[dinosaur] Misunderstanding Mammalia "(animals distinguished by) having teats": Neo-Latin Riddles and Reveals

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Ben [email protected]=0A=0A=3D=3D=3D=0A=0AI am planning a s=
eries of posts about the "lost lore" of early Neo-Latin=0Anames that are no=
w widely misread or misunderstood, potentially distorting=0Athe history of =
zoology and paleontology.=0A=0AAny errors are my own (despite my best effor=
ts). The translations are also=0Amy own unless otherwise indicated, some do=
ne with the help of online=0Adictionaries and tools such as Google Translat=
e. Wherever possible, I have=0Atried to provide online links to freely avai=
lable material.=0A=0ASome of the terms used in this post (because of the su=
bject matter) may run=0Aafoul of the filters on the Dinosaur Mailing List a=
nd block the text. I may=0Aneed to reedit or find another way to post the c=
ontent on the DML, if=0Apossible.=0A=0A=0A=0A=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=0A=0ANew De=
cade Resolutions=0A=0AJanuary 2020 is an opportunity to propose not only Ne=
w Year's resolutions=0Abut "New Decade's resolutions"...=0A=0AMy first sugg=
estion for a "New Decade" resolution:=0A=0AUse the correct meaning for the =
name Mammalia Linnaeus, 1758!=0A=0A(And for English mammals as well!)=0A=0A=
***=0A=0ANOTE: For a general summary of the long history of terms for mamma=
ls, see=0AWilliam King Gregory 1910:=0A=0AGregory, William K. (1910) The or=
ders of mammals. Bulletin of the American=0AMuseum of Natural History 27. P=
art I. Typical Stages in the History of Mammals.=0Apgs. 104.=0A=0Ahttps://u=
rldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttp-3A__digitallibrary.amnh.org_handle=
_2246_313&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy=
_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv=
09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3D1tRKErIVmmZk03bPbQNl6nWfCNxW4w6SFODqrntEIvU&e=3D=20=0A=
=0A=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=0A=0A=0A=0AMisunderstanding 'Mammalia'=0A=0AOverall, =
I liked the recent general audience book "I, Mammal," but was=0Abothered by=
 a number of items. Maybe most glaringly, the author claimed=0Athat Carl Li=
nnaeus did not explain the reason for his 1758 name=0AMammalia--in fact, he=
 did!=0A=0ADrew, Liam (2017) I, Mammal: The Story of What Makes Us Mammals.=
 Sigma 336=0App.=0A=0A"For his new group, the Swede derived a name from ano=
ther of its members'=0Adefining characters. He gave no reason for this, inc=
luded no justificatory=0Anote: 'Mammalia,' he simply stated, 'these and no =
other animals have=0Amammae.' ....=0A=0AAnd, for that matter, that this nam=
e is derived from a structure possessed=0Aby only half of mammals and that =
is functional - if ever - for only a=0Afraction of its possessor's life?...=
=0A=0AThat Carl Linnaeus never offered an explanation for his choice has al=
ways=0Aleft this open to speculation, especially given that lofty scientifi=
c=0Aprinciples didn't always guide Linnaeus's naming practices."=0A=0A***=
=0A=0AContrary to these assertions, there is NO riddle about the name Mamma=
lia=0Awhen understood in its original context. Linnaeus's clearly intended =
(and=0Aquite precise) 18th century scientific Neo-Latin meaning for Mammali=
a was:=0A=0A"(animals distinguished by) having teats" or "(animals) having =
teats" for=0Ashort ...=0A=0Aand NOT the misleading, human-focused Latin mea=
ning "belonging to the=0Abreast" or "of the breast" now widely given, and e=
vidently assumed by Drew=0Aand others...=0A=0A***=0A=0AThe history behind t=
he name Mammalia is a good opportunity to review the=0Ahistorical importanc=
e of Neo-Latin in zoological nomenclature as an=0Aadaptable tool to express=
 scientific ideas. It is also critical to=0Aemphasize the distinct status o=
f Neo-Latin alongside classical Greek and=0Aolder forms of Latin.=0A=0AUnfo=
rtunately, many of the shared conventions about meanings and grammar in=0As=
cientific Neo-Latin names that developed in the 17th, 18th, and early 19th=
=0Acenturies were later forgotten or misunderstood, especially by the late=
=0A20th century.=0A=0ASince my background is in linguistics, this "lost lor=
e" of older Neo-Latin=0Anames in zoology, and in particular in vertebrate p=
aleontology, has been a=0Along-term personal research project--greatly aide=
d in recent years by the=0Avast amount of primary source material that is n=
ow freely available through=0Athe internet thanks to Google Books, the Biod=
iversity Heritage Library,=0AHathi Trust, Gallica, university and museum on=
line digital libraries, etc.=0A=0AThis post is partly a response to a discu=
ssion on the Dinosaur Mailing List=0Awhere the idea of Neo-Latin was recent=
ly dismissed. It is also a follow-up=0Ato a pre-Christmas post about online=
 resources for nomenclature and=0Ataxonomy--and the lack of a comprehensive=
 source for older scientific=0ANeo-Latin usage.=0A=0AI'm planning some addi=
tional posts on the topic of now misunderstood=0ANeo-Latin names and usage =
for the new decade.=0A=0A=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=0A=0A=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=0A=0ASystema Naturae 10th Edition=0A=0AThe Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeu=
s (1707-1778) is famous as the=0Astandardizer (but not the inventor) of the=
 binomial (genus/species) system=0Aof nomenclature--first in his main field=
 botany (in 1753 (Species=0APlantarum)) and then in zoology (in 1758 (Syste=
ma Naturae 10th edition)).=0AHis 10th edition of the Systema Naturae for zo=
ology also established the=0Ahigher category names Mammalia and Primates.=
=0A=0A(Although a binomial combination of genus and species is still used,=
=0ALinnaeus's hierarchical ranking system of classification based on shared=
=0Afeatures into classes and orders (a family level was added by later=0Are=
searchers and often corresponds to what Linnaeus treated as a genus=0A(Cani=
s, etc.)) has run afoul of modern understandings of evolution, now=0Aexpres=
sed with divisions into clades based on phylogenetic history, an=0Aapproach=
 at the heart of the new Phylo Code to be implemented in 2020.)=0A=0ABelow =
is a link to a near exact 19th century reproduction of the 10th=0Aedition i=
n Latin that keeps the page numbers but with clearer text than=0Ascanned co=
pies of the original 1758 edition (although the retained 18th=0Acentury fon=
t with a non-final "s" that looks like an "f" can take a little=0Aeffort to=
 decipher for modern eyes).=0A=0ALinnaeus, Carl (1758)=0A=0ASystema Naturae=
. X edition.=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__hy=
mfiles.asc.ohio-2Dstate.edu_pdfs-2Dosuc_978_978.pdf&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUT=
WtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1C=
YJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3D-5foUgB2RPd4hl=
VGhhYOxb4Kbm_nS8Ml7hRRgjtSgGQ&e=3D=20=0A=0ATranslation Issues...=0A=0AThe L=
innaeus's original Latin descriptions of taxa in the 1758 Systema=0ANaturae=
 are typically telegraphic and bare-bones, mostly consisting of a=0Afew wor=
ds to indicate possession of traits, features, or other=0Acharacteristics, =
most often with forms of the verb sum "be" (est "is" or=0Asunt "are") under=
stood but not included (rather than fully stated with a=0Aform of habeo "ha=
ve" (habet "has" or habent "have") and the accusative=0Acase). Commonly, th=
e dative ("to") or the ablative ("with") case is used to=0Ashow possession =
of a feature or of a property [confusingly, Latin spells=0Athe plural dativ=
e and the plural ablative the same way], along the lines of=0A"to birds [ar=
e] wings" or "birds [are] with wings." In other cases, an=0Aadjective is us=
ed or is formed by adding the Latin suffix -atus "having"=0Asimilar to -ed =
in English as in "birds [are] winged," etc. Translating the=0Aminimized Lat=
in text into coherent complete sentences in a modern language=0Awith Linnae=
us's intended meanings can be a challenge and commonly means=0Areplacing th=
e unwritten "be" with forms of "have" in English.=0A=0A=0A=0AThe most thoro=
ugh, near-contemporary translation in English that I am aware=0Aof is by Ro=
bert Kerr (1757-1813), published in 1792, based on German=0Anaturalist Joha=
nn Friedrich Gmelin's (1748=E2=80=931804), 1788 revision (13th=0Aedition) i=
n Latin of the Systema Naturae after Linnaeus's death, plus more=0Aupdates =
and additions. Kerr still retains some of the basic text content of=0Athe 1=
0th edition (as modified and expanded by Linnaeus himself in his later=0ASy=
stema editions), but translated into full English sentences. The first=0Avo=
lume covers mammals and birds (continued in Vol. 2).=0A=0AKerr, Robert (179=
2)=0A=0AThe animal kingdom, or zoological system, of the celebrated Sir Cha=
rles=0ALinnaeus. containing a complete systematic description, arrangement,=
 and=0Anomenclature, of all the known species and varieties of the mammalia=
, or=0Aanimals which give suck to their young: Class I, Mammalia. (Class II=
,=0ABirds.) Vol. 1.=0A=0AA. Strahan, and T. Cadell, London, and W. Creech, =
Edinburgh 644 pp.=0A=0ADOI: https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dht=
tps-3A__doi.org_10.5962_bhl.title.57940&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0=
NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=
=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3Dy8KxDMy5zNwGb2cYtw0TaiU3=
4azB9cTLg8gewr9ZQEA&e=3D=20=0A=0AFree pdf:=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoi=
nt.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__ia801609.us.archive.org_1_items_animalkingdomor=
z00linn_animalkingdomorz00linn.pdf&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BO=
UHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJp=
YaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3DbbUfU1TBfrPu1me6QLE-AHAcDmHocIu=
maG2bF-Hl2_E&e=3D=20=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttp=
s-3A__www.biodiversitylibrary.org_bibliography_57940-23_summary&d=3DDwIFaQ&=
c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZge=
cRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3DZq=
qibaMPlCcK3cH5Ncjfson3duPxE5jOQHwcn7BfyNA&e=3D=20=0A=0A[Note that there wer=
e earlier expanded full-text translations of Linnaeus=0Ainto Dutch, German,=
 and French, as discussed later.]=0A=0A=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=0A=0AClassical Latin=
 vs. Neo-Latin=0A=0AThe term "Neo-Latin" (or "New Latin") is used for the f=
orm of Latin that=0Aemerged during the Renaissance as a common communicatio=
n tool for newly=0Adeveloping scientific and medical research among Europea=
n cultures with=0Adifferent native tongues, promoted especially by the deve=
lopment of the=0Aprinting press and the emergence of scholarly journals and=
 books.=0A=0A"Neo-Latin in the 18th century was not a dead and dusty langua=
ge, but a=0Aliving, flexible tool for scientific communication, as the stud=
ies of=0ALatinists such as Hans Helander and Krister =C3=96stlund have show=
