CryoNet #32590 - #32592

CryoNet - Mon 24 May 2010

    #32590: New Video [Edgar Swank - President]
    #32591: hydrogen & carbon monoxide as solution additives? I [oberon]
    #32592: hydrogen & carbon monoxide as solution additives? II [oberon]

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Message #32590
Date: Sun, 23 May 2010 04:42:40 -0700
From: Edgar Swank - President <[email protected]>
Subject: New Video

I just added another video to the video library on the ACS website

Wierd or What: Human Hibernation
Critics of Cryonics often say that the human brain is irreversibly
damaged after only a few minutes without oxygen. But this is just not
true at cold temperatures, as is shown by this documentary.

-- 
Edgar W. Swank   <[email protected]>
President - American Cryonics Society
http://AmericanCryonics.org

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Message #32591
Date: Sun, 23 May 2010 10:21:43 -0700 (PDT)
From: [email protected]
Subject: hydrogen & carbon monoxide as solution additives? I

[Hydrogen and carbon monoxide offer synergistic protection against ischemic damage, and may reduce ice formation in the bargain. Since free radicals are known to partly mediate vitrification solution toxicity, then adding hydrogen derived from water electrolysis should also reduce vitrification solution toxicity. Problems with poor diffusion which can limit the usefulness of high molecular weight antioxidants such as glutathione, should not be a problem with hydrogen.]

J Heart Lung Transplant. 2010 May;29(5):544-53. Epub 2009 Dec 24.
Amelioration of rat cardiac cold ischemia/reperfusion injury with inhaled hydrogen or carbon monoxide, or both.
Nakao A, Kaczorowski DJ, Wang Y, Cardinal JS, Buchholz BM, Sugimoto R, Tobita K, Lee S, Toyoda Y, Billiar TR, McCurry KR. Department of Surgery, Thomas E Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
Abstract
    BACKGROUND: Recent advances in novel medical gases, including hydrogen and carbon monoxide (CO), have demonstrated significant opportunities for therapeutic use. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of inhaled hydrogen or CO, or both, on cold ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury of the myocardium. METHODS: Syngeneic heterotopic heart transplantation was performed in rats after 6 or 18 hours of cold ischemia in Celsior solution. Survival, morphology, apoptosis and marker gene expression were assessed in the grafts after in vivo inhalation of hydrogen (1% to 3%), CO (50 to 250 ppm), both or neither. Both donors and recipients were treated for 1 hour before and 1 hour after reperfusion. RESULTS: After 6-hour cold ischemia, inhalation of hydrogen (>2%) or CO (250 ppm) alone attenua
 ted myocardial injury. Prolonged cold ischemia for 18 hours resulted in severe myocardial injury, and treatment with hydrogen or CO alone failed to demonstrate significant protection. Dual treatment with hydrogen and CO significantly attenuated I/R graft injury, reducing the infarcted area and decreasing in serum troponin I and creatine phosphokinase (CPK). Hydrogen treatment alone significantly reduced malondialdehyde levels and serum high-mobility group box 1 protein levels as compared with air-treated controls. In contrast, CO only marginally prevented lipid peroxidation, but it suppressed I/R-induced mRNA upregulation for several pro-inflammatory mediators and reduced graft apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS: Combined therapy with hydrogen and CO demonstrated enhanced therapeutic efficacy via bo
 th anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms, and may be a clinically feasible approach for preventing cold I/R injury of the myocardium. Copyright (c) 2010 International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
PMID: 20036162

[I also wonder whether hydrogen would extend human lifespan by multiple mechanisms, including suppression of tumor growth, stroke damage, and infections. However it is something of an understatement to say that further research on this topic is indicated. Whether or not hydrogen-enriched electrolyzed water really can extend human lifespan, it at least appears to be safe for 28 days.]

