select != 3) {
+			chip->panel_select = 3;
+			bf_panel_notify(chip, BF_PANEL_KCTL_SELECT);
+		}
+		/* An IN-pair switch disarms the device's SELECT cycle: the
+		 * next press only re-arms it (no step), the one after that
+		 * cycles (device behavior, user-verified 2026-08-28).
+		 */
+		chip->panel_select_armed = false;
+		bf_panel_notify(chip, BF_PANEL_KCTL_IN);
+	}
+	out = bf_panel_out_decode(st[1] & 0x07);
+	if (out && out != chip->panel_out) {
+		chip->panel_out = out;
+		bf_panel_notify(chip, BF_PANEL_KCTL_OUT);
+	}
+
+	/* SELECT press cycles the channel selection L -> R -> both -> none
+	 * -> L (manual sec. 5.1).  The state is NOT in the readback
+	 * (panelprobe 2026-08-24), so it is tracked host-side.
+	 */
+	if (st[3] == BF_PANEL_FLASH_SELECT &&
+	    chip->panel_prev[3] != BF_PANEL_FLASH_SELECT) {
+		if (!chip->panel_select_armed) {
+			/* Disarmed (IN switch since the last step): the
+			 * press only re-arms the cycle - the device steps on
+			 * the NEXT press (user-verified 2026-08-28).
+			 */
+			chip->panel_select_armed = true;
+		} else {
+			chip->panel_select = (chip->panel_select + 1) & 3;
+		}
+		bf_panel_notify(chip, BF_PANEL_KCTL_SELECT);
+	}
+	/* SELECT hold (the OUT-balance gesture, manual sec. 5.1 "Output
+	 * Balance"): a tap flashes byte3 0x50 for ~2-3 frames at 20 Hz
+	 * (~100-150 ms - selhold_probe2), a hold keeps it sustained, and
+	 * byte0 does NOT gain the 0x80 engaged bit - so the duration is
+	 * the only discriminator: >= 10 ticks (200 ms at 50 Hz) = held.
+	 */
+	if (st[3] == BF_PANEL_FLASH_SELECT)
+		chip->panel_sel_hold++;
+	else
+		chip->panel_sel_hold = 0;
+
+	/* SET (A) press: host-side 48V phantom toggle on the
+	 * SELECT-chosen mic(s) (see bf_panel_set_phantom).
+	 */
+	if (st[3] == BF_PANEL_FLASH_SET &&
+	    chip->panel_prev[3] != BF_PANEL_FLASH_SET)
+		bf_panel_set_phantom(chip);
+
+	/* DIM press: toggle the host-side dim, same host-in-the-loop
+	 * arrangement as SET above.  Decoding the press without acting on
+	 * it made the button look dead with the driver alone.
+	 */
+	if (st[3] == BF_PANEL_FLASH_DIM &&
+	    chip->panel_prev[3] != BF_PANEL_FLASH_DIM)
+		bf_panel_toggle_dim(chip);
+
+	/* MIX (fader mode) - HOST-latched, like TotalMix (cap_mix.pcap,
+	 * cap_select2.pcap): the raw press readback is `0D 0D 41 44` -
+	 * byte3 flash 0x44, NO engaged bit, byte2 still in the current
+	 * mode.  The host acks the flash with `0x17 0x8480 0x8C80` -> the
+	 * device latches fader mode (byte0/1 gain the 0x80 bit, byte2 =
+	 * 0x00+n counter) and STAYS there after the physical release; the
+	 * SECOND 0x44 flash exits it (`0x17 0x0400 0x8000` + `0x8080`).
+	 * A mode button (IN/OUT/SET) pressed during MIX makes the device
+	 * leave fader mode by itself -> same exit writes (the user: IN
+	 * must return to gain control).  `panel_saw_fader` gates the
+	 * device-driven exit so a pre-ack readback (byte2 still 0x4x
+	 * while the 0x44 flash shows) never ends MIX before it started.