n. Linnaeus'=0ALatin has been analysed in an article by Ann-Mari J=C3=B6nss=
on, who works on the=0ALinnaean Correspondence. The Latin in his letters is=
 not always=0Agrammatically correct, especially when he writes in a hurry. =
Yet his use of=0ALatin is bold and creative =E2=80=93 just think of the who=
le botanical nomenclature=0Athat he created!" [not to mention zoological no=
menclature...] (pg. 24)=0A=0ASkuncke, Marie-Christine. Linnaeus: An 18th Ce=
ntury Background. In Mary J.=0AMorris and Leonie Berwick (eds.), The Linnae=
an Legacy. The Linnean Special=0AIssue 8: 19-26.=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.pr=
oofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__ca1-2Dtls.edcdn.com_documents_Special-2DI=
ssue-2D8-2DThe-2DLinneaen-2DLegacy.pdf-3Fmtime-3D20160213060737&d=3DDwIFaQ&=
c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZge=
cRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3DQg=
JiLpG0m3MKg0qHcDZf4ixTJTEIMfhXQNEeMnn2gTw&e=3D=20=0A=0A(The focus is mainly=
 on Linnaeus's work in botany rather than in zoology.)=0A=0AWhile Linnaeus'=
 personal correspondence in Latin may have had occasional=0Agrammar flubs, =
the multiple editions of his System Naturae in Latin went=0Athrough scrutin=
y by many eyes and reflect accepted Neo-Latin usage--and are=0ANOT riddled =
with obvious errors.=0A=0AI have to take issue with Stephen J. Gould's comm=
ents in his essay "The=0AHottentot Venus":. Gould 1985, Flamingo's Smile, a=
bout the Latin of=0ALinnaeus and his contemporaries:=0A=0A"But eighteenth-c=
entury scientific Latin was written so indifferently that=0Amisspellings an=
d wrong case are no bar to actual intent..."=0A=0AHottentot Venus (free pdf=
)=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttp-3A__www3.gettysbur=
g.edu_-7Edperry_Class-2520Readings-2520Scanned-2520Documents_Theory-2520Sca=
ns_Gould.pdf&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=
=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70=
qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3DGzEn7aHJWmFsP0QnlJ5xVDMj06JqiFFSkndKnZMrNyk&e=3D=20=
=0A=0AThe problem is much more the modern misreadings or misunderstandings,=
 or=0Athe out-and-out misquoting, of older Neo-Latin texts, including those=
=0Awritten by Linnaeus, as discussed below.=0A=0AScientific Neo-Latin shoul=
d be taken on its own terms as it was developed=0Aby scholarly usage and no=
t as "bad" Latin. It differs from "classical"=0AGreek and Latin in some not=
able ways (a topic for future posts). For now,=0AI'll focus on a common sou=
rce of issues.=0A=0A=3D=3D=3D=0A=0ANeo-Latin and the Multiple Meanings Mudd=
le=0A=0AAs in any language, many words (nouns, adjectives, verbs, prepositi=
ons)=0Acould have multiple meanings in classical and in later forms of Gree=
k and=0ALatin, including additional meanings when such words were combined =
in=0Acompounds or modified by word elements such as prefixes, suffixes, and=
=0Agrammatical inflections.=0A=0A***=0A=0AExample: In Ancient Greek, the fe=
minine noun ops by itself could mean=0A"eye," "face," or "appearance"--dist=
inct meanings that could also apply in=0Aa compound word ending with -ops (=
the compound word itself could be=0Amasculine or feminine). In addition, a =
final -ops sometimes could mean=0A"resembling or like" in compounds.=0A=0Ah=
ttps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttp-3A__www.perseus.tufts.edu_=
hopper_text-3Fdoc-3DPerseus-253Atext-253A1999.04.0057-253Aentry-253Dw-29-25=
2Fy&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IF=
aUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9Er=
IRf6s2IE&s=3Dv0nqtzyCUOfRwo0QA2H0qGtMEiMACkO6vWxG6b8XyX4&e=3D=20=0A=0A=0A=
=0A-ops with long o (omega)=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=
=3Dhttp-3A__www.perseus.tufts.edu_hopper_resolveform-3Flookup-3Dwy-26page-3=
D2-26lang-3Dgreek-26type-3Dend&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhp=
N0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE=
9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3D5ElVxR5MxFfxyf896T_6rdcePvDOAhySVGI=
5hrNqyfQ&e=3D=20=0A=0A=0A=0A-ops with short o (omicron)=0A=0Ahttps://urldef=
ense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttp-3A__www.perseus.tufts.edu_hopper_resolv=
eform-3Ftype-3Dend-26lookup-3Doy-26lang-3Dgreek&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAV=
EOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgF=
W9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3DC5jxl_TdK270AQuxUj=
zdIlN6JmVw-F-KDwg6U4YFD90&e=3D=20=0A=0A=0A=0A[The lists above also include =
other words that end in -ops (thops, skops,=0Aetc.) not from the noun ops.]=
=0A=0AAll of these meanings for -ops have been used in Neo-Latin names. [No=
te=0Athat for simplicity's sake, under ICZN rules, all generic names that e=
nd in=0A-ops no matter the etymology or source are treated as masculine in =
gender.]=0A=0A***=0A=0ANeo-Latin usage also invented new meanings for Greek=
 and Latin words and=0Aword elements, as well as creating new words and new=
 names in Latin form.=0ASome researchers, such as Edward Drinker Cope, were=
 particularly inventive=0Ain adapting Greek or Latin words to new meanings,=
 but also in using unusual=0ANeo-Latin spellings (making some names hard to=
 decipher).=0A=0A=0A=0ATaken together, the range of possible meanings for N=
eo-Latin names when=0Athey are translated into English and other modern lan=
guages is not always=0Acaptured in lexicon and dictionary entries based on =
classical usage. Simply=0Agoing to classical Greek or Latin lexicons or gra=
mmar books to decipher the=0Ameaning of a Neo-Latin name can be misleading =
and inaccurate without=0Aputting the name into its historical context based=
 on primary source=0Amaterial.=0A=0ACase in point, the name Mammalia...=0A=
=0A=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=0A=0A=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=0A=0AMammalia Linnaeus, 1758=0A=0ALinnaeus's Neo-Latin name Mammalia=
 is composed of two parts with multiple=0Ameanings--the Latin noun mamma an=
d the Latin plural suffix -alia (from=0A-alis). Deciphering exactly what Li=
nnaeus had in mind with the combination=0Arequires a review of 18th century=
 Neo-Latin conventions.=0A=0A=3D=3D=3D=0A=0ALatin mamma (plural mammae) "br=
east, teat"=0A=0AOf obvious importance in understanding the name Mammalia i=
s what Linnaeus=0Aand other early naturalists meant and understood by the L=
atin word mamma.=0AModern English has distinct words for the human female b=
reast and for a=0Ateat (the term now used primarily for animals or as a tec=
hnical anatomical=0Aterm). However, in Latin the same word mamma could be u=
sed to refer to a=0Abreast on a female human or to a teat on an animal.=0A=
=0AFrancis Gardner (1850) A Dictionary of the Latin Language: Particularly=
=0AAdapted to the Classics Usually Studied Preparatory to a Collegiate Cour=
se.=0AWilkins, Carter & Company, Boston pp. 318=0A=0A"Mamma...The breast, i=
.e., the fleshy protuberance on both sides of the=0Abreast : 1. Especially =
of women ; Plaut. -- 2. Of men; Cic. -- 3. Of=0Aanimals, A teat, dug : Cic.=
 and Piro. --" (pg. 228)=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3D=
https-3A__books.google.com_books-3Fid-3DWVnRUnx7bawC-26printsec-3Dfrontcove=
r-23v-3Donepage-26q-3Dteat-252C-2520dug-26f-3Dfalse&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUT=
WtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1C=
YJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3D_KoYta2SOP1ORL=
vGac2dx3Cczy-bqpRSOPM7eP_fgX0&e=3D=20=0A=0A**=0A=0Amamma (plural mammae) "b=
reast, teat"=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__lo=
geion.uchicago.edu_mamma&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7=
CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24A=
ta625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3DlP8PbPcWiYnnxWRSWhjTAHZtOGEsmTcnVRsuXj9lK=
fI&e=3D=20=0A=0ALatin also had additional terms:=0A=0Amamilla (plural mamil=
lae) "nipple"=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__l=
ogeion.uchicago.edu_mamilla&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H=
8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw=
24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3Dhek5r8MbG4j9fb-Qj3tU4LNg79C18m_fcwewB-=
WZMBM&e=3D=20=0A=0Auber (plural ubera) "teat, utter"=0A=0Ahttps://urldefens=
e.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__logeion.uchicago.edu_uber&d=3DDwIFaQ&=
c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZge=
cRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3D4i=
sS9dThjdWf8J2v1L4wY1u2BpWF0jtFREo00iDy6yE&e=3D=20=0A=0Apapilla (plural papi=
llae) "nipple, teat, dug"=0A=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?=
u=3Dhttps-3A__www.latin-2Dis-2Dsimple.com_en_vocabulary_noun_13209_&d=3DDwI=
FaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9M=
yZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=
=3DgtLxeMpP6AHuUBnSJPq5rlVAEqitBBPCEY1LwHp1rHY&e=3D=20=0A=0Amamma, uber, pa=
pilla 132=0A=0AThis translation from German offers the possible different m=
eaning of the=0Awords that were used in Latin and in Greek:=0A=0AMAMMA; MAM=
ILLA; UBER; PAPILLA. (pg. 132)=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/ur=
l?u=3Dhttps-3A__books.google.com_books-3Fid-3DTxZgAAAAcAAJ-26pg-3DPA132-26d=
q-3Dmamma-2Buber-2Bmamilla-26hl-3Den-26newbks-3D1-26newbks-5Fredir-3D0-26sa=
-3DX-26ved-3D2ahUKEwjFmc3dn-2D3lAhV-2DHzQIHWpECWwQ6AEwAHoECAQQAg-23v-3Donep=
age-26q-3Dmamma-2520uber-2520mamilla-26f-3Dfalse&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtA=
VEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJg=
FW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3DhZ-9JY8YSPiyg1OQh=
fzQU2XU3KeY2GbFobFo1qjB7As&e=3D=20=0A=0ALudwig von Doederlein, Henry Hamilt=
on Arnold (1841) Hand-book of Latin=0Asynonymes: translated from the German=
, by the Rev. H. H. Arnold. J. G. F. &=0AJ. Rivington, London=0A=0AIn later=
 derivations of Latin words in Romance languages and in Neo-Latin=0Ausage, =
the stricter meanings were expanded a bit.=0A=0A=0A=0A**********=0A=0A*****=
*****=0A=0ALinnaeus used the Latin word mamma/plural mammae to refer to thr=
ee things=0Ain the 10th edition Systema Naturae:=0A=0A"teats" as an externa=
l anatomical feature distinctive to mammals as animals=0Ain general, found =
in both females and males (pg. 16)=0A=0AIn the general anatomical features =
of Homo:=0A=0A"Mammae duae, pectorales, distantes, gibbae, rotundatae" (pg.=
 23)=0A=0ATeats: two, pectoral, far apart, protuberant, rounded=0A=0AKerr t=
ranslation (with added details):=0A=0A"On the breast are two distant, round=
, protuberant mammae, or dugs, each=0Ahaving a cylindrical obtuse wrinkly p=
rojecting nipple, which is surrounded=0Aby a darker coloured circle called =
the areola."=0A=0A**=0A=0A"mammary glands" in female animals that produce m=
ilk to nurse young (as=0A'mammae lactantes' "milk-producing teats")=0A=0A**=
