RE: [PATCH v4] serial: amba-pl011: don't wait for BUSY after every earlycon character

From: Eric Curtin <[email protected]> Sent: Monday, July 20, 2026 5:27 AM
> 
> pl011_putc(), used exclusively by the pl011 earlycon (pl011_early_write()
> -> uart_console_write()), waits for UART01x_FR_TXFF to clear before
> writing a character (correct: don't overrun the TX FIFO) and then *also*
> busy-waited for UART01x_FR_BUSY to clear before returning, i.e. it waited
> for the character to be fully shifted out on the wire before the next
> character in the string could even be considered.
> 
> Waiting for BUSY per character defeats the TX FIFO: instead of letting
> the UART buffer several queued bytes and transmit them back to back,
> every single character printed through earlycon was forced to wait for
> that character's own complete transmission (a full UART bit-time at the
> configured baud rate) before the driver would even look at writing the
> next one. This is wasted time on real hardware, and it is much worse
> under virtualization: each read of UARTFR and each write to UARTDR is
> an MMIO access that traps to the hypervisor, so every extra poll is a
> full VM-exit/entry round trip.
> 
> git blame on this function is unhelpful (this tree's history stops at a
> shallow-clone boundary), but the equivalent history is available from
> the upstream patch that added the QDF2400 erratum 44 workaround:
> 
> commit d8a4995bcea1 ("tty: pl011: Work around QDF2400 E44 stuck BUSY bit"):
> 
> That patch added a *separate* qdf2400_e44_putc() for hardware where
> BUSY can get stuck at 1, rather than touching pl011_putc() itself, and
> it left pl011_putc()'s per-character BUSY wait in place. So there is
> precedent for "waiting on BUSY is fragile on some hardware", but no
> indication that pl011_putc()'s per-character wait was ever intentional
> for standard hardware as opposed to simply mirroring the already-present
> final-drain wait used elsewhere in this same file.
> 
> Both pl011_console_putchar() and pl011_put_poll_char() (the regular,
> always-built console write path and the kgdb/kdb polling path) only
> wait for TXFF before writing, never for BUSY. The regular console path
> still gets a full-drain guarantee, but correctly obtains it only *once*,
> after the whole buffer has been written: pl011_console_write_atomic()
> and pl011_console_write_thread() each call uart_console_write() with
> pl011_console_putchar (no per-character BUSY wait), then separately
> wait for BUSY exactly once, after the loop, before restoring the CR
> register.
> 
> pl011_early_write() had no equivalent single final wait, so simply
> deleting the wait from pl011_putc() would drop the "the UART has
> actually finished transmitting by the time this function returns"
> guarantee that earlycon currently provides, e.g. right before a panic
> message is followed immediately by a reboot/poweroff. Instead, move the
> same "wait for BUSY" out of the per-character pl011_putc() and place it
> once in pl011_early_write(), after uart_console_write() completes,
> mirroring the pattern already used by pl011_console_write_atomic()/
> _thread(). This keeps the flush guarantee while turning an O(n) wait
> (once per character) into an O(1) wait (once per earlycon write call).
> 
> This is easy to see, and to prove, in a fast-booting VMM. Using a small
> KVM-based VMM that boots Linux guests directly on arm64 (no firmware),
> booting an otherwise-identical 7.2.0-rc1 kernel (single vCPU, 512MB
> guest, direct PL011 MMIO with no interrupt-driven UART - i.e. earlycon
> is the only console active) up to the (expected, rootfs-less)
> "Unable to mount root fs" panic, with 20 boot samples per kernel per
> configuration:
> 
>   cmdline: console=ttyAMA0 earlycon=pl011,0x09000000 ignore_loglevel
>            initcall_debug printk.time=1     (~99KB printed over earlycon)
>     before: min 466.3ms  avg 471.4ms  max 480.3ms  (n=20)
>     after:  min 429.4ms  avg 435.3ms  max 449.0ms  (n=20)
>     -> ~36ms / ~7.7% faster, non-overlapping distributions
> 
>   cmdline: <the VMM's actual default, quiet, earlycon=pl011,0x09000000>
>     before: min  74.3ms  avg  76.5ms  max  82.2ms  (n=20)
>     after:  min  53.8ms  avg  56.8ms  max  74.9ms  (n=20)
>     -> ~20ms / ~25.8% faster
> 
> The second measurement uses the VMM's real default boot configuration
> (not a synthetic debug cmdline), so this is representative of ordinary
> boots, not just verbose-logging ones. Console content was diffed
> (timestamps and per-initcall "returned 0 after N usecs" numbers
> excluded) between before/after runs and is identical line-for-line:
> this change does not drop, reorder, or corrupt any output.
> 

I tested this patch in two VMs running on Hyper-V in the Azure public
cloud. Hyper-V provides an emulated PL011 to ARM64 guests, but the
emulation has some quirks. I wanted to verify that the quirks didn't
cause any issues. All my basic smoke testing passed, which is great.

From a performance standpoint, the older Dp_v5 series VM saved
an average of 196 milliseconds in boot time up to the point that the
regular PL011 driver took over. The newer Dp_v6 series VM, which
has a faster physical processor, saved an average of 158 ms. Both
values are an average of 4 runs of an unmodified linux-next20260721
kernel vs. the same kernel with your patch. That's a nice win!

Tested-by: Michael Kelley <[email protected]>