+	 */
+	mix_flash = st[3] == BF_PANEL_FLASH_MIX &&
+		    chip->panel_prev[3] != BF_PANEL_FLASH_MIX;
+	fader_now = (st[2] >> 4) == 0x0;
+
+	if (mix_flash) {
+		if (chip->panel_mix) {
+			bf_vendor_write(chip, BF_REQ_PREAMP, 0x0400, 0x8000);
+			bf_vendor_write(chip, BF_REQ_PREAMP, 0x0400, 0x8080);
+			chip->panel_mix = false;
+			chip->panel_saw_fader = false;
+		} else {
+			int ref, out;
+			int m;
+
+			bf_vendor_write(chip, BF_REQ_PREAMP, 0x8480, 0x8c80);
+			chip->panel_mix = true;
+			/* Seed the monitoring level at the reference
+			 * crosspoint's current value so the first wheel
+			 * click doesn't jump from -inf (the reference =
+			 * the first SELECT-chosen channel of the IN pair;
+			 * Opt = the AS1/2 pair).
+			 */
+			out = chip->panel_out == 3 ? 5 :
+			      chip->panel_out == 2 ? 1 : 0;
+			ref = chip->panel_in == 3 ? 4 :
+			      (chip->panel_in == 2 ? 2 : 0) +
+			      (chip->panel_select == 1 ? 1 : 0);
+			chip->panel_mix_raw = chip->xpoint[out][ref][0];
+			/* Seed the VU display shadow at the CURRENT level
+			 * (cap_panel.pcap: TotalMix writes the display value of
+			 * the current fader on engage - 10 in that session -
+			 * not a hard 0; cap_mix's 0 was because the fader sat
+			 * at the bottom).  Only the channels the wheel can move.
+			 */
+			for (m = 0; m < 4; m++)
+				chip->panel_mix_disp[m] = 0;
+			if (ref < 4) {
+				int db2 = bf_fader_raw_to_db2(chip->panel_mix_raw);
+				int disp = bf_mix_display(db2);
+
+				bf_vendor_write(chip, BF_REQ_GAIN, (u16)disp,
+						BF_REG_PANEL_GAIN + ref);
+				chip->panel_mix_disp[ref] = disp;
+			}
+		}
+		bf_panel_notify(chip, BF_PANEL_KCTL_MIX);
+	}
+	if (fader_now) {
+		chip->panel_saw_fader = true;
+	} else if (chip->panel_mix && chip->panel_saw_fader &&
+		   st[3] != BF_PANEL_FLASH_MIX) {
+		/* device left fader mode by itself (IN/OUT/SET press) */
+		bf_vendor_write(chip, BF_REQ_PREAMP, 0x0400, 0x8000);
+		bf_vendor_write(chip, BF_REQ_PREAMP, 0x0400, 0x8080);
+		chip->panel_mix = false;
+		chip->panel_saw_fader = false;
+		bf_panel_notify(chip, BF_PANEL_KCTL_MIX);
+	}
+
+	dim = !!(st[1] & 0x20);
+	if (dim != chip->panel_dim) {
+		chip->panel_dim = dim;
+		bf_panel_notify(chip, BF_PANEL_KCTL_DIM);
+	}
+
+	memcpy(chip->panel_prev, st, sizeof(st));
+}
+
+void babyface_panel_work(struct work_struct *work)
+{
+	struct snd_usb_babyface *chip = container_of(work,
+			struct snd_usb_babyface, panel_work.work);
+	unsigned int ms;
+
+	if (chip->shutdown)
+		return;
+	bf_panel_tick(chip);
+	chip->panel_poll_t = ktime_get();
+	/* Poll fast for a moment after an OUT wheel click. */
+	ms = time_before(jiffies, chip->panel_fast_until) ?
+	     BF_PANEL_FAST_POLL_MS : chip->panel_poll_ms;
+	schedule_delayed_work(&chip->panel_work, msecs_to_jiffies(ms));
+}
+
+void babyface_panel_start(struct snd_usb_babyface *chip)
+{
+	chip->panel_seen = false;
+	/* The device boots with NOTHING selected (the SELECT cycle starts
+	 * at none -> AN1 -> AN2 -> both -> none) - the unreadable selection
+	 * must start there too, or every later SET is off by one channel
+	 * (host at AN1 while the LEDs show nothing -> first SELECT makes
+	 * the device blink AN1 but the host believes AN2).