=0A=0A"breasts" as an organ special to human females, as in 'mammae lactant=
es=0Aprolixae' (pg. 22), translated "long lax breasts" in Kerr (1792) (pg. =
), a=0Asupposed general anatomical feature of the "Afer" variety of Homo sa=
piens=0Aaccording to Linnaeus.=0A=0A[For a history of European misconceptio=
ns about African and other=0Anon-European females, see:=0A=0Ahttps://urldef=
ense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__comparativeslavery.files.wordpress=
.com_2011_08_2953316.pdf&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7=
CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24A=
ta625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3DtsGSPaK4MCChTgZgdNlRuOZDHFhOkIseT1QAc2p_s=
L0&e=3D  ]=0A=0A=0A=0A=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=0A=0AThe Latin Suffix -alia in Mam=
malia: "having"=0A=0AThe second part of the name Mammalia is the Latin suff=
ix -alis in neuter=0Aplural form -alia. The adjectival suffix -alis (also a=
s -aris) was widely=0Aused in classical Latin and was adopted into Neo-Lati=
n usage with=0Aadditional meanings. It was added to nouns to create adjecti=
ves (which also=0Acould be used like nouns in some cases).=0A=0ANote that c=
lassical Latin had a peculiar phonetic rule--if the noun before=0Athe suffi=
x -alis had a letter "L," the suffix changed to -aris with an "R":=0Alunari=
s [luna "moon"], solaris [sol "sun"], ocellaris [ocella "spot"=0A('little e=
ye')], familiaris [familia "family"], etc.=0A=0AAn explanation of the basic=
 meaning "pertaining to" (and the alternate=0Aspelling -aris after the lett=
er "L") as it is found in English:=0A=0AThe Latin suffix -ALIS (> E -al) / =
-ARIS (> E -ar or -ary)=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dh=
ttps-3A__pressbooks.bccampus.ca_greeklatinroots_chapter_-25C2-25A735-2Dthe-=
2Dlatin-2Dsuffix-2Dalis-2De-2Dal-2Daris-2De-2Dar-2Dor-2Dary_&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=
=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgec=
RCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3DuXw=
YzPZOeVKJmDRWQykvb9QjwncioL42jZC4EeAvwl4&e=3D=20=0A=0A=0A=0AThe various pos=
sible Latin spellings of the suffix -alis in the nominative=0Acase (common =
in zoological nomenclature) following the third declension are:=0A=0ASingul=
ar: masculine and feminine: -alis (-aris); neuter: -ale (-are)=0A=0APlural:=
 masculine and feminine: -ales (-ares); neuter: -alia (-aria)=0A=0A**=0A=0A=
Compare the Latin suffix -atus "having" (using the first and second=0Adecle=
nsions):=0A=0ASingular: masculine: -atus; feminine: -ata; neuter -atum=0A=
=0APlural: masculine: -ati; feminine: -atae; neuter: -ata=0A=0A=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=0A=0A3 meanings of -alis (-aris) in Neo-Latin:=0A=0A1. "belonging to=
, pertaining to, of; made of"=0A=0AThis represents the main meaning in clas=
sical Latin and the only one=0Atypically given in modern reference works on=
 Latin grammar or word=0Aformation.=0A=0Afrontalis "of the forehead, brow" =
(Latin frons, frontis "brow, forehead")=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoint.=
com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__logeion.uchicago.edu_frontalis&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7=
kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g=
4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3D3TPT5wjsf_=
9kUW7eMrXmZD-8pyd_Um9ValkZnOTe5vc&e=3D=20=0A=0ANeo-Latin anatomical and med=
ical terminology: frontalis muscle, nervus=0Afrontalis, etc.=0A=0A**=0A=0AI=
n zoological nomenclature, -alis (-aris) as "belonging to" or "of" often=0A=
can be found in species names to refer to geographical or environmental=0Aa=
ssociations: polaris, borealis, australis, occidentalis, etc.=0A=0A2. "rese=
mbling, like"=0A=0Aregalis "kinglike, kingly, regal" (Latin rex, regis "kin=
g" ) (regalis could=0Aalso mean "belonging to or of a king")=0A=0Ahttps://u=
rldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__logeion.uchicago.edu_regalis&=
d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmG=
of_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6=
s2IE&s=3DHGQH54OI5u7NmaWp8MHjowLmR1wC73VJd2fSflddL5M&e=3D=20=0A=0AIn zoolog=
ical nomenclature, often in the sense of "king-size" for a=0Aphysically lar=
ge species (similar to the Latin noun rex "king" in=0Aapposition):=0A=0AEdm=
ontosaurus regalis Lambe, 1917=0A=0AL. M. Lambe (1917) A new genus and spec=
ies of crestless hadrosaur from the=0AEdmonton Formation of Alberta. The Ot=
tawa Naturalist *31(7)*: 65-73 [for a=0A"hadrosaur of large size"]=0A=0Ahtt=
ps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__books.google.com_books-=
3Fid-3DeYvVAAAAIAAJ-26pg-3DRA2-2DPA65-26lpg-3DRA2-2DPA65-23v-3Donepage-26q-=
26f-3Dfalse&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3D=
Ry_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbE=
Tv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3D2iC7Nl4-9MK_80sl5_bwktw4Bs3a6s_oOumGuD8kIZg&e=3D=20=0A=
=0A***=0A=0AMegalamynodon regalis Wood ex Scott, 1945=0A=0A(In this case, t=
he specific name regalis was meant to refer both to large=0Asize and also t=
o J. LeRoy Kay, leader of the expedition that found the=0Afossil (LeRoy "th=
e king").)=0A=0AWilliam B. Scott (1945) The Mammalia of the Duchesne River =
Oligocene.=0ATransactions of the American Philosophical Society 34(3): 209-=
253=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__www.jstor.o=
rg_stable_1005542&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_g=
I&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZ=
g70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3DmDLCcQkbn6fbpbaoL2fKFxlACBgVRzRjvYAsidgmBiI&e=3D=
=20=0A=0A=0A=0A3: "having, [with]" (often similar to the Latin suffix -atus=
 "having" and to=0Athe adjectival suffix -ed in English, added to nouns to =
form adjectives=0Athat express having a feature (winged, webbed, long-necke=
d, etc.) or a=0Aquality (short-tempered, spirited, etc.))=0A=0AThis "having=
" meaning for -alis is now largely overlooked (although=0Adictionaries some=
times give the meaning "having a placenta" for the English=0Aword "placenta=
l").=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__www.thefre=
edictionary.com_placental&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p=
7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24=
Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3DJOGLQkoVK53w114msQ4BcsYXFcX02zADcl7Gveso=
1Y4&e=3D=20=0A=0Aanimal: In classical Latin, the singular neuter noun anima=
l was derived=0Afrom the neuter adjective animale, from Latin anima "air, b=
reath, spirit,=0Abreath of life" + -alis, with the noun animal understood t=
o mean "having=0Aanima [breath of life]" to indicate a living being.=0A=0AA=
djectives with -alis (-aris) could also include the idea of "having":=0A=0A=
lanaris "woolbearing, woolly" (Latin lana, lanae "wool")=0A=0Ahttps://urlde=
fense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__logeion.uchicago.edu_lanaris&d=3D=
DwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Y=
l9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE=
&s=3DzvMwcJo_-oCmB1F5RQvf3_t6SU8YtbfGYEZUm-3J1wE&e=3D=20=0A=0AThe meaning "=
having" for -alis (-aris) became more common in later forms of=0ALatin:=0A=
=0Arotalis "having wheels, wheeled" (Latin rota, rotae "wheel")=0A=0Ahttps:=
//urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__logeion.uchicago.edu_rotal=
is&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFa=
UmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErI=
Rf6s2IE&s=3DKCcrtaqN9dFswpQVJItW86md1dp1BFEOxLew3kNZYTM&e=3D=20=0A=0Adental=
is "having teeth, toothed" (Latin dens, dentis "tooth")=0A=0Ahttps://urldef=
ense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__logeion.uchicago.edu_dentalis&d=3D=
DwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Y=
l9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE=
&s=3DUCnhuKVKlqMvP2f-uswZq7-_ucYZMmboYlUnyYVplFc&e=3D=20=0A=0AThis later us=
age of the suffix -alis (-aris) as "having" was adopted into=0Aearly zoolog=
ical nomenclature.=0A=0AIn Neo-Latin, the suffix -alis sometimes could have=
 a meaning similar to=0Athe Latin suffix -atus "having," as noted. Linnaeus=
 1758 has species names=0Ausing both endings (-atus and -alis) with a simil=
ar meaning such as:=0A=0AOstracion bicaudalis (now Lactophrys bicaudalis (L=
innaeus, 1758))=0A"double-tailed" (Latin cauda "tail")=0A=0APhryganea bicau=
data (now Diura bicaudata (Linnaeus, 1758)) "double-tailed"=0A=0A**=0A=0ABl=
ennius ocellaris "spotted" (From ocella "spot")=0A=0ATetraodon ocellatus (n=
ow Takifugu ocellatus (Linnaeus, 1758))=0A=0A**=0A=0ALacerta bullaris (now =
Anolis bullaris (Linnaeus, 1758)) "having a bulla=0A[bubble]" for its displ=
ay throat pouch=0A=0A**=0A=0ADidelphis marsupialis "having a pouch" [marsup=
ium]=0A=0A=0A=0ABut note:=0A=0AColuber [now Dolichophis] jugularis "having =
a (distinctive color) throat"=0A(jugulum or jugulus "throat") for a red pat=
ch on the throat (actually only=0Acharacteristic of a Cyprus subspecies it =
seems).=0A=0A=3D=3D=3D=3D=0A=0AThe Special Meaning for - alis (-aris): "hav=
ing a distinctive or a notable=0Afeature"=0A=0AVery often in older zoology =
the suffix -alis (-aris) had the special sense=0Aof "having a notable or a =
distinctive [feature]" (size, shape, coloration,=0Aetc.) or "notable for or=
 distinguished by having [a feature]."=0A=0AIn Zoology:=0A=0Afrontalis: "ha=
ving a (distinctive) brow or forehead" [shape, coloration,=0Asize, etc.]--N=
OT "belonging to the brow or the forehead" as discussed in=0Ameaning 1 for =
anatomy above!=0A=0AThe term 'frontalis' has been widely used as a specific=
 name for birds in=0Aindicate the brow or forehead as a distinguishing or a=
 notable feature,=0Aoften expressed in the English common name: yellow-brow=
ed citril (Crithagra=0Afrontalis); white-browed scrubwren (Sericornis front=
alis); speckle-fronted=0Aweaver (Sporopipes frontalis), etc.=0A=0AAlso for =
mammals: southern African hedgehog (Atelerix frontalis) (for a=0Awhite fore=
head band)=0A=0A=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=0A=0AThis special meaning for -=
alis (as neuter -ale) to indicate having a=0Adistinctive feature is clear i=
n the famous early description of the opossum=0Afrom 1698 (cited by Linnaeu=
s), which created the pre-Linnean Latin name=0AMarsupiale Americanum.=0A=0A=
Tyson, Edward (1698). Carigueya, Seu Marsupiale Americanum. Or, The Anatomy=
=0Aof an Opossum, Dissected at Gresham-College by Edw. Tyson, M. D. Fellow =
of=0Athe College of Physicians, and of the Royal Society, and Reader of Ana=
tomy=0Aat the Chyrurgeons-Hall, in London. Philosophical Transactions (Janu=
ary 1,=0A1698) 20: 236-247 105-164=0A=0Adoi:10.1098/rstl.1698.0023=0A=0Ahtt=
ps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__royalsocietypublishing.=
org_doi_10.1098_rstl.1698.0023&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhp=
N0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE=
9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3DbfdQouaWxCpbu5Cv-EeVeQz5l-htJY5Dqnb=