Toxicol Ind Health. 2010 May;26(4):203-16. Epub 2010 Mar 4.
Biological safety of neutral-pH hydrogen-enriched electrolyzed water upon mutagenicity, genotoxicity and subchronic oral toxicity.
Saitoh Y, Harata Y, Mizuhashi F, Nakajima M, Miwa N. Laboratory of Cell-Death Control Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Nanatsuka, Shobara, Hiroshima, Japan.
Abstract
    Hydrogen-dissolved water has been suggested to be effective for alleviating the oxidative stress. In the present study, neutral-pH hydrogen-enriched electrolyzed water (NHE-water; dissolved hydrogen: 0.90-1.14 parts per million [ppm]; oxido-reduced potential: -150 approximately -80 mV), which was prepared with a water-electrolysis apparatus equipped with a non-diaphragm cell and a highly compressed activated-carbon block, was evaluated for the mutagenic and genotoxic potentials, at concentrations up to 100% dose/plate, and for the subchronic toxicity. NHE-water did not induce reverse mutations in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA100, TA1535, TA98 and TA1537, and Escherichia coli strain WP2uvrA, in either the absence or presence of rat liver S9 for exogenous metabolic activation. Simila
 rly, NHE-water did not induce chromosome aberrations in Chinese hamster lung fibroblast cells (CHL/IU), in short-term (6-hour) tests, with or without rat liver S9, or in a continuous treatment (24-hour) test. To evaluate the subchronic toxicity, Crj:CD(SD) specific pathogen free (SPF)-rats were administered with NHE-water at a dose of 20 mL/kg/day for 28 days via intragastric infusion. NHE-water-related toxic changes were not seen in terms of any items such as clinical symptoms, body weight, food consumption, urinalysis, hematology, blood chemistry, necropsy, each organ weight and histopathology. Thus, the no-observable-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for NHE-water was estimated to be greater than 20 mL/kg/day under the conditions examined, demonstrating the consistency with the expected sa
 fety for a human with a body weight of 60 kg to drink the NHE-water up to at least 1.2 L/day.
PMID: 20203135

[Carbon monoxide also looks very interesting.]

BMC Gastroenterol. 2010 May 5;10(1):42. [Epub ahead of print]
Carbon monoxide-Releasing Molecule-2 (CORM-2) attenuates acute hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury in rats.
Wei Y, Chen P, de Bruyn M, Zhang W, Bremer E, Helfrich W.
Abstract
    ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (I/Ri) is a serious complication occurring during liver surgery that may lead to liver failure. Hepatic I/Ri induces formation of reactive oxygen species, hepatocyte apoptosis, and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which together causes liver damage and organ dysfunction. A potential strategy to alleviate hepatic I/Ri is to exploit the potent anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects of carbon monoxide (CO) by application of so-called CO-releasing molecules (CORMs). Here, we assessed whether CO released from CORM-2 protects against hepatic I/Ri in a rat model. METHODS: Forty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into four groups (n=10). Sham group underwent a sham operation and received saline. I/R group underwent hepa
 tic I/R procedure by partial clamping of portal structures to the left and median lobes with a microvascular clip for 60 minutes, yielding ~70% hepatic ischemia and subsequently received saline. CORM-2 group underwent the same procedure and received 8 mg/kg of CORM-2 at time of reperfusion. iCORM-2 group underwent the same procedure and received iCORM-2 (8 mg/kg), which does not release CO. Therapeutic effects of CORM-2 on hepatic I/Ri was assessed by measuring serum damage markers AST and ALT, liver histology score, TUNEL-scoring of apoptotic cells, NFkB-activity in nuclear liver extracts, serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-6, and hepatic neutrophil infiltration. RESULTS: A single systemic infusion with CORM-2 protected the liver from I/Ri as evidenced by a redu
 ction in serum AST/ALT levels and an improved liver histology score. Treatment with CORM-2 also up-regulated expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, down-regulated caspase-3 activation, and significantly reduced the levels of apoptosis after I/Ri. Furthermore, treatment with CORM-2 significantly inhibited the activity of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor NF-kappaB as measured in nuclear extracts of liver homogenates. Moreover, CORM-2 treatment resulted in reduced serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-6 and down-regulation of the adhesion molecule ICAM-1 in the endothelial cells of liver. In line with these findings, CORM-2 treatment reduced the accumulation of neutrophils in the liver upon I/Ri. Similar treatment with an inactive variant of CORM-2 (i
 CORM-2) did not have any beneficial effect on the extent of liver I/Ri. CONCLUSIONS: CORM-2 treatment at the time of reperfusion had several distinct beneficial effects on severity of hepatic I/Ri that may be of therapeutic value for the prevention of tissue damage as a result of I/Ri during hepatic surgery.
PMID: 20444253
Free text>
http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-230x-10-42.pdf