+	 */
+	chip->panel_select = 3;	/* none */
+	chip->panel_select_armed = true;
+	chip->panel_start = jiffies;
+	chip->panel_fast_until = jiffies;
+	chip->panel_poll_t = 0;
+	/* No master holds 0xffff: the wheel starts from the masters. */
+	memset(chip->panel_master_last, 0xff, sizeof(chip->panel_master_last));
+	schedule_delayed_work(&chip->panel_work, 0);
+}
+
+void babyface_panel_stop(struct snd_usb_babyface *chip)
+{
+	cancel_delayed_work_sync(&chip->panel_work);
+}
+
+/* -- controls -------------------------- */
+
+/* The button/wheel controls hold the LATEST state and are NOT consumed
+ * on read: wireplumber subscribes to every notifying control and reads
+ * it, so a clear-on-get would let another reader eat the event.  Each
+ * consumer tracks its own baseline and acts on changes (the button is a
+ * last-press code, the wheel an accumulated signed delta).  VOLATILE
+ * keeps alsactl from caching them.
+ */
+static int bf_panel_button_info(struct snd_kcontrol *kctl,
+				struct snd_ctl_elem_info *uinfo)
+{
+	uinfo->type = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_TYPE_INTEGER;
+	uinfo->count = 1;
+	uinfo->value.integer.min = 0;
+	uinfo->value.integer.max = BF_PANEL_BTN_DIM;
+	uinfo->value.integer.step = 1;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int bf_panel_button_get(struct snd_kcontrol *kctl,
+			       struct snd_ctl_elem_value *ucontrol)
+{
+	struct snd_usb_babyface *chip = snd_kcontrol_chip(kctl);
+
+	ucontrol->value.integer.value[0] = chip->panel_button;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int bf_panel_wheel_info(struct snd_kcontrol *kctl,
+			       struct snd_ctl_elem_info *uinfo)
+{
+	uinfo->type = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_TYPE_INTEGER;
+	uinfo->count = 1;
+	uinfo->value.integer.min = SHRT_MIN;
+	uinfo->value.integer.max = SHRT_MAX;
+	uinfo->value.integer.step = 1;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int bf_panel_wheel_get(struct snd_kcontrol *kctl,
+			      struct snd_ctl_elem_value *ucontrol)
+{
+	struct snd_usb_babyface *chip = snd_kcontrol_chip(kctl);
+
+	ucontrol->value.integer.value[0] = chip->panel_wheel;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int bf_panel_in_info(struct snd_kcontrol *kctl,
+			    struct snd_ctl_elem_info *uinfo)
+{
+	return snd_ctl_enum_info(uinfo, 1, 4, bf_panel_in_texts);
+}
+
+static int bf_panel_in_get(struct snd_kcontrol *kctl,
+			   struct snd_ctl_elem_value *ucontrol)
+{
+	struct snd_usb_babyface *chip = snd_kcontrol_chip(kctl);
+
+	ucontrol->value.enumerated.item[0] = chip->panel_in;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int bf_panel_out_info(struct snd_kcontrol *kctl,
+			     struct snd_ctl_elem_info *uinfo)
+{
+	return snd_ctl_enum_info(uinfo, 1, 4, bf_panel_out_texts);
+}
+
+static int bf_panel_out_get(struct snd_kcontrol *kctl,
+			    struct snd_ctl_elem_value *ucontrol)
+{
+	struct snd_usb_babyface *chip = snd_kcontrol_chip(kctl);
+
+	ucontrol->value.enumerated.item[0] = chip->panel_out;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int bf_panel_select_info(struct snd_kcontrol *kctl,
+				struct snd_ctl_elem_info *uinfo)
+{
+	return snd_ctl_enum_info(uinfo, 1, 4, bf_panel_select_texts);
+}
+
+static int bf_panel_select_get(struct snd_kcontrol *kctl,
+			       struct snd_ctl_elem_value *ucontrol)
+{
+	struct snd_usb_babyface *chip = snd_kcontrol_chip(kctl);
+
+	ucontrol->value.enumerated.item[0] = chip->panel_select;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/* Writable so software (or the user, after a driver reload) can
+ * re-sync the host-tracked SELECT state to the physical card - the
+ * L/R/both/none state is NOT in the 0x17 readback, so a reload starts
+ * at "Left" while the card may sit at any position; a desync makes
+ * SET / the wheel / MIX target the wrong channel.  Writing the
+ * physical state re-aligns the emulation (TotalMix parity: it also
+ * lets software select channels directly).