r2r_gCcE&e=3D=20=0A=0AFree pdf:=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/u=
rl?u=3Dhttps-3A__royalsocietypublishing.org_doi_pdf_10.1098_rstl.1698.0023&=
d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmG=
of_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6=
s2IE&s=3DRH_hz3w3WxckB7481T1M-s50c4BcK9ILFWB3mK1FqEk&e=3D=20=0A=0Apg. 107:=
=0A=0A"I think, a Denomination might be best given to it, from that Particu=
lar,=0Awherein 'tis most distinguished from all others; which is that remar=
kable=0APouch or Marsupium it has in the Belly; into which, upon any Occasi=
on of=0ADanger, it can receive its Young....=0A=0AThis Consideration (it be=
ing so distinguishing a Character of this Animal=0Afrom all others, that as=
 yet we know of,) makes me most inclinable to find=0Aout some name, that mi=
ght be most expressive thereof, nor can I think of,=0Aat present, a better,=
 than to call it, Marsupiale Americanum...."=0A=0AIn this case, Marsupiale =
is the neuter singular of marsupialis to mean=0A"having a pouch" and Americ=
anum is the neuter singular of Americanus, with=0Athe Latin neuter noun "an=
imal" being understood--that is, Marsupiale=0AAmericanum "American (animal)=
 having a pouch"-- but in the clearly implied=0Asense of "American animal m=
ost distinguished by having a pouch," as stated=0Ain Tyson's text above. (T=
yson might have called the animal "Marsupiatum"=0Awith -atus simply to show=
 it had a pouch, but did not.)=0A=0AThis Neo-Latin usage of -alis to highli=
ght having an especially distinctive=0Aor notable feature is key to underst=
anding what Linnaeus meant by Mammalia.=0A=0A=0A=0A=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=0A=0AThe (Nearly) Forgotten History, Etymology, and Meaning of Mammalia=0A=
Linnaeus, 1758: "(animals distinguished by) having teats"=0A=0AThe now prob=
ably most often misunderstood Neo-Latin zoological name with=0Athe suffix -=
alis as "having" is Mammalia Linnaeus 1758. As noted, the=0Arecent book "I,=
 Mammal" misread the intended meaning of Mammalia and=0Aclaimed Linnaeus di=
d not explain the reason for the name.=0A=0ATo clarify, later Latin had a w=
ord mammalis "of the breast" for human=0Amedical usage, such as herbs to tr=
eat ailments of the breast:=0A=0Amammalis, e, adj. mamma,=0A=0Aof or for th=
e breasts (post-class.): herba, good for diseases of the=0Abreasts, App. He=
rb. 26.=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__logeion=
.uchicago.edu_mammalis&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CS=
fnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata=
625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3DA5wNfs0o_vHpLwEkOYbxllyRO_fnWG2O2_6sRxnurZA=
&e=3D=20=0A=0AAs translations and discussions in the 18th and the 19th cent=
uries make=0Aclear, however, Linnaeus's Neo-Latin name Mammalia was underst=
ood at the=0Atime to mean "animals having teats" as a distinctive or a nota=
ble feature=0Arather than the human-centered "medical" meaning "belonging t=
o the breast"=0Aas currently interpreted.=0A=0AOwen, Richard (1859) On the =
Classification and Geographical Distribution of=0Athe Mammalia. John W. Par=
ker and Son. London. 103 pp.=0A=0A"Mammals are distinguished outwardly by a=
n entire or partial covering of=0Ahair, and by having teats or mammae--when=
ce the name of the class." (pg. 10)=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/=
v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__books.google.com_books-3Fid-3D2dlUAAAAcAAJ-26newbks-3D=
1-26newbks-5Fredir-3D0-26printsec-3Dfrontcover-23v-3Donepage-26q-3D-2522hav=
ing-2520teats-2522-26f-3Dfalse&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhp=
N0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE=
9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3D30dSFAacYZFQFL3cKLnCW3668ILxjaOP5E6=
TvxrYH1M&e=3D=20=0A=0A=3D=3D=3D=3D=0A=0ABoucard, Adolphe (1876) A Manual of=
 Natural History. A. Boucard, London pp.=0A234=0A=0A"...Mammalia. Their nam=
e means 'having teats.'" (pg. 10)=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2=
/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__books.google.com_books-3Fid-3DB-5F8-5FAAAAIAAJ-26newbks-=
3D1-26newbks-5Fredir-3D0-26printsec-3Dfrontcover-23v-3Donepage-26q-3D-2522h=
aving-2520teats-2522-26f-3Dfalse&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUH=
hpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYa=
XE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3DwlRL6pS4bDfcer-I94756H9MMvNqKakIy=
6_sbZ-WQJs&e=3D=20=0A=0A=3D=3D=3D=3D=0A=0AThomas, Joseph (1880) A Comprehen=
sive Medical Dictionary. J.B. Lippincott &=0ACompany, Philadelphia pp. 708=
=0A=0A"Mammalia or Mammals. [The plural neuter of mammalis, 'having breasts=
, or=0Ateats.' See. Mamma.]" (pg. 314)=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoint.c=
om/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__books.google.com_books-3Fid-3De0JHAQAAMAAJ-26pg-3DP=
A314-26lpg-3DPA314dq-23-3Donepage-26q-26f-3Dfalse&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWt=
AVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJ=
gFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3Drgd5tfLGxrdt6B-t=
CTbcgwqx_cEN_KdNtLOLA-wj0Qs&e=3D=20=0A=0A=3D=3D=3D=0A=0AHunter, Robert (188=
5) The Encyclopaedic Dictionary: Volume 4, Part 2.=0ACassell, Petter, Galpi=
n and Company. London, New York pp: 768=0A=0Amam-ma-li-a s. pl. [Neut. pl. =
of Latin mammalis =3D of or for the breasts,=0Agood for diseases of the bre=
ast; among modern naturalists =3D having breasts,=0Afrom mamma =3D a breast=
, a teat, a dug of animals.] (pg. 696)=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoint.c=
om/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__books.google.com_books-3Fid-3DZIIVAAAAYAAJ-26prints=
ec-3Dfrontcover-23v-3Dsnippet-26q-3D-2522having-2520breasts-252C-2520from-2=
522-26f-3Dfalse&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&=
r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg7=
0qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3DIpI1ILgXkwqk9oUYPEY4CqS_B_zbeD_Ng6p5ozCofWA&e=3D=
=20=0A=0A=0A=0A=3D=3D=3D=3D=0A=0AIn the context of Mammalia Linnaeus 1758, =
referring broadly to animals, an=0AEnglish translation "teats" is more accu=
rate, although not all early=0Aauthors in English were rigorous on the poin=
t and used "breast" in a=0Ageneral or a figurative sense (that included the=
 meaning teat) such as=0A"breasted animals" or "animals with breasts" to tr=
anslate the name=0AMammalia.=0A=0AFrom a purely grammatical point of view, =
Mammalia is formed as an adjective=0Ain the neuter plural to match the neut=
er plural noun Animalia being=0Aunderstood. As was very common in Greek and=
 Latin, adjectives also could be=0Aused alone as substantives, that is, equ=
ivalent to nouns. In addition, a=0Aneuter plural form with a Latin ending -=
a or -ia is a common way to name=0Agroups of things, as in English American=
a, memorabilia, Marshiana, trivia,=0Aarcana, etc. Such words are neuter plu=
rals in Latin form, not feminine=0Asingulars (which also can end in -a and =
-ia) such as mania, hysteria,=0Adementia, etc.=0A=0ANote that Gunnar Brober=
g's notion that "Mammalia" is a supposed contraction=0A[sammandragning in S=
wedish] of the Latin words "mamma" and "animal" is not=0Acorrect. pg. 176=
=0A=0A'I f=C3=B6rbig=C3=A5ende kan f=C3=B6rtydligas att mammalia =C3=A4r en=
 sammandragning av=0A"mamma", br=C3=B6st och spene, med "animal"...=0A=0A[I=
n passing it can be clarified that mammalia is a contraction of "mamma",=0A=
breast and teat, with "animal"...]=0A=0ABroberg, Gunnar (1975) Homo sapiens=
 L. : studier i Carl von Linne=CC=81s=0Anaturuppfattning och ma=CC=88nnisko=
la=CC=88ra /. Borgstroems Boktryckeri AB, 1975 -=0A319 pages=0A=0Ahttps://u=
rldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__books.google.com_books-3Fid-3=
DyWhEAQAAMAAJ-26focus-3Dsearchwithinvolume-26q-3D-2522sammandragning-2Bav-2=
522&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IF=
aUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9Er=
IRf6s2IE&s=3D6PU4a3JskV0VJqGfjXrGmaKLab4FudBLHDc8tX77Cfg&e=3D=20=0A=0A=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=0A=0A=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=0A=0AIn his extensively revised and expan=
ded 1758 10th edition of Systema=0ANaturae, Linnaeus created the new class =
Mammalia to combine two groups of=0Aanimals he had previously kept separate=
:=0A=0A(1) The class Quadrupedia "four-footed (animals)"--which Linnaeus ha=
d used=0Afor "traditional" mammals in the previous nine editions of Systema=
 Natura,=0Aas warm-blooded animals with four legs and hair, including (cont=
roversially=0Afor his day) humans (Homo). The Quadrupedia also included bat=
s and=0Amanatees, which have highly modified limbs (as winged forelimbs and=
 as hind=0Alegs united in a fin).=0A=0Aand=0A=0A(2) Cetaceans (whales, porp=
oises, and dolphins), given the new order Cete=0ALinnaeus, 1758 under Mamma=
lia. He had classified cetaceans previously as=0Athe order Plagiura "horizo=
ntal tails" under the class Pisces "Fishes" in=0Athe nine earlier editions =
of his Systema Naturae. The Cete differed from=0Athe Quadrupedia most obvio=
usly in having only two limbs in the form of fins=0Ainstead of four legs or=
 limbs (making the name Quadrupedia "four-footed"=0Ainaccurate for the revi=
sed combined class) and in near total lack of hair.=0A(Some aquatic members=
 of the Quadrupedia (seals) were almost completely=0Alacking hair as noted =
by Linnaeus.)=0A=0AIn joining the Cete with the Quadrupedia under the Mamma=
lia, Linnaeus cited=0Athe key features found in both groups, (pg. 17). He f=
ramed his comments in=0Alegalistic terms.=0A=0A"Hos a piscibus divulsos jus=
si mammalibus associari ob cor biloculare=0Acalidum, pulmones respirantes, =
palpebras mobiles, aures cavas, penem=0Aintrantem feminam mammis lactantem,=
 idque ex lege naturae jure meritoque."=0A(pg. 17)=0A=0ARoughly, in close t=
o literal translation:=0A=0A"These [Cete] are commanded separated from the =
fishes and joined with the=0Amammals on account of their warm, double-chamb=
ered heart, their=0Aair-breathing lungs, their mobile eyelids, their hollow=
 ears, and a [male=0Aorgan] that enters the female, with teats that give mi=
lk; and this from the=0Alaw of nature, by justice and merit."=0A=0AIn other=
 words, the law of nature commands that cetaceans be classified=0Awith mamm=
als.=0A=0A****=0A=0AFor a short historical review of the classification of =
whales among=0Aanimals, see:=0A=0AAldemaro Romero (2012) When Whales Became=
 Mammals: The Scientific Journey=0Aof Cetaceans From Fish to Mammals in the=
 History of Science. in New=0AApproaches to the Study of Marine Mammals [on=
line book] DOI: 10.5772/50811=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url=
?u=3Dhttps-3A__www.intechopen.com_books_new-2Dapproaches-2Dto-2Dthe-2Dstudy=
-2Dof-2Dmarine-2Dmammals_when-2Dwhales-2Dbecame-2Dmammals-2Dthe-2Dscientifi=