[Hydrogen itself treats carbon monoxide poisoning.]

Med Hypotheses. 2010 Mar 29. [Epub ahead of print]
Hydrogen as a novel and effective treatment of acute carbon monoxide poisoning.
Shen M, He J, Cai J, Sun Q, Sun X, Huo Z. Department of Emergency, Changhai Hospital,168 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China.
Abstract
    Hydrogen is a major component of interstellar space and the fuel that sustains the stars. However, it is seldom regarded as a therapeutic gas. A recent study provided evidence that hydrogen inhalation exerted antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects and protected the brain against ischemia-reperfusion injury by selectively reducing hydroxyl radical and peroxynitrite. It has been known that the mechanisms underlying the brain injury after acute carbon monoxide poisoning are interwoven with multiple factors including oxidative stress, free radicals, and neuronal nitric oxide synthase as well as abnormal inflammatory responses. Studies have shown that free radical scavengers can improve the neural damage. Based on the findings abovementioned, we hypothesize that hydrogen therapy may be an e
 ffective, simple, economic and novel strategy in the treatment of acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Copyright C 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
PMID: 20347528

Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010 Apr 12. [Epub ahead of print]
A novel bioactive haemodialysis system using dissolved dihydrogen (H2) produced by water electrolysis: a clinical trial.
Nakayama M, Nakano H, Hamada H, Itami N, Nakazawa R, Ito S. 1 Tohoku University Hospital, Department of Blood Purification (Sendai).
Abstract
    Background. Chronic inflammation in haemodialysis (HD) patients indicates a poor prognosis. However, therapeutic approaches are limited. Hydrogen gas (H(2)) ameliorates oxidative and inflammatory injuries to organs in animal models. We developed an HD system using a dialysis solution with high levels of dissolved H(2) and examined the clinical effects. Methods. Dialysis solution with H(2) (average of 48 ppb) was produced by mixing dialysate concentrates and reverse osmosis water containing dissolved H(2) generated by a water electrolysis technique. Subjects comprised 21 stable patients on standard HD who were switched to the test HD for 6 months at three sessions a week. Results. During the study period, no adverse clinical signs or symptoms were observed. A significant decrease in sys
 tolic blood pressure (SBP) before and after dialysis was observed during the study, and a significant number of patients achieved SBP <140 mmHg after HD (baseline, 21%; 6 months, 62%; P < 0.05). Changes in dialysis parameters were minimal, while significant decreases in levels of plasma monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (P < 0.01) and myeloperoxidase (P < 0.05) were identified. Conclusions. Adding H(2) to haemodialysis solutions ameliorated inflammatory reactions and improved BP control. This system could offer a novel therapeutic option for control of uraemia.
PMID: 20388631