+ */
+static int bf_panel_select_put(struct snd_kcontrol *kctl,
+			       struct snd_ctl_elem_value *ucontrol)
+{
+	struct snd_usb_babyface *chip = snd_kcontrol_chip(kctl);
+	unsigned int v = ucontrol->value.enumerated.item[0];
+	int ret = 0;
+
+	if (v > 3)
+		return -EINVAL;
+	if (v != chip->panel_select) {
+		chip->panel_select = v;
+		bf_panel_notify(chip, BF_PANEL_KCTL_SELECT);
+		ret = 1;
+	}
+	return ret;
+}
+
+/* Shared boolean get - private_value selects mix (0) / dim (1). */
+static int bf_panel_bool_get(struct snd_kcontrol *kctl,
+			     struct snd_ctl_elem_value *ucontrol)
+{
+	struct snd_usb_babyface *chip = snd_kcontrol_chip(kctl);
+
+	ucontrol->value.integer.value[0] =
+		kctl->private_value ? chip->panel_dim : chip->panel_mix;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int babyface_create_panel(struct snd_usb_babyface *chip)
+{
+	struct snd_kcontrol *kctl;
+	int err;
+
+	memset(chip->panel_kctl, 0, sizeof(chip->panel_kctl));
+
+	kctl = snd_ctl_new1(&(struct snd_kcontrol_new){
+		.iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER,
+		.name = "Front Panel Button",
+		.access = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ |
+			  SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_VOLATILE,
+		.info = bf_panel_button_info,
+		.get = bf_panel_button_get,
+	}, chip);
+	err = snd_ctl_add(chip->card, kctl);
+	if (err < 0)
+		return err;
+	chip->panel_kctl[BF_PANEL_KCTL_BUTTON] = kctl;
+
+	kctl = snd_ctl_new1(&(struct snd_kcontrol_new){
+		.iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER,
+		.name = "Front Panel Wheel",
+		.access = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ |
+			  SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_VOLATILE,
+		.info = bf_panel_wheel_info,
+		.get = bf_panel_wheel_get,
+	}, chip);
+	err = snd_ctl_add(chip->card, kctl);
+	if (err < 0)
+		return err;
+	chip->panel_kctl[BF_PANEL_KCTL_WHEEL] = kctl;
+
+	kctl = snd_ctl_new1(&(struct snd_kcontrol_new){
+		.iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER,
+		.name = "Front Panel In",
+		.access = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ |
+			  SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_VOLATILE,
+		.info = bf_panel_in_info,
+		.get = bf_panel_in_get,
+	}, chip);
+	err = snd_ctl_add(chip->card, kctl);
+	if (err < 0)
+		return err;
+	chip->panel_kctl[BF_PANEL_KCTL_IN] = kctl;
+
+	kctl = snd_ctl_new1(&(struct snd_kcontrol_new){
+		.iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER,
+		.name = "Front Panel Out",
+		.access = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ |
+			  SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_VOLATILE,
+		.info = bf_panel_out_info,
+		.get = bf_panel_out_get,
+	}, chip);
+	err = snd_ctl_add(chip->card, kctl);
+	if (err < 0)
+		return err;
+	chip->panel_kctl[BF_PANEL_KCTL_OUT] = kctl;
+
+	kctl = snd_ctl_new1(&(struct snd_kcontrol_new){
+		.iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER,
+		.name = "Front Panel Mix",
+		.access = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ |
+			  SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_VOLATILE,
+		.info = snd_ctl_boolean_mono_info,
+		.get = bf_panel_bool_get,
+	}, chip);
+	err = snd_ctl_add(chip->card, kctl);
+	if (err < 0)
+		return err;
+	chip->panel_kctl[BF_PANEL_KCTL_MIX] = kctl;