c-2Djourney-2Dof-2Dcetaceans-2Dfrom-2Dfish-2Dto-2Dmammals-2Din-2Dthe-2Dhist=
ory-2Do&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_m=
O4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09=
B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3DthTpJ6Ws3IpxWkehykE-VbY2ARHkKFeFr709I4uDyIM&e=3D=20=0A=0A*=
***=0A=0AElsewhere in the 1758 text, Linnaeus stated that birds are also=0A=
warm-blooded, breathe air, and have four-chambered hearts (pgs. 11, 12),=0A=
and that sharks give birth to live young (pg. 234), so those properties=0Aw=
ere not uniquely distinctive to mammals in general. In addition, cetaceans=
=0Alack hair, so that typically mammalian feature could not serve as a clea=
r=0Auniting character.=0A=0ALinnaeus stressed that one feature set members =
of the combined Quadrupedia=0Aand Cete completely apart--unlike all other a=
nimals, the members of his new=0Aclass Mammalia possessed teats (mammae). (=
pg. 14)=0A=0ATeats were present (pg. 16) both in females (with teats that p=
roduce milk=0A(mammae lactantes)) and in males, except, he thought, in the =
horse genus=0AEquus [in fact, some equid species (donkeys, zebras) can have=
 vestigial=0Ateats in males on the sheath]. He also divided the Mammalia in=
to groups=0Awith distinct patterns in the number and placement of teats.=0A=
=0AAnd, of course, Linnaeus was unaware in 1758 of teatless, milk-producing=
=0Amonotremes, not known to Western science until after his death (earliest=
=0Adescriptions: 1792 for the echnida, 1798 for the platypus; both not=0Asc=
ientifically better understood until late in the 19th century, when=0Arumor=
ed egg-laying was finally confirmed).=0A=0A=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=0A=0ALinnaeus says in Latin (pg. 14):=0A=0AMAMMALIA haec & nulla alia m=
ammata Animalia...=0A=0Aliterally,=0A=0AMAMMALIA these and no others mammat=
e animals [are]...=0A=0Aor freely, "these animals and no others have teats"=
--which provides the=0Areason for his choice of the name Mammalia, understo=
od fully in context as=0A"animals distinguished by having teats."=0A=0AMamm=
alia vs. Mammata=0A=0ANote that the Latin suffix -atus "having" as -ata in =
neuter plural=0Aadjective mammata above simply shows possession of teats in=
 this case,=0Awhereas -alis (as -alia) in the neuter plural name Mammalia a=
dditionally=0Acan imply having teats as an especially distinctive or notabl=
e feature,=0Athus expressing the idea that "these and no others" have teats=
 (similar to=0Ahaving a pouch in the name Marsupiale Americanum discussed a=
bove).=0A=0ASmithsonian biologist Theodore Gill (1837-1914) later pointed o=
ut this=0Aspecial sense for -alis in his discussion of the history of the w=
ord=0A"mammal":=0A=0AGill, T. (1903) The Name Mammal and the Idea Expressed=
. Annual Report of=0Athe Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution: 1=
903. Government=0APrinting Office, Washington pgs. 537-544=0A=0Ahttps://url=
defense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__books.google.com_books-3Fid-3Dy=
EAWAAAAYAAJ-26pg-3DPA537-26lpg-3DPA537-26dq-23v-3Donepage-26q-26f-3Dfalse&d=
=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGo=
f_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s=
2IE&s=3DfAm6n_fo9cclGBIl94pYmRU4kwVWXDGG3EJD-TgjQ5M&e=3D=20=0A=0A"...the La=
tin suffix (-alis) which expressed the idea of resemblance or=0Arelationshi=
p; anyway, it was used in substantive form, and the idea of=0Apossession or=
 inclusion was involved, as in the case of animal, capital,=0Afeminal, trib=
unal--all well-known Latin words. In fine, a mammal is a being=0Aespecially=
 marked by or notable for having mammae." (pg. 539)=0A=0AAlso,=0A=0AGill, T=
. (1902) The Story of the Word Mammal. Popular Science Monthly 61:=0A434-43=
8 (September)=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__b=
ooks.google.com_books-3Fid-3Dqho4AQAAMAAJ-26pg-3DRA1-2DPA434-26lpg-3DRA1-2D=
PA434-23v-3Donepage-26q-26f-3Dfalse&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5B=
OUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJ=
pYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3DJh217BClZvcKL9_7xwbrBW_JWaPnDx=
iSXvF0F8tPwLo&e=3D=20=0A=0A=3D=3D=3D=0A=0AMarsupialia and Placentalia=0A=0A=
Authors after Linnaeus created similarly constructed higher category names=
=0Aas neuter plurals with -alia "having" [as a distinctive or notable featu=
re]=0Afor two major subgroups of mammals:=0A=0AMarsupialia "(mammals distin=
guished by) having a pouch"=0A=0AMarsupialia Illiger, 1811 (Beutelthiere) [=
"pouch animals"] pg. 61=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dh=
ttps-3A__www.biodiversitylibrary.org_item_188747-23page_83_mode_1up&d=3DDwI=
FaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9M=
yZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=
=3DLo5z7_BT29vc9lauueQJr3xtNleU8yG0po3nbuVzz-g&e=3D=20=0A=0A=3D=3D=3D=0A=0A=
Placentalia "(mammals distinguished by) having a placenta"=0A=0A=0A=0A***=
=0A=0AA quick reminder of the complicated authorship and date for Placental=
ia,=0Anow wrongly cited in many sources based on a reference error in Simps=
on=0A(1945) attributing the name to Owen, 1837 but in a source in fact publ=
ished=0Ain 1852, not in 1837.=0A=0ASimpson, George Gaylord (1945) The princ=
iples of classification and a=0Aclassification of mammals. Bulletin of the =
American Museum of Natural=0AHistory 85: 350 pp.=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.pr=
oofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttp-3A__digitallibrary.amnh.org_handle_2246_1104&d=
=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGo=
f_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s=
2IE&s=3DS7TzO6l4btSGSCzjaTjYRWQUh9OKvKQjdsrwmoFRJMw&e=3D=20=0A=0A***=0A=0AA=
 more accurate citation could be:=0A=0APlacentalia Bonaparte, 1838 [ex "pla=
cental Mammalia" in Owen, 1837]=0A=0A(The French biologist Charles Lucien B=
onaparte (1803 =E2=80=93 1857) was a prince=0Aand a nephew of the Emperor N=
apoleon Bonaparte.)=0A=0ABonaparte, C.L., 1838. Synopsis vertebratorum syst=
ematis. Nuovi Annali=0Adelle Scienze Naturali 2: 105-133 [in Latin]=0A=0Aht=
tps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttp-3A__www.rhinoresourcecenter=
.com_index.php-3Fs-3D1-26act-3Dpdfviewer-26id-3D1278300914-26folder-3D127&d=
=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGo=
f_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s=
2IE&s=3DKAn55Rapf5hJVM0WH5hfPu-V6LdRmniMb_4L-IXm0Pw&e=3D=20=0A=0Apdf:=0A=0A=
https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttp-3A__www.rhinoresourcecent=
er.com_pdf-5Ffiles_127_1278300914.pdf&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU=
5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DW=
hJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3DC1UWyzOuNeeumqOfuDbSa3TsPN_A=
pWl4zdjgUu2zi_M&e=3D=20=0A=0ABonaparte 1838 says in a footnote (pg. 107):=
=0A=0A"Divisionem vero in Placentalia atque Ovovivipara, etsi ab aliis=0Aad=
umbratam, certis limitibus hodie conclusam cl. Oweno, Anglo. debemus."=0A=
=0AIn close to literal translation:=0A=0A"The division, however, into Place=
ntalia and Ovovivipara, although outlined=0Aby others, now circumscribed wi=
th proper boundaries, we owe to the=0Acelebrated Englishman Owen."=0A=0ANot=
e that strict classical Latin rules would give a spelling "Placentaria"=0Ab=
ecause of the "L" in placenta. However, Bonaparte used Owen's English form=
=0A"placental" as the basis for the Neo-Latin name Placentalia.=0A=0A***=0A=
=0AIn the 1837 paper Bonaparte was referring to, Owen used the combination=
=0A"placental Mammalia" (pgs. 88, 92, 93) in English, but not the fully=0AL=
atinized form "Placentalia":=0A=0AOwen, R. 1837. On the Structure of the Br=
ain in Marsupial Animals.=0APhilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society=
 of London 127: 87-96=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhtt=
ps-3A__www.jstor.org_stable_108091-3Fseq-3D1-23page-5Fscan-5Ftab-5Fcontents=
&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUm=
Gof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf=
6s2IE&s=3DNdkPK6xwpVdTLGhKdW5Zd9spu78VyGKoDxku5XIDHGU&e=3D=20=0A<https://ur=
ldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__www.jstor.org_stable_108091-3F=
seq-3D1&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_m=
O4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09=
B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3DHPc8V-5pMo-qCPp2Gfs-tG7pLrJoBN3hOwyk6icNnUo&e=3D >=0A=0A=
=0A=0AOwen had used the term "ovoviviparous" (but not the Latin name Ovoviv=
ipara)=0Ato described marsupials in a paper from 1834, but referred to "ord=
inary=0AMammalia" (not "placental Mammalia") in this older text.=0A=0A=0A=
=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__royalsocietypubli=
shing.org_doi_pdf_10.1098_rstl.1834.0019&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi=
0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=
=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3DZx_POIPVO2V9O2mvPHvKAz63=
32wpF0kGBsN8t_JKYUs&e=3D=20=0A=0A=0A=0AIn later papers, he used the term "o=
voviviparous Mammalia."=0A=0A=0A=0AOwen took credit for the Latin name Plac=
entalia, as stated in his 1847=0ACyclopaedia of Anatomy and Physiology arti=
cle Mammalia:=0A=0A"These primary groups or sub-classes I have named Placen=
talia and=0AImplacentalia, indicative of the adherence of the ovum to the u=
terus in the=0Aone, and its non-adherence, as in the ovo-viviparous reptile=
s, in the other=0Agroup." (pg. 244)=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/=
v2/url?u=3Dhttp-3A__www.biodiversitylibrary.org_item_187867-23page_262_mode=
_1up&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4I=
FaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9E=
rIRf6s2IE&s=3DJEnJyVCIMgK87pOgPzq0pgLyjpqoBx0olVy5Zh8oUc4&e=3D=20=0A=0A=0A=
=0A=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=0A=0A=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=0A=0A=0A=0AMammalia: to solve the place of humans or of whales?=0A=0ALinna=
eus's creation of the class Mammalia has been a source of historical=0Adeba=
te--was the new class meant to solve the placement of humans or of=0Acetace=
ans?=0A=0AThe book "I, Mammal" seems to have relied heavily on the followin=
g paper:=0A=0ASchiebinger, Londa (1993) Why Mammals are Called Mammals: Gen=
der Politics=0Ain Eighteenth-Century Natural History. The American Historic=
al Review=0A98(2): 382-411=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=
=3Dhttp-3A__www.jstor.org_stable_2166840&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi=
0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=
=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3DUDS637V24M2SjRUcra38vLod=
G4d1u9JaeLpqCLpOZ5U&e=3D  .=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=
=3Dhttps-3A__academic.oup.com_ahr_article-2Dabstract_98_2_382_131801-3Fredi=
rectedFrom-3Dfulltext&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSf=
nc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata6=
25zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3D7vE0OiGIg3ro1u-q_7cIfEH1u-v234hseaYudjx5N0M&=
e=3D=20=0A=0AFree pdf:=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dht=
tp-3A__www.geo.hunter.cuny.edu_-7Ehsalmun_pg251web_LI-5Freadings_LS-5Fmamma=
ls-5Fe2.pdf&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3D=
Ry_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbE=
Tv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3DZMXpjjdEJfTLRe8Jm47MCGDkjQRmy3evb6PKx-lxTzk&e=3D=20=0A=
=0ASchiebinger asserts that Linnaeus invented Mammalia mainly because of=0A=
humans, and in particular, to emphasize the human female breast as a=0Aconn=
ection to brute nature, making it in a sense the "icon" of the class.=0A=0A=
"Linnaeus created his term Mammalia in response to the question of humans'=
=0Aplace in nature." pg. 393=0A=0A(Schiebinger returned to these ideas in a=
 number of later books as well.)=0A=0AI found Schiebinger's paper quite int=
eresting, but I'm not convinced that=0ALinnaeus was trying to express a soc=
io-political agenda with the name=0AMammalia--even if naively or unconsciou=
sly (as the paper suggests), which=0Awould be difficult to prove in any cas=
e. I can find no evidence so far in=0Aolder texts that the name Mammalia wa=
s interpreted as a name based first=0Aand foremost on human females or unde=
rstood as an encouragement for upper=0Aclass women to breastfeed their own =
children. Linnaeus's attitudes toward=0Athe role of women in society and br=
eastfeeding by natural mothers could=0Acertainly reflect educated attitudes=
 of his day, but reading between the=0Alines to explain his choice of the n=
ame Mammalia (based on the supposed=0A(and misleading) meaning "of the brea=
st") as a kind of manifesto feels more=0Alike a modern overinterpretation t=
o me.=0A=0A=0A=0AIn the previous 1756 9th edition of the Systema Naturae, L=
innaeus had put=0Athe genus Homo (without a type species) under Quadrupedia=
, in the=0AAnthropomorpha "man forms" (along with Simia and Bradypus), list=
ed first=0Awith the phrase 'Nosce te ipsum' "Know thyself" (linked to a mor=
e detailed=0Afootnote about the capabilities and characters that distinguis=
h humans as a=0Agenus) above Simia.=0A=0A9th edition pg. 3=0A=0Ahttps://url=
defense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__www.biodiversitylibrary.org_ite=
m_31214-23page_19_mode_1up&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8=
p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw2=
4Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3DWAS3hMe8hRt5is2Xm1xgOR21pp4Fjsy6AjNjXdV=
6-TM&e=3D=20=0A=0AIn the 10th edition, Linnaeus replaced Anthropomorpha wit=
h the new order=0APrimates (plural of Latin primas) "chiefs" for "chief (ma=
mmals)" or=0A"first-ranking (mammals)"--so-named because it contained human=
s (now called=0AHomo sapiens) and was thus in first place in the classifica=
tion.=0A=0ALatin primas, primatis (plural primates) "principal, chief, one =
of the=0Afirst"=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A_=
_logeion.uchicago.edu_primas&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0=
H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9j=
w24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3DyCO99QARiwNizhxqBLn9tFjlQYgMGyteu6dNd=
sFOEkk&e=3D=20=0A=0A=0A=0ANotably, Linnaeus added Lemur (including lemurs, =
slow loris, colugo) and=0AVespertilio (bats) to the group Primates (to join=
 Homo and Simia), but=0Amoved Bradypus (sloths) to the order Bruta. Homo (w=
ith the new type species=0AHomo sapiens) was listed first (again with "nosc=
e te ipsum" but linked to=0Amuch expanded footnotes to list the special qua=
lities of human beings) as=0Aunder the previous Anthropomorpha. Linnaeus di=
d not add any special=0Acomments about this rearrangement, which retained h=
umans under the=0AQuadrupedia and placed Homo immediately before Simia as i=
n the 9th edition.=0ABoth the Anthropomorpha (9th edition) and the Primates=
 (10th edition) have=0Amammae pectorales "pectoral teats" and four incisors=
.=0A=0A[Note that Linnaeus had classified bats as part of the Quadrupedia (=
and NOT=0Aas birds) in all nine of his earlier editions of the Systema begi=
nning in=0A1735, under the order Ferae (along with Canis and Felis). He mov=
ed bats to=0Athe Primates in the Mammalia in the 10th edition in part becau=
se bats have=0Afunctional hands [manus palmatae], similar to Homo, Simia, a=
nd Lemur, but=0Awithin a flight membrane that also surrounds the body.]=0A=
=0A=0A=0AIn contrast, as noted above, Linnaeus did provide a special commen=
t about=0Aincluding whales, dolphins, and porpoises in the new Mammalia on =
pg. 17 of=0Athe 10th edition, in which he used legalistic phrasing and cite=
d the "law=0Aof nature."=0A=0A=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=0A=0AWhy Whales Explain th=
e Choice of Mammalia=0A=0AIf Linnaeus had been primarily concerned with pro=
moting breastfeeding in=0Aupper class Europeans (one of Schiebinger's conte=
ntions) or highlighting=0Anursing of young mammals in general, he might hav=
e chosen a different=0ANeo-Latin name such as Lactantia, Lactabilia, or Lac=
tifera "milk giving" to=0Astress more clearly milk production by female ani=
mals (from Latin lac=0A(lactis) "milk" or lacto "give milk"). (Schiebinger =
(1993) mentions this=0Apossibility for "Lactantia" as the name.) Had Linnae=
us known about=0Ateatless, but milk-producing monotremes, such a name might=
 have made more=0Asense as well.=0A=0AAs I have tried to show, Linnaeus had=
 clear scientific reasons for choosing=0Athe name Mammalia and, based on 18=
th century Neo-Latin, the combination=0AMammalia (from Latin mamma as "teat=
s" + -alia as "having") was a direct and=0Asimple way to express his point =
that teats (found in both females and=0Amales) were a unique and distinctiv=
e feature that united "quadrupeds" with=0Acetaceans (thus the intended full=
 meaning "animals distinguished by having=0Ateats"), which otherwise differ=
ed in the construction of their limbs and in=0Athe presence or absence of h=
air. There were not many other ways to say=0Ait--a class named Mammata "hav=
ing teats" might not have stressed the=0Aspecial distinctness of having tea=
ts.=0A=0A=0A=0A=3D=3D=3D=3D=0A=0A=0A=0AOther Neo-Latin Names=0A=0AAlthough =
the Neo-Latin name Mammalia as "having teats" was widely adopted,=0Asome re=
searchers preferred, or alternated it with, different Latin names=0Athat ma=
de the point about possessing teats in a more obvious way, closer to=0Aclas=
sical Latin, using -atus "having" or the verb fero "bearing."=0A=0AMammifer=
a "teat-bearers" (this Latin form postdates the earlier French=0Amammif=C3=
=A8res "teat-bearers")=0A=0A(less often) Mammata "having teats"=0A=0APlacen=
taria Fleming, 1822 (using an "r" because of the "l" in placenta),=0Awhich =
predates Placentalia=0A=0AFleming, 1822 Philosophy of Zoology=0A=0Ahttps://=
urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__books.google.com_books-3Fid-=
3DO2piAAAAcAAJ-26newbks-3D1-26newbks-5Fredir-3D0-26printsec-3Dfrontcover-23=
v-3Donepage-26q-26f-3Dfalse&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H=
8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw=
24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3D9kVDmUv28IGA9QnerPFB0AWA3WrThNXmhVlEAt=
W0c6c&e=3D=20=0A=0APlacentata "having a placenta"=0A=0AThe term was used by=
 Charles Darwin in the "Origin of Species" in=0Apreference to Placentalia.=
=0A=0A=0A=0AMarsupiata "having a marsupium"=0A=0AOwen often used the names =
Marsupiata and Marsupialia interchangeably.=0A=0A=0A=0A=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=0A=0A=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=0A=0A"Mammal" in Modern Languages=0A=0ALinnaeus's =
reclassification of warm-blooded, teat-possessing, milk-giving=0Aanimals (n=
ow including whales) in the single group Mammalia in 1758 was=0Awidely acce=
pted, although Linnaeus's divisions and placement of different=0Atypes of g=
enera within the Mammalia were often disputed (especially humans=0Aas Prima=
tes along with apes and monkeys).=0A=0ASee, for example:=0A=0AThomas Pennan=
t (1771) Synopsis of Quadrupeds. J. Monk=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoint=
.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__books.google.com_books-3Fid-3DcK5gAAAAcAAJ-26newb=
ks-3D1-26newbks-5Fredir-3D0-26printsec-3Dfrontcover-23v-3Donepage-26q-26f-3=
Dfalse&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO=
4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B=
9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3DHecEHXtjtyKNiUEWfBg2lunziiZrskUJtAVE1Fy2t6o&e=3D=20=0A=0A=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=0A=0AVernacular Names for Mammalia=0A=0ALinnaeus's Mammalia=
 also inspired revised common name terminology in modern=0AEuropean languag=
es, which lacked a general term for a group of animals that=0Aincluded both=
 four-footed hairy animals and two-finned naked whales.=0AHowever, the main=
 idea behind the new vernacular terms differed--either=0Aemphasizing posses=
sion of teats, similar to the original meaning of=0AMammalia itself ("havin=
g teats"), as a more external anatomical feature=0A(and also found in males=
) or, by contrast, emphasizing the purpose of=0Ateats--for production of mi=
lk by females to feed or suckle the young, and=0Aso a more functional biolo=
gical and behavioral focus.=0A=0AThe early historical details in multiple l=
anguages are complicated and=0Adifficult to track down. Some 18th century m=
aterial is not available in=0Adigital form. Older spellings and fonts are a=
lso a problem, and can be=0Agarbled when scanned in the digitizing process.=
 I am still researching this=0Atopic and this brief review may need updatin=
g or correction in the future.=0AThat said, I have tried to clarify a numbe=
r of current misunderstandings,=0Ain particular, the idea that Blumenbach's=
 German name S=C3=A4ugetier "suckling=0Aanimal" originated with him as ofte=
n indicated.=0A=0AModern common names for "mammal" in different languages:=
=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttp-3A__www.ubio.org_br=
owser_details.php-3FnamebankID-3D2478620&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi=
0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=
=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3DyWpAD-TRoCvenFVI2ytEs74C=
QMJ8lvGQ3sPkpHBZ9No&e=3D=20=0A=0A***=0A=0AThis article in German discusses =
some of the issues:=0A=0ARainer, Franz (2007) Frz. mammif=C3=A9re oder: hab=
ent sua fata et termini=0Atechnici. [French mammif=C3=A9re or they have the=
ir fate and technical terms]=0AZeitschrift f=C3=BCr franz=C3=B6sische Sprac=
he und Literatur 117(1): 14-24=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/ur=
l?u=3Dhttps-3A__www.jstor.org_stable_40618861&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEO=
VIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9=
SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3Dlgq0EjMccqrqR6SsmZXV=