Neuroscience. 2010 Apr 25. [Epub ahead of print]
Hydrogen gas reduced acute hyperglycemia-enhanced hemorrhagic transformation in a focal ischemia rat model.
Chen CH, Manaenko A, Zhan Y, Liu WW, Ostrowki RP, Tang J, Zhang JH. Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA; Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, PR China.
Abstract
    Hyperglycemia is one of the major factors for hemorrhagic transformation after ischemic stroke. In this study, we tested the effect of hydrogen gas on hemorrhagic transformation in a rat focal cerebral ischemia model. Sprague-Dawley rats (n=72) were divided into the following groups: sham; sham treated with hydrogen gas (H(2)); Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (MCAO); and MCAO treated with H(2) (MCAO+H(2)). All rats received an injection of 50% dextrose (6 ml/kg i.p.) and underwent MCAO 15 min later. Following a 90 min ischemic period, hydrogen was inhaled for 2 h during reperfusion. We measured the level of blood glucose at 0 h, 0.5 h, 4 h, and 6 h after dextrose injection. Infarct and hemorrhagic volumes, neurologic score, oxidative stress (evaluated by measuring the level of 8 Hydro
 xyguanosine (8OHG), 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal (HNE) and nitrotyrosine), and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2/MMP-9 activity were measured at 24 h after ischemia. We found that hydrogen inhalation for 2 h reduced infarct and hemorrhagic volumes and improved neurological functions. This effect of hydrogen was accompanied by a reduction of the expression of 8OHG, HNE, and nitrotyrosine and the activity of MMP-9. Furthermore, a reduction of the blood glucose level from 500+/-32.51 to 366+/-68.22 mg/dl at 4 h after dextrose injection was observed in hydrogen treated animals. However, the treatment had no significant effect on the expression of ZO-1, occludin, collagen IV or aquaporin4 (AQP4). In conclusion, hydrogen gas reduced brain infarction, hemorrhagic transformation, and improved neurological
  function in rats. The potential mechanisms of decreased oxidative stress and glucose levels after hydrogen treatment warrant further investigation. Copyright C 2010 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
PMID: 20423721

Cryobiology. 2010 Apr 27. [Epub ahead of print]
Gaseous persufflation with carbon monoxide during ischemia protects the isolated liver and enhances energetic recovery.
Koetting M, Leuvenink H, Dombrowski F, Minor T. Department for General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Essen, Germany.
Abstract
    BACKGROUND: The benefit of carbon monoxide as applied by controlled, continuous gaseous persufflation during liver preservation on postischemic graft recovery was investigated in an isolated rat liver model. METHODS: Livers from male Wistar rats were retrieved 30min after cardiac arrest of the donor and subjected to 18h of cold storage. Some grafts were subjected to gaseous persufflation with carbon monoxide (CO, dissolved in nitrogen) during static cold storage at a concentration of 50ppm or 250ppm. Graft viability was assessed thereafter upon warm reperfusion in vitro. RESULTS: CO-persufflation significantly reduced cellular enzyme loss (maximal at 50ppm) and functional recovery (bile production and energy charge) upon reperfusion by about 50%. The effect was associated with a reduct
 ion of free radical-induced lipid peroxidation, lower vascular perfusion resistance, and improved mitochondrial ultrastructure. CONCLUSION: Viability of cold stored liver grafts can be notably augmented by gaseous ex vivo application of low dose CO to the isolated organ. Copyright C 2010. Published by Elsevier Inc.
PMID: 20430019

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Message #32592
Date: Sun, 23 May 2010 10:25:22 -0700 (PDT)
From: [email protected]
Subject: hydrogen & carbon monoxide as solution additives? II