+
+	kctl = snd_ctl_new1(&(struct snd_kcontrol_new){
+		.iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER,
+		.name = "Front Panel Dim",
+		.access = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ |
+			  SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_VOLATILE,
+		.info = snd_ctl_boolean_mono_info,
+		.get = bf_panel_bool_get,
+		.private_value = 1,
+	}, chip);
+	err = snd_ctl_add(chip->card, kctl);
+	if (err < 0)
+		return err;
+	chip->panel_kctl[BF_PANEL_KCTL_DIM] = kctl;
+
+	kctl = snd_ctl_new1(&(struct snd_kcontrol_new){
+		.iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER,
+		.name = "Front Panel Select",
+		.access = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ |
+			  SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_WRITE |
+			  SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_VOLATILE,
+		.info = bf_panel_select_info,
+		.get = bf_panel_select_get,
+		.put = bf_panel_select_put,
+	}, chip);
+	err = snd_ctl_add(chip->card, kctl);
+	if (err < 0)
+		return err;
+	chip->panel_kctl[BF_PANEL_KCTL_SELECT] = kctl;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
diff --git a/sound/usb/babyfacepro/babyfacepro.c b/sound/usb/babyfacepro/babyfacepro.c
index ccf3dbf36..8cf68e404 100644
--- a/sound/usb/babyfacepro/babyfacepro.c
+++ b/sound/usb/babyfacepro/babyfacepro.c
@@ -1272,6 +1272,7 @@ static int index[SNDRV_CARDS] = SNDRV_DEFAULT_IDX;
 static char *id[SNDRV_CARDS] = SNDRV_DEFAULT_STR;
 static int frames_per_urb = BF_FRAMES_PER_URB_DEFAULT;
 static int nurbs = BF_NURBS_DEFAULT;
+static int panel_poll_ms = BF_PANEL_POLL_MS_DEFAULT;
 
 module_param_array(index, int, NULL, 0444);
 MODULE_PARM_DESC(index, "Index value for the Babyface Pro sound card.");
@@ -1281,6 +1282,8 @@ module_param(frames_per_urb, int, 0644);
 MODULE_PARM_DESC(frames_per_urb, "Audio frames per URB, 8..1024 (16 = low-latency floor, 256 = default).");
 module_param(nurbs, int, 0644);
 MODULE_PARM_DESC(nurbs, "URBs in flight per direction, 1..16 (16 = low-latency).");
+module_param(panel_poll_ms, int, 0644);
+MODULE_PARM_DESC(panel_poll_ms, "Front-panel poll interval in ms, 10..1000 (20 = default, matches Windows' ~50 Hz).");
 
 /* -- USB driver ------------------------- */
 
@@ -1366,10 +1369,12 @@ static int babyface_probe(struct usb_interface *intf,
 	chip->alt = BF_ALT_1;
 	chip->frame_bytes = 56;
 	chip->preamp = BF_PREAMP_BASE;
+	chip->panel_poll_ms = clamp(panel_poll_ms, 10, 1000);
 	mutex_init(&chip->mutex);
 	spin_lock_init(&chip->lock);
 	atomic_set(&chip->urb_err, 0);
 	INIT_WORK(&chip->stream_work, babyface_stream_work);
+	INIT_DELAYED_WORK(&chip->panel_work, babyface_panel_work);
 	chip->card->private_free = babyface_private_free;
 
 	/* Model-neutral on purpose.  The FS and the original (2015)
@@ -1524,12 +1529,23 @@ static int babyface_probe(struct usb_interface *intf,
 		goto error;
 	}
 
+	err = babyface_create_panel(chip);
+	if (err < 0) {
+		dev_err(&intf->dev, "front-panel control creation failed: %d\n", err);
+		goto error;
+	}
+
 	err = snd_card_register(chip->card);
 	if (err < 0) {
 		dev_err(&intf->dev, "snd_card_register failed: %d\n", err);
 		goto error;
 	}
 
+	/* The panel poll mirrors the physical buttons/wheel into the
+	 * Front Panel controls; it runs for the whole card lifetime.