kO7yzuRrj_cKWi9PbvwPMb8&e=3D=20=0A=0AFull text online here:=0A=0Ahttps://ur=
ldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__www.academia.edu_23277740_Frz.=
-5Fmammif-25C3-25A8re&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSf=
nc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata6=
25zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3D-_H5eUJLZitgFl7kSmu6615907aPrhA-RIBvUzA8KyY&=
e=3D=20=0A=0A=3D=3D=3D=0A=0ASwedish: Spendjur "teat animals" 1762=0A=0AAcco=
rding to a short article cited below, lists of animals that live in=0ASwede=
n with Linnaeus's Latin names and the Swedish common name equivalents=0Awer=
e published in 1762, based on Linnaeus's 1758 Systema Naturae (and=0Alikely=
 also his 1759 Animalium specierum, and 1761 Fauna Svecica [which=0Aused th=
e name Magnetes " " instead of Primates for humans and bats]). In=0Athe 176=
2 lists, the name Mammalia was translated as Spendjur, meaning "teat=0Aanim=
als" from Swedish spene "teat, nipple" and djur "animal," and humans=0Aand =
bats were under the Primates, translated H=C3=B6gdjur "high animals." The=
=0Aglossary is said to be by the Swedish naturalist and botanist Abraham=0A=
Samzelius (1723-1773), a contemporary of Linnaeus, and shows how the name=
=0AMammalia was understood shortly after the 10th edition appeared in 1758.=
=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__books.google.c=
om_books-3Fid-3DAEs2R-2DVpLwYC-26pg-3DPA58-26dq-3DSpendjur-26hl-3Den-26newb=
ks-3D1-26newbks-5Fredir-3D0-26sa-3DX-26ved-3D2ahUKEwjzw4y-2DnODlAhXfJzQIHYX=
WBlYQ6AEwA3oECAEQAg-23v-3Donepage-26q-3DSpendjur-26f-3Dfalse&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=
=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgec=
RCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3D-9x=
5DtkHNlbiI32Y9v_Nx9yUTCtmWtbRqkx4xLwxZV0&e=3D=20=0A=0ANoreen, Adolf (1903) =
Tv=C3=A5 s=C3=A4llsynta naturvetenskapliga ordf=C3=B6rteckningar fr=C3=A5n=
=0A1700-talet. [Two rare natural scientific glossaries from the 18th centur=
y.]=0ASpr=C3=A5k och stil III, Uppsala=0A=0A=0A=0ALater Swedish sources (17=
79) have the word pattdjur (sometimes as=0Apattedjur), also meaning "teat a=
nimal."=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttp-3A__www.saob=
.se_artikel_-3Fseek-3Dpatt-2Ddjur-26pz-3D6-23U-5FP425-5F91884&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=
=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgec=
RCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3DCBS=
egHUiTGsi7fL5HJJxzGSxgGfdAAyCKtgd3BWmgLE&e=3D=20=0A=0AThe current term d=C3=
=A4ggdjur "nursing animal" or "suckling animal" for a=0Amammal was widely a=
dopted in Swedish by the early 19th century, evidently=0Ainfluenced by the =
German term S=C3=A4ugetier "suckling animal."=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proof=
point.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__www.saob.se_artikel_-3Funik-3DD-5F2401-2D021=
9.0tkB-26pz-3D3&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&=
r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg7=
0qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3DC0plvGSPZg1mMBfQJ-g-bbpMhCAStyi_xzUJErvI6gw&e=3D=
=20=0A=0AIn other Scandinavian languages, the term pattedyr "teat animal" i=
s used in=0Amodern Danish and in modern Norwegian for "mammal"--similar to =
the older=0Aterm pattdjur in Swedish.=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoint.co=
m/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__en.wiktionary.org_wiki_pattedyr&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7k=
QUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4=
z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3DfjZP-DV7AiJ=
-QB7HzzMm4oZz7JsRbpi26flhBBNcSc4&e=3D=20=0A=0AIcelandic, however, retains s=
pend=C3=BDr.=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__en=
.wiktionary.org_wiki_spend-25C3-25BDr&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU=
5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DW=
hJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3D6Kc9Sn7AXXH8p2FwPh8S7nMaM_Ma=
d6Xn6WqgJMvHabQ&e=3D=20=0A=0A***********=0A=0ADutch: Zoogende Dieren "suckl=
ing animals" 1761=0A=0AThe Dutch naturalist Martinus Houttuyn (1720-1798) w=
as the first author to=0Aapply Linnaeus's new classification system for ani=
mals from the 1758 10th=0Aedition of Systema Naturae (including binomial no=
menclature) in a more=0Adetailed published work. His "Natural History" was =
not really a=0Atranslation--the content includes much of what was in the Sy=
stema Naturae=0Ain some form, along with material from other sources (inclu=
ding Klein and=0ABrisson). The Dutch text is written in complete sentences =
and includes=0Aillustrations and expanded descriptions of animals, as well =
as species not=0Alisted by Linnaeus in the 10th edition.=0A=0AHouttuyn, Mar=
tinus (1761) Natuurlyke historie of uitvoerige beschryving der=0Adieren, pl=
anten en mineraalen, volgens het samenstel van den heer Linnaeus:=0Amet naa=
uwkeurige afbeeldingen, Volume 1 [Natural history or extensive=0Adescriptio=
n of animals, plants and minerals, in accordance with the=0Aclassification =
of Mr. Linnaeus. With accurate pictures] F. Houttuyn,=0AAmsterdam=0A=0Ahttp=
s://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__books.google.com_books-3=
Fid-3D9tD8GNp8mpcC-26printsec-3Dfrontcover-23v-3Donepage-26q-26f-3Dfalse&d=
=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGo=
f_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s=
2IE&s=3Dw1vog7-Usu76CVOwjKWJoeP8Zz25dAlc_H-Rr8qBI0g&e=3D=20=0A=0A=0A=0A For=
 a discussion of the work and Martinus Houttuyn's contributions to=0Ascienc=
e, see:=0A=0ABoeseman, M. & W. de Ligny. (2004) Martinus Houttuyn (1720-179=
8) and his=0Acontributions to the natural sciences, with emphasis on zoolog=
y.=0AZoologische Verhandelingen 349: 1-222=0A=0A=0A=0AFree pdf:=0A=0Ahttps:=
//urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__pdfs.semanticscholar.org_0=
817_cd1da8e5dcf33c80f5c97e4b31f2bcf2e8a8.pdf&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOV=
Igvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9S=
I&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3D-7QI1membNWwCUXAxnCE9=
tozXbNncM32nACd4iwc9tk&e=3D=20=0A=0AOf particular note is Houttuyn's Dutch =
name for Linnaeus's Mammalia:=0AZoogende Dieren "suckling animals" (from th=
e verb zogen "nurse, suckle"):=0A=0AEerste Klasse=0A=0AMAMMALIA=0A=0AZOOGEN=
DE DIEREN=0A=0A(pg. 121)=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3D=
https-3A__books.google.com_books-3Fid-3D9tD8GNp8mpcC-26pg-3DRA1-2DPA121-26l=
pg-3DRA1-2DPA121-23-3Donepage-26q-26f-3Dfalse&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEO=
VIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9=
SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3D5x8o0TCXfGQ1M0ESPkxx=
Pi9NYn5U3dRkx0X1dIbUXok&e=3D=20=0A=0AParaphrasing Linnaeus, Houttuyn says: =
"Geen andere Dieren, dan deeze, zyn=0Amet Borsten voorzien" [No other anima=
ls than these are provided with=0Abreasts (teats)], but chooses a term "zoo=
gende dieren" for Mammalia that=0Aemphasizes the function or the purpose of=
 the organs to feed the young=0Arather than simply possessing teats. (The c=
hoice of the term Zoogende=0ADieren instead of a more literal meaning such =
as "Borstdieren" for Mammalia=0Ais not directly explained.)=0A=0A"De Wyfjes=
 baaren Jongen en zoogen ze. [The females bear young and suckle=0Athem]." (=
pg. 118)=0A=0A"Zo wel de Mannetjes als de Wyfjes draagen een bepaald getal =
von=0ABorsten..." [The males as well as the females have a certain number o=
f=0Ateats...] (pg. 127)=0A=0A=0A=0A*******=0A=0AGerman: S=C3=A4ugende Thier=
e "suckling animals" (1773)=0A=0AHouttuyn's 1761 work based on the 10th edi=
tion of the Systema Naturae had a=0Amajor influence on a later 1773 work by=
 German naturalist Philipp Ludwig=0AStatius M=C3=BCller (1725-1776), based =
on Linnaeus's 12th edition (1766-1768).=0AThe German work was again not a s=
trict translation but a fully written text=0Awith expanded and updated cont=
ent, with illustrations taken from Houttuyn's=0Awork at the end. M=C3=BClle=
r included a German translation of Houttyn's=0Aintroduction with an added d=
etailed explanation.=0A=0AM=C3=BCller, P. L. S. (1773) Des Ritters Carl von=
 Linn=C3=A9...Vollst=C3=A4ndiges=0ANatursystem, nach der zw=C3=B6lften late=
inischen Ausgabe, und nach Anleitung des=0Aholl=C3=A4ndischen Houttuynische=
n Werks, mit einer ausf=C3=BChrlichen Erkl=C3=A4rung.=0AGabriel Nicolaus Ra=
spe, N=C3=BCrnberg=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-=
3A__www.biodiversitylibrary.org_bibliography_106875-23_summary&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=
=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgec=
RCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3D-kx=
fMgnIkLfm49AIAzBIgjlBGr7tBr1KVrFtW65mn8Y&e=3D=20=0A=0AM=C3=BCller uses the =
term "S=C3=A4ugende Thiere" [suckling animals] for Mammalia,=0Adirectly pat=
terned after Houttuyn's Dutch "Zoogende Dieren," but also=0Aanalogous to al=
ready existing 18th century German s=C3=A4ugende Kinder, s=0A*=C3=A4ugende*=
 Kuh, etc.=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__www.=
biodiversitylibrary.org_item_205840-23page_91_mode_1up&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7k=
QUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4=
z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3D7gqU4At0u4C=
7rqSk5LeKXL5xfT-jx-nNmUOVEUT1J1o&e=3D=20=0A=0A=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=0A=0AGerman: S=C3=A4ugthiere "suckling animals" 1775=0A=0AThe German singl=
e word shortened form "S=C3=A4ugthiere" (expressing the same=0Aidea as S=C3=
=A4ugende Thiere) appeared in print shortly after.=0A=0ASchreber, J. C. D. =
(1775). Die S=C3=A4ugthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit=0ABeschreibun=
gen. [The Suckling Animals in Illustrations after Nature with=0ADescription=
s] Erster Theil. [First Part]=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url=
?u=3Dhttps-3A__digi.ub.uni-2Dheidelberg.de_diglit_schreber1775ga&d=3DDwIFaQ=
&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZg=
ecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3Dp=
tIiVbC5QbUTEnaSL6El9Bh4z4z1JAb4Zl4FJEXBagM&e=3D=20=0A=0AAdditional later vo=
lumes also here:=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A=
__www.biodiversitylibrary.org_item_135003-23page_5_mode_1up&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3D=
clK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCK=
Hn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3Dlg9hIW=
M24zsBwA2GArerCm9a02f00zQYppQ0M3v0q0A&e=3D=20=0A=0AThe text includes the si=
milarly formed word S=C3=A4ugwarzen for nipples. [Other=0A18th century Germ=
an sources have terms with S=C3=A4ug- such as S=C3=A4ugamme=0A("wetnurse"),=
 S=C3=A4ugkind ("nursing infant"), S=C3=A4ugkalb ("suckling calf"),=0AS=C3=
=A4uglamm ("suckling lamb"), etc.]=0A=0A=0A=0AThe German naturalist Johann =