Am J Transplant. 2010 Apr;10(4):763-72. Epub 2010 Feb 25.
Ex vivo application of carbon monoxide in UW solution prevents transplant-induced renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in pigs.
Yoshida J, Ozaki KS, Nalesnik MA, Ueki S, Castillo-Rama M, Faleo G, Ezzelarab M, Nakao A, Ekser B, Echeverri GJ, Ross MA, Stolz DB, Murase N. Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
Abstract
    I/R injury is a major deleterious factor of successful kidney transplantation (KTx). Carbon monoxide (CO) is an endogenous gaseous regulatory molecule, and exogenously delivered CO in low concentrations provides potent cytoprotection. This study evaluated efficacies of CO exposure to excised kidney grafts to inhibit I/R injury in the pig KTx model. Porcine kidneys were stored for 48 h in control UW or UW supplemented with CO (CO-UW) and autotransplanted in a 14-day follow-up study. In the control UW group, animal survival was 80% (4/5) with peak serum creatinine levels of 12.0 +/- 5.1 mg/dL. CO-UW showed potent protection, and peak creatinine levels were reduced to 6.9 +/- 1.4 mg/dL with 100% (5/5) survival without any noticeable adverse event or abnormal COHb value. Control grafts at 
 14 days showed significant tubular damages, focal fibrotic changes and numerous infiltrates. The CO-UW group showed significantly less severe histopathological changes with less TGF-beta and p-Smad3 expression. Grafts in CO-UW also showed significantly lower early mRNA levels for proinflammatory cytokines and less lipid peroxidation. CO in UW provides significant protection against renal I/R injury in the porcine KTx model. Ex vivo exposure of kidney grafts to CO during cold storage may therefore be a safe strategy to reduce I/R injury.
PMID: 20199500

Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010 Jan;51(1):487-92. Epub 2009 Oct 15.
Protection of the retina by rapid diffusion of hydrogen: administration of hydrogen-loaded eye drops in retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Oharazawa H, Igarashi T, Yokota T, Fujii H, Suzuki H, Machide M, Takahashi H, Ohta S, Ohsawa I. Department of Ophthalmology, Musashikosugi Hospital, Nippon Medical School, Kanagawa, Japan.
Abstract
    PURPOSE: Retinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury by transient elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) is known to induce neuronal damage through the generation of reactive oxygen species. Study results have indicated that molecular hydrogen (H(2)) is an efficient antioxidant gas that selectively reduces the hydroxyl radical (*OH) and suppresses oxidative stress-induced injury in several organs. This study was conducted to explore the neuroprotective effect of H(2)-loaded eye drops on retinal I/R injury. METHODS: Retinal ischemia was induced in rats by raising IOP for 60 minutes. H(2)-loaded eye drops were prepared by dissolving H(2) gas into a saline to saturated level and administered to the ocular surface continuously during the ischemia and/or reperfusion periods. One day after I/
 R injury, apoptotic cells in the retina were quantified, and oxidative stress was evaluated by markers such as 4-hydroxynonenal and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine. Seven days after I/R injury, retinal damage was quantified by measuring the thickness of the retina. RESULTS: When H(2)-loaded eye drops were continuously administered, H(2) concentration in the vitreous body immediately increased and I/R-induced *OH level decreased. The drops reduced the number of retinal apoptotic and oxidative stress marker-positive cells and prevented retinal thinning with an accompanying activation of Muller glia, astrocytes, and microglia. The drops improved the recovery of retinal thickness by >70%. CONCLUSIONS: H(2) has no known toxic effects on the human body. Thus, the results suggest that H(2)-loaded ey
 e drops are a highly useful neuroprotective and antioxidative therapeutic treatment for acute retinal I/R injury.
PMID: 19834032

[Could hydrogen extend human lifespan by suppressing infections?]