+	 */
+	babyface_panel_start(chip);
+
 	usb_set_intfdata(intf, chip);
 	dev_info(&intf->dev,
 		 "Babyface Pro: card %i, %u frames/URB, %u URBs/direction\n",
@@ -1569,6 +1585,7 @@ static void babyface_disconnect(struct usb_interface *intf)
 
 	chip->shutdown = true;
 	cancel_work_sync(&chip->stream_work);
+	babyface_panel_stop(chip);
 	/* Balance the probe()-time usb_disable_autosuspend(): the usb_device
 	 * outlives this interface claim (a usbfs detach re-probes without
 	 * the physical device ever disconnecting), so leaving autosuspend
@@ -1605,6 +1622,7 @@ static int babyface_suspend(struct usb_interface *intf, pm_message_t message)
 			snd_pcm_suspend_all(sdev->device_data);
 	}
 	cancel_work_sync(&chip->stream_work);
+	babyface_panel_stop(chip);
 	mutex_lock(&chip->mutex);
 	if (chip->streaming)
 		babyface_stream_kill(chip);
@@ -1635,6 +1653,8 @@ static int babyface_resume(struct usb_interface *intf)
 	err = babyface_restore_state(chip);
 out:
 	mutex_unlock(&chip->mutex);
+	if (!err)
+		babyface_panel_start(chip);
 	return err;
 }
 
diff --git a/sound/usb/babyfacepro/babyfacepro.h b/sound/usb/babyfacepro/babyfacepro.h
index 9822db312..ba1225de6 100644
--- a/sound/usb/babyfacepro/babyfacepro.h
+++ b/sound/usb/babyfacepro/babyfacepro.h
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@
  *     bf_clock_write / bf_pitch_write.
  */
 
+#include <linux/ktime.h>
 #include <linux/module.h>
 #include <linux/mutex.h>
 #include <linux/unaligned.h>
@@ -182,6 +183,53 @@
  */
 #define BF_LOOPBACK_CHANNELS		30
 
+/* Front-panel poll interval default - Windows polls the 5-register
+ * status set at ~50 cycles/s (20 ms); match that.  Tunable via the
+ * panel_poll_ms module param for reviewers/distros who want a slower
+ * (or faster) rate than the Windows-matching default.
+ */
+#define BF_PANEL_POLL_MS_DEFAULT	20
+
+/* Front-panel readback (babyfacepro-ctl.c): 0x17 read at wIdx 0x0000 - the index
+ * the Windows driver polls (cap_buttons2.pcap).  byte0 = preamp 48V/PAD,
+ * byte1 = OUT sel + DIM/MIX bits, byte2 = IN sel + wheel counter,
+ * byte3 = button flash (see babyfacepro-ctl.c for the full layout).
+ */
+#define BF_REG_PANEL_READ		0x0000
+#define BF_PANEL_IN_SHIFT		4
+#define BF_PANEL_IN_CH12		0x04
+#define BF_PANEL_IN_CH34		0x05
+#define BF_PANEL_IN_OPT			0x06
+/* OUT selection - the gain-display-mode encoding (cap_dim.pcap);
+ * babyfacepro-ctl.c also accepts the base-mode 0x01/0x02 (cap_buttons.pcap).
+ */
+#define BF_PANEL_OUT_CH12		0x04
+#define BF_PANEL_OUT_PHONES		0x05
+#define BF_PANEL_OUT_OPT		0x06
+#define BF_PANEL_FLASH_IN		0x41
+#define BF_PANEL_FLASH_SET		0x42
+#define BF_PANEL_FLASH_MIX		0x44
+#define BF_PANEL_FLASH_OUT		0x48
+#define BF_PANEL_FLASH_SELECT		0x50
+#define BF_PANEL_FLASH_DIM		0x60
+#define BF_PANEL_BTN_NONE		0
+#define BF_PANEL_BTN_IN			1
+#define BF_PANEL_BTN_SET		2
+#define BF_PANEL_BTN_MIX		3
+#define BF_PANEL_BTN_OUT		4
+#define BF_PANEL_BTN_SELECT		5
+#define BF_PANEL_BTN_DIM		6
+
+/* The front-panel gain/display family (0x1A, wIdx 0x000A + mic 0-3;
+ * cap_panel/cap_mix.pcap): in gain mode the wheel writes the "ADC
+ * gain" here (drives the same preamp as the GUI 0x0000+mic); in MIX
+ * (fader) mode the same registers carry the VU DISPLAY shadow -
+ * TotalMix writes the monitoring level display value (0..~31) and the
+ * card lights the input VU segments accordingly (hardware-verified
+ * 2026-08-26 live: sweeping 0x1A values moved the input VU).