Friedrich Blumenbach (1752-1840) also used the=0Aspelling "S=C3=A4ugthiere"=
 for Mammalia in the first edition (1779) of his=0Ainfluential (and in the =
future, expanded multi-edition) Handbuch der=0ANaturgeschichte [Manual of N=
atural History]:=0A=0ABlumenbach, Johann Friedrich (1779) Handbuch der Natu=
rgeschichte. J. C.=0ADieterich. G=C3=B6ttingen. 448 pp.=0A=0A"S=C3=A4ugthie=
re (mammalia)" pg. 44=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhtt=
ps-3A__gdz.sub.uni-2Dgoettingen.de_id_PPN578154684-3Ftify-3D-257B-2522pages=
-2522-3A-5B66-5D-2C-2522panX-2522-3A0.465-2C-2522panY-2522-3A0.872-2C-2522v=
iew-2522-3A-2522thumbnails-2522-2C-2522zoom-2522-3A0.508-257D&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=
=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgec=
RCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3DqEz=
KioPVhhsT1nd-58Hx3gnVzJxU0iN3_7wDdGGBWT8&e=3D=20=0A<https://urldefense.proo=
fpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__gdz.sub.uni-2Dgoettingen.de_id_PPN578154684=
-3Ftify-3D-257b-2522pages-2522-3A-255b66-255d-2C-2522panX-2522-3A0.465-2C-2=
522panY-2522-3A0.872-2C-2522view-2522-3A-2522thumbnails-2522-2C-2522zoom-25=
22-3A0.508-257d&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&=
r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg7=
0qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3Dt4qLEU8H7J-DCC3pbY48DarMVuQLMzDV40q7z9cckgQ&e=3D >=
=0A=0ABlumenbach focused on the act of suckling the young:=0A=0A"...sie ein=
ige Zeit lang mit Milch an Br=C3=BCsten s=C3=A4ugen." [they suckle for=0Aso=
me time with milk at the breasts] (pg. 45)=0A=0A=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=0A=0AGerman=
: S=C3=A4ugethiere "suckling animals" 1782=0A=0AIn the revised 1782 second =
edition of his Handbuch, Blumenbach changed the=0AGerman spelling and pronu=
nciation to S=C3=A4ugethiere, inserting a "euphonic"=0Avowel "e" as an extr=
a syllable. This form would become standard in German,=0Alater revised furt=
her to drop the h in the spelling. [Terms such as=0AS=C3=A4ugewarzen, S=C3=
=A4ugekind, etc., also existed in German at the time with a=0Asimilar "e" s=
pelling.]=0A=0ABlumenbach, Johann Friedrich (1782) Handbuch der Naturgeschi=
chte. (2nd ed.)=0AJ. C. Dieterich. G=C3=B6ttingen. 561 pp.=0A=0A"S=C3=A4uge=
thiere (mammalia)" (pg. 42)=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=
=3Dhttps-3A__books.google.com_books-3Fid-3Dl7oBIw36XBcC-26newbks-3D1-26newb=
ks-5Fredir-3D0-26printsec-3Dfrontcover-23v-3Donepage-26q-3Dmammalia-26f-3Df=
alse&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4I=
FaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9E=
rIRf6s2IE&s=3DM-sko_KY1dIieRtLiO_05a4fIBObeKgaWVgnE-mBoKc&e=3D=20=0A=0A****=
**=0A=0ABased on Blumenbach and his Handbuch, the German term S=C3=A4ugetie=
r=0A(S=C3=A4ugethier) to mean "suckling animal" apparently influenced other=
 Germanic=0Alanguages such as Swedish d=C3=A4ggdjur (as mentioned above).=
=0A=0ADutch eventually adopted a shortened form zoogdier/zoogdieren, first =
used=0A(or at least first attested) in 1811 according to sources, and said =
to be=0Apatterned after German S=C3=A4ugetier--although, as noted above, th=
e Dutch term=0A"zoogende dieren" was the historical inspiration for the Ger=
man term--and=0A18th century Dutch already had words such as zoogkind "nurs=
ling, baby" and=0Azoogkalf "nursing calf," etc.=0A=0AZOOGDIER - (DIER DAT Z=
IJN JONGEN MET MELK VOEDT)=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=
=3Dhttp-3A__www.etymologiebank.nl_trefwoord_zoogdier&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQU=
TWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1=
CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3DqjQ6nkWeI2eq1=
6srUpiPrRUH3U1sooKB5XJStih_6bU&e=3D=20=0A=0AM. Philippa, F. Debrabandere, A=
. Quak, T. Schoonheim en N. van der Sijs=0A(2003-2009) Etymologisch Woorden=
boek van het Nederlands, 4 delen, Amsterdam=0A=0Azoogdier zn. 'dier dat zij=
n jongen zoogt, klasse Mammalia'. Nnl. zoogdier=0A[1811; WNT]. Samenstellin=
g van de stam van zogen en =E2=86=92 dier, mogelijk=0Agevormd als leenverta=
ling van Duits S=C3=A4ugetier 'zoogdier, dat in 1782=0Age=C3=AFntroduceerd =
schijnt te zijn door de Duitse zo=C3=B6loog Johann Friedrich=0ABlumenbach (=
1752-1840).=0A=0A[Compound from the stem of zogen [suckling] and =E2=86=92 =
dier [animal], possibly=0Aformed as a loan translation of German S=C3=A4uge=
tier "mammal", which appears to=0Ahave been introduced in 1782 by German zo=
ologist Johann Friedrich=0ABlumenbach (1752-1840).]=0A=0A=0A=0A=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=0A=0A=0A=0ASlavic Terms=0A=0A[I am currently trying to find more inf=
ormation on the history of terms for=0Amammals in Slavic languages. Not muc=
h older material (18th, early 19th=0Acenturies) is available online that I =
can find. In addition, older texts in=0ASlavic languages may have different=
 spellings or alphabet letters from the=0Astandard modern forms, which also=
 can have special diacritical marks,=0Amaking Google text searches more dif=
ficult. The etymological sources I have=0Abeen able to find don't give deta=
iled histories.]=0A=0ABlumenbach's German term S=C3=A4ugetiere may also hav=
e influenced Slavic=0Alanguages, which adopted terms that translate as "suc=
kers" or "sucklers"=0Afor mammals (singular and plural forms): Croatian: si=
savac/sisavci; Czech:=0Asavec/savci; Polish: ssak/ssaki; Slovak: cicavec/ci=
cavce, etc.=0A=0ARussian m=D0=BB=D0=B5=D0=BA=D0=BE=D0=BF=D0=B8=D1=82=D0=B0=
=D1=8E=D1=89=D0=B8e [mlekopitaiushchiye] "mammals"=0A=0A[There are many inc=
onsistencies in how Russian words are transliterated=0Ainto English. I used=
 what Google Translate gives as a Latin alphabet=0Aequivalent. Unfortunatel=
y, the Latin letter y sometimes can stand for a=0Aparticular "hard" vowel (=
a sound roughly between "uh" and short i in=0AEnglish) or for an initial gl=
ide or semi-vowel to indicate "soft" vowels,=0Aor a glide at the end of a d=
iphthong,  and palatalized softening of a=0Aconsonant.]=0A=0ARussian opted =
from a more detailed term (in modern form singular/plural):=0Am=D0=BB=D0=B5=
=D0=BA=D0=BE=D0=BF=D0=B8=D1=82=D0=B0=D1=8E=D1=89ee/m=D0=BB=D0=B5=D0=BA=D0=
=BE=D0=BF=D0=B8=D1=82=D0=B0=D1=8E=D1=89=D0=B8e [mlekopitaiushcheye/mlekopit=
aiushchiye], a=0Aneuter adjective (the neuter noun "animal" being understoo=
d) used like a=0Anoun that translates literally as "milk-feeder" ("milk-fee=
ding") from noun=0Amleko (archaic form of moloko) "milk" + participle of ve=
rb pitat' "to=0Afeed":=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dht=
tps-3A__en.wiktionary.org_wiki_-25D0-25BC-25D0-25BB-25D0-25B5-25D0-25BA-25D=
0-25BE-25D0-25BF-25D0-25B8-25D1-2582-25D0-25B0-25D1-258E-25D1-2589-25D0-25B=
5-25D0-25B5&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3D=
Ry_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbE=
Tv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3Dd6KeSB2lKo3csVLDs2caWhhA0WC3XF6kM9QBgQo19ak&e=3D=20=0A=
=0AI am still trying to find when the term first came into use, but it was=
=0Aevidently adopted in some form by the 1790s.=0A=0AThe term m=D0=BB=D0=B5=
=D0=BA=D0=BE=D0=BF=D0=B8=D1=82=D0=B0=D1=8E=D1=89i=D1=8F [mlekopitaiushchiya=
] for German S=C3=A4ugetiere is found=0Ain the 1797 Russian translation of =
Blumenbach's Manual of Natural History.=0A=0AOnline digital text version (w=
ith older Russian spellings and alphabet (and=0Aa few typos!)):=0A=0A[About=
 milk-feeding or nipple-lactating animals.]=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpo=
int.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttp-3A__www.blumenbach-2Donline.de_fileadmin_wikiuser_D=
aten-5FDigitalisierung_Digitalisate-5Fhtml_Texte_000051_000051-5F001.html-2=
3index.xml-2Dbody.1-5Fdiv1.4&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0=
H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9j=
w24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3DLpVgYG9fLFS3atLjSlUuZNtyHkfw0OVtnTa-G=
Um5vfU&e=3D=20=0A=0A=0A=0AHowever, the stand-alone name =D0=9C=D0=BB=D0=B5=
=D0=BA=D0=BE=D0=BF=D0=B8=D1=82=D0=B0=D1=8E=D1=89i=D1=8F "milk-feeders" appa=
rently is=0Anot used in the text, only the phrase or combination =D0=BC=D0=
=BB=D0=B5=D0=BA=D0=BE=D0=BF=D0=B8=D1=82=D0=B0=D1=8E=D1=89i=D1=8F =D0=B6=D0=
=B8=D0=B2=D0=BE=D1=82=D0=BD=D1=8B=D1=8F=0A[mlekopitaiushchiya zhivotnyya] "=
milk-feeding animals" to correspond to=0AGerman S=C3=A4ugetiere.=0A=0A=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=0A=0AThe name =D0=9C=D0=BB=D0=B5=D0=BA=D0=BE=D0=BF=D0=B8=D1=82=
=D0=B0=D1=8E=D1=89i=D1=8F [Mlekopitaiushchiya] "milk-feeders" as a stand-al=
one=0Asubstantive is found in Russian naturalist Alexander Sewastianow's=0A=
(1771-1824) 1804 Russian translation of Linnaeus.=0A=0A=D0=A1=D0=B5=D0=B2=
=D0=B0=D1=81=D1=82=D1=8C=D1=8F=D0=BD=D0=BE=D0=B2, =D0=90=D0=BB=D0=B5=D0=BA=
=D1=81=D0=B0=D0=BD=D0=B4=D1=80 (1804) =D0=A1=D0=B8=D1=81=D1=82=D0=B5=D0=BC=
=D0=B0 =D0=BF=D1=80=D0=B8=D1=80=D0=BE=D0=B4=D1=8B =D0=9A=D0=B0=D1=80=D0=BB=
=D0=B0 =D0=9B=D0=B8=D0=BD=D0=BD=D0=B5=D1=8F: =D1=86=D0=B0=D1=80=D1=81=D1=82=
=D0=B2=D0=BE=0A=D0=B6=D0=B8=D0=B2=D0=BE=D1=82=D0=BD=D1=8B=D1=85. =D0=A7=D0=
=B0=D1=81=D1=82=D1=8C I [System of Nature of Carl Linnaeus: Animal Kingdom.=
 Part=0A1]=0A=0A=D0=9C=D0=BB=D0=B5=D0=BA=D0=BE=D0=BF=D0=B8=D1=82=D0=B0=D1=
=8E=D1=89i=D1=8F [Mlekopitaiushchiya]. Mammalia (pg. 24)=0A=0Ahttps://urlde=
fense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__books.google.com_books-3Fid-3D6ml=
lAAAAcAAJ-26pg-3DRA1-2DPA24-26lpg-3DRA1-2DPA24-23-3Donepage-26q-26f-3Dfalse=
&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUm=
Gof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf=
6s2IE&s=3Dw5MXF7kphaE3t79GsfnPhBW0xdluHntd5MXEq6mYJlw&e=3D=20=0A=0A=0A=0ANo=
te that the spellings of the singular and the plural word endings were=0Ala=
ter revised during education reforms that simplified (somewhat) the=0ARussi=
an alphabet, spellings, and grammar to promote literacy following the=0ARus=
sian Revolution in 1917.=0A=0A=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=0A=0A=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=0A=0A=0A=0ARomance Languages "Teat-Bearers"=
=0A=0AContrasting with languages that chose a one-word term emphasizing suc=
kling=0A(Swedish d=C3=A4ggdjur, Dutch zoogdier, and Slavic languages), evid=
ently=0Ainfluenced by Blumenbach's 1782 German term S=C3=A4ugetier/S=C3=A4u=
getiere, based on=0Ahis multi-edition Manual of Natural History, Romance la=
nguages generally=0Achose terms meaning "teat-bearer" and thus closer in li=
teral meaning to=0ALinnaeus's Mammalia "having teats" as it was understood =
at the time.=0A=0A=0A=0AFrench: Mammif=C3=A8res=0A=0AModern French uses the=
 term mammif=C3=A8re/mammif=C3=A8res for mammal/mammals. The=0Astory behind=
 the term is complicated.=0A=0A=0A=0AFrench: animaux =C3=A0 mammelles "anim=
als with teats" 1762=0A=0AIn a 1762 French mention of Houttyn's 1761 Natura=
l History, "zoogende=0Adieren" for Linnaeus's Mammalia is translated as "an=
imaux =C3=A0 mammelles"