Shock. 2009 Dec 7. [Epub ahead of print]
Protective Effects of Hydrogen Gas on Murine Polymicrobial Sepsis via Reducing Oxidative Stress and HMGB1 Release.
Xie K, Yu Y, Pei Y, Hou L, Chen S, Xiong L, Wang G. 1Department of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, P. R. China. Tel: +86-22-60361519. 2Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, P. R. China. Tel: +86-29-84775337.
Abstract
    Despite recent advances in antibiotic therapy and intensive care, sepsis is still considered to be the most common cause of death in intensive care units (ICU). Excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of sepsis. Recently, it has been suggested that molecular hydrogen (H2) exerts a therapeutic antioxidant activity by selectively reducing hydroxyl radicals (*OH, the most cytotoxic ROS) and effectively protects against organ damage induced by ischemia/reperfusion. Therefore, we hypothesized that H2 treatment had a beneficial effect on sepsis. In the present study, we found that H2 inhalation starting at 1 and 6 hours after cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) or sham operation significantly improved the survival rate of septic mice wi
 th moderate or severe CLP in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, moderate or severe CLP mice showed significant multiple organ damage characterized by the increases of lung myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, wet-to-dry (W/D) weight ratio, protein concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), serum biochemical parameters, and organ histopathological scores at 24 hours after CLP operation, which was significantly attenuated by 2% H2 treatment. In addition, we found that the beneficial effects of H2 treatment on sepsis and sepsis-associated organ damage were associated with the decreased levels of oxidative product, increased activities of antioxidant enzymes and reduced levels of high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in serum and tissue. Thus, H2 inhalation may be an effecti
 ve therapeutic strategy for septic patients.
PMID: 19997046

[Could hydrogen inhibit cancer growth? We'd need a little more proof than this!]

Biol Pharm Bull. 2008 Jan;31(1):19-26.
Inhibitory effect of electrolyzed reduced water on tumor angiogenesis.
Ye J, Li Y, Hamasaki T, Nakamichi N, Komatsu T, Kashiwagi T, Teruya K, Nishikawa R, Kawahara T, Osada K, Toh K, Abe M, Tian H, Kabayama S, Otsubo K, Morisawa S, Katakura Y, Shirahata S. Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
Abstract
    Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a key mediator of tumor angiogenesis. Tumor cells are exposed to higher oxidative stress compared to normal cells. Numerous reports have demonstrated that the intracellular redox (oxidation/reduction) state is closely associated with the pattern of VEGF expression. Electrolyzed reduced water (ERW) produced near the cathode during the electrolysis of water scavenged intracellular H(2)O(2) and decreased the release of H(2)O(2) from a human lung adenocarcinoma cell line, A549, and down-regulated both VEGF transcription and protein secretion in a time-dependent manner. To investigate the signal transduction pathway involved in regulating VEGF expression, mitogen-activated kinase (MAPK) specific inhibitors, SB203580 (p38 MAPK inhibitor), PD98059 
 (ERK1/2 inhibitor) and JNKi (c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase inhibitor) were applied. The results showed that only PD98059 blocks VEGF expression, suggesting an important role for ERK1/2 in regulating VEGF expression in A549 cells. As well, ERW inhibited the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in a time-dependent manner. Co-culture experiments to analyze in vitro tubule formation assay revealed that A549 cell-derived conditioned medium significantly stimulated the formation of vascular tubules in all analyzed parameters; tubule total area, tubule junction, number of tubules, and total tubule length. ERW counteracted the effect of A549 cell-conditioned medium and decreased total tube length (p<0.01). The present study demonstrated that ERW down-regulated VEGF gene tr
 anscription and protein secretion through inactivation of ERK.
PMID: 18175936
Free text>
http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bpb/31/1/19/_pdf

J Food Sci. 2007 Jun;72(5):S298-302.
Effect of pH on the taste of alkaline electrolyzed water.
Koseki M, Tanaka Y, Noguchi H, Nishikawa T. Yamawaki Gakuen Junior College, 4-10-36, Akasaka, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-8371, Japan
Abstract
    The pH dependence of the taste of alkaline electrolyzed water (AEW) made by electrolyzing bottled mineral waters was examined by sensory evaluation. For water with a calcium concentration of 79 or 93 mg/L, the taste of AEW with a pH of 9.5 was considered better than that of the unelectrolyzed water. In contrast, for water with a calcium concentration of 10 mg/L, the taste of the unelectrolyzed water was preferred to that of AEW with a pH of 9.5. Electrolysis reduced the calcium concentrations in waters with calcium concentrations of 79 or 93 mg/L, but did not change the calcium concentration in water with a calcium concentration of 10 mg/L. Electrolysis probably improved the taste of water with a higher calcium concentration by reducing the calcium concentration; however, the effect of
  electrolysis on water with a calcium concentration of 10 mg/L is likely to be the result of the pH increase alone.
PMID: 17995745

[If this stuff is so great why isn't everybody at the AMA guzzling it?

Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2006 Nov;135(2):133-44.
Electrolyzed-reduced water protects against oxidative damage to DNA, RNA, and protein.
Lee MY, Kim YK, Ryoo KK, Lee YB, Park EJ. Department of Genetic Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam 336-600, Korea.
Abstract
    The generation of reactive oxygen species is thought to cause extensive oxidative damage to various biomolecules such as DNA, RNA, and protein. In this study, the preventive, suppressive, and protective effects of in vitro supplementation with electrolyzed-reduced water on H2O2-induced DNA damage in human lymphocytes were examined using a comet assay. Pretreatment, cotreatment, and posttreatment with electrolyzed-reduced water enhanced human lymphocyte resistance to the DNA strand breaks induced by H2O2 in vitro. Moreover, electrolyzed-reduced water was much more effective than diethylpyrocarbonate-treated water in preventing total RNA degradation at 4 and 25 degrees C. In addition, electrolyzed-reduced water completely prevented the oxidative cleavage of horseradish peroxidase, as det
 ermined using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. Enhancement of the antioxidant activity of ascorbic acid dissolved in electrolyzed-reduced water was about threefold that of ascorbic acid dissolved in nonelectrolyzed deionized water, as measured by a xanthine-xanthine oxidase superoxide scavenging assay system, suggesting an inhibitory effect of electrolyzed reduced water on the oxidation of ascorbic acid.
PMID: 17159237

Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1997 May 8;234(1):269-74.
Electrolyzed-reduced water scavenges active oxygen species and protects DNA from oxidative damage.
Shirahata S, Kabayama S, Nakano M, Miura T, Kusumoto K, Gotoh M, Hayashi H, Otsubo K, Morisawa S, Katakura Y. Institute of Cellular Regulation Technology, Graduate School of Genetic Resources Technology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
Abstract
    Active oxygen species or free radicals are considered to cause extensive oxidative damage to biological macromolecules, which brings about a variety of diseases as well as aging. The ideal scavenger for active oxygen should be 'active hydrogen'. 'Active hydrogen' can be produced in reduced water near the cathode during electrolysis of water. Reduced water exhibits high pH, low dissolved oxygen (DO), extremely high dissolved molecular hydrogen (DH), and extremely negative redox potential (RP) values. Strongly electrolyzed-reduced water, as well as ascorbic acid, (+)-catechin and tannic acid, completely scavenged O.-2 produced by the hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase (HX-XOD) system in sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). The superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity of reduced water is stable a
 t 4 degrees C for over a month and was not lost even after neutralization, repeated freezing and melting, deflation with sonication, vigorous mixing, boiling, repeated filtration, or closed autoclaving, but was lost by opened autoclaving or by closed autoclaving in the presence of tungsten trioxide which efficiently adsorbs active atomic hydrogen. Water bubbled with hydrogen gas exhibited low DO, extremely high DH and extremely low RP values, as does reduced water, but it has no SOD-like activity. These results suggest that the SOD-like activity of reduced water is not due to the dissolved molecular hydrogen but due to the dissolved atomic hydrogen (active hydrogen). Although SOD accumulated H2O2 when added to the HX-XOD system, reduced water decreased the amount of H2O2 produced by XOD.
  Reduced water, as well as catalase and ascorbic acid, could directly scavenge H2O2. Reduce water suppresses single-strand breakage of DNA b active oxygen species produced by the Cu(II)-catalyzed oxidation of ascorbic acid in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that reduced water can scavenge not only O2.- and H2O2, but also 1O2 and .OH.
PMID: 9169001

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