+ */
+#define BF_REG_PANEL_GAIN		0x000a
+
 /* The "cross" register block within each output: the L-registers sit at
  * odd offsets 5..23 and the R-registers at even offsets 4..22 (the stereo
  * source pairs that can be cross-linked).  bf_crosspoint_clear_cross()
@@ -309,6 +357,54 @@ struct snd_usb_babyface {
 	u16 dim_saved[2];		/* pre-DIM Phones master (out 1 L/R) */
 	bool dim;			/* DIM engaged (fixed -20 dB on Phones) */
 	struct snd_kcontrol *dim_kctl;      /* for snd_ctl_notify */
+
+	/* front panel (babyfacepro-ctl.c) - 0x17 readback poll */
+	struct delayed_work panel_work;
+	unsigned int panel_poll_ms;	/* front-panel poll interval, module param */
+	u8 panel_prev[4];		/* last 0x17 snapshot */
+	bool panel_seen;		/* first snapshot taken */
+	bool panel_select_armed;	/* device SELECT cycle armed (IN switch disarms) */
+	unsigned long panel_start;	/* jiffies at panel_start (boot re-assert) */
+	int panel_button;		/* latched button event (consumed on get) */
+	int panel_wheel;		/* accumulated wheel delta (consumed on get) */
+	int panel_in;			/* enum: 0 unknown, 1 Ch1/2, 2 Ch3/4, 3 Opt */
+	int panel_out;			/* enum: 0 unknown, 1 Ch1/2, 2 Phones, 3 Opt */
+	bool panel_mix;			/* MIX engaged - HOST-latched (like TotalMix):
+					 * set by the 0x44 flash ack, NOT by the readback
+					 * 0x80 bit (the raw press has none)
+					 */
+	bool panel_dim;			/* DIM sticky (byte1 bit 0x20) */
+	bool panel_saw_fader;		/* device observed in fader mode (byte2 0x0x)
+					 * - gates the device-driven MIX exit
+					 */
+	int panel_select;		/* SELECT state: 0 L, 1 R, 2 both, 3 none
+					 * (host-tracked - not in the readback)
+					 */
+	int panel_sel_hold;		/* consecutive ticks with byte3 = 0x50
+					 * (SELECT held > 200 ms = the OUT-balance
+					 * gesture; a tap flashes only ~100-150 ms,
+					 * selhold_probe2 - no engaged bit)
+					 */
+	/* The OUT wheel's own level per side, in half-dB, valid while the
+	 * master still holds the value the wheel last wrote (the 16-bit
+	 * value can't hold every half-dB step, nor the device's range
+	 * below -64 dB, nor its mute).  0xffff = nothing written yet.
+	 */
+	u16 panel_master_last[6][2];
+	s16 panel_out_hdb[6][2];
+	/* OUT wheel acceleration and resync at rest (babyfacepro-ctl.c) */
+	ktime_t panel_out_wheel_t;	/* estimated time of the last count */
+	ktime_t panel_poll_t;		/* when the previous poll ran */
+	unsigned long panel_fast_until;	/* jiffies: poll fast until then */
+	int panel_out_wheel_dir;	/* its direction, +1 or -1 */
+	int panel_out_wheel_out;	/* the output it moved */
+	bool panel_out_resync;		/* 8-bit write due once at rest */
+	u16 panel_mix_raw;		/* MIX-mode monitoring level (fader raw) */
+	u8 panel_mix_disp[4];		/* MIX-mode VU display shadow per mic
+					 * (0x1A 0x000A+mic - written on change
+					 * so the input VU follows the wheel)
+					 */
+	struct snd_kcontrol *panel_kctl[7]; /* for snd_ctl_notify */
 };
 
 /* The mixer state cached across interface re-probes/resume (see
@@ -394,6 +490,10 @@ u8 bf_gain_raw(int mic, int db);
 int bf_loopback_write_map(struct snd_usb_babyface *chip, int out, bool on);
 void bf_panel_toggle_dim(struct snd_usb_babyface *chip);
 int babyface_create_flags(struct snd_usb_babyface *chip);
+int babyface_create_panel(struct snd_usb_babyface *chip);
+void babyface_panel_start(struct snd_usb_babyface *chip);
+void babyface_panel_stop(struct snd_usb_babyface *chip);
+void babyface_panel_work(struct work_struct *work);
 
 /* Master gain-law helpers - shared with the front-panel wheels once
  * the front panel lands.
-- 
2.55.0