[PATCH v4 20/20] tools/testing/selftests/mm: add MAP_PRIVATE-/dev/zero merge tests

"Lorenzo Stoakes (ARM)" <[email protected]> Thu, 06 Aug 2026 21:21:45 +0100
Newsgroups org.kernel.vger.linux-trace-kernel,org.freedesktop.lists.amd-gfx,org.freedesktop.lists.dri-devel,org.freedesktop.lists.intel-xe,org.kernel.vger.kvm,org.kernel.vger.linux-fsdevel,org.kernel.vger.linux-kernel,org.kernel.vger.linux-kselftest,org.kernel.vger.linux-perf-users,org.kernel.vger.linux-s390,org.kvack.linux-mm
Message-ID <20260806-b4-scalable-cow-virt-pgoff-v4-20-ab318a350404@kernel.org>
Assert that MAP_PRIVATE-mapped /dev/zero mappings behave like they are
anonymous.

We test both unfaulted and faulted/unfaulted merges - each with the regions
having page offset of 0, which would not merge if the mappings were treated
as if they were file-backed.

With the recent change that makes them behave as pure anonymous mappings,
the merges should succeed as their page offsets are equal to their
anonymous page offsets.

Tested-by: [email protected]
Signed-off-by: Lorenzo Stoakes (ARM) <[email protected]>
---
 tools/testing/selftests/mm/merge.c | 104 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 104 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/mm/merge.c b/tools/testing/selftests/mm/merge.c
index cb7cdb6b7ada..19c9bf9eb9ce 100644
--- a/tools/testing/selftests/mm/merge.c
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/mm/merge.c
@@ -1362,6 +1362,110 @@ TEST_F(merge, anon_and_page_offset_mismatch_memfd)
 	ASSERT_EQ(procmap->query.vma_end, (unsigned long)ptr + 5 * page_size);
 }
 
+TEST_F(merge, merge_map_private_dev_zero_unfaulted)
+{
+	struct procmap_fd *procmap = &self->procmap;
+	unsigned int page_size = self->page_size;
+	char *carveout = self->carveout;
+	char *ptr, *ptr2;
+	int fd_zero;
+
+	if (access("/dev/zero", F_OK))
+		SKIP(return, "No /dev/zero.");
+	fd_zero = open("/dev/zero", O_RDWR);
+	ASSERT_NE(fd_zero, -1);
+
+	/*
+	 * Map two MAP_PRIVATE-/dev/zero VMAs next to one another with offset 0
+	 * each.
+	 *
+	 * With these being made truly anonymous upon mapping, they will
+	 * merge. If they were file-backed VMAs the page offsets would prevent
+	 * merge:
+	 *
+	 * |-----||------|    |-------------|
+	 * | ptr || ptr2 | -> |     ptr     |
+	 * |-----||------|    |-------------|
+	 */
+	ptr = mmap(carveout, 5 * page_size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
+		   MAP_FIXED | MAP_PRIVATE, fd_zero, 0);
+	if (ptr == MAP_FAILED) {
+		close(fd_zero);
+		ASSERT_TRUE(false);
+	}
+	ptr2 = mmap(&carveout[5 * page_size], 5 * page_size,
+		   PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_FIXED | MAP_PRIVATE, fd_zero, 0);
+	if (ptr2 == MAP_FAILED) {
+		close(fd_zero);
+		ASSERT_TRUE(false);
+	}
+	close(fd_zero);
+
+	/* Assert that they merged. */
+	ASSERT_TRUE(find_vma_procmap(procmap, ptr));
+	ASSERT_EQ(procmap->query.vma_start, (unsigned long)ptr);
+	ASSERT_EQ(procmap->query.vma_end, (unsigned long)ptr + 10 * page_size);
+}
+
+TEST_F(merge, merge_map_private_dev_zero_faulted_unfaulted)
+{
+	struct procmap_fd *procmap = &self->procmap;
+	unsigned int page_size = self->page_size;
+	char *carveout = self->carveout;
+	char *ptr, *ptr2;
+	int fd_zero;
+
+	if (access("/dev/zero", F_OK))
+		SKIP(return, "No /dev/zero.");
+	fd_zero = open("/dev/zero", O_RDWR);
+	ASSERT_NE(fd_zero, -1);
+
+	/*
+	 * Map a MAP_PRIVATE mapping of /dev/zero with page offset 0, then fault
+	 * it in:
+	 *
+	 * |-------------------------------|
+	 * |           faulted             |
+	 * |-------------------------------|
+	 */
+	ptr = mmap(carveout, 15 * page_size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
+		   MAP_FIXED | MAP_PRIVATE, fd_zero, 0);
+	if (ptr == MAP_FAILED) {
+		close(fd_zero);
+		ASSERT_TRUE(false);
+	}
+	memset(ptr, 'x', 15 * page_size);
+
+	/*
+	 * Unmap the middle:
+	 *
+	 * |---------|           |---------|
+	 * | faulted |           | faulted |
+	 * |---------|           |---------|
+	 */
+	ASSERT_EQ(munmap(&ptr[5 * page_size], 5 * page_size), 0);
+
+	/*
+	 * Map in a new unfaulted mapping in the middle with page offset 0 -
+	 * this should merge and would not if it were treated as a file rather
+	 * than pure anon:
+	 *
+	 * |---------|-----------|---------|
+	 * | faulted | unfaulted | faulted |
+	 * |---------|-----------|---------|
+	 */
+	ptr2 = mmap(&carveout[5 * page_size], 5 * page_size,
+		    PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_FIXED | MAP_PRIVATE,
+		    fd_zero, 0);
+	close(fd_zero);
+	ASSERT_NE(ptr2, MAP_FAILED);
+
+	/* Assert that they merged. */
+	ASSERT_TRUE(find_vma_procmap(procmap, ptr));
+	ASSERT_EQ(procmap->query.vma_start, (unsigned long)ptr);
+	ASSERT_EQ(procmap->query.vma_end, (unsigned long)ptr + 15 * page_size);
+}
+
 TEST_F(merge_with_fork, mremap_faulted_to_unfaulted_prev)
 {
 	struct procmap_fd *procmap = &self->procmap;

-- 
2.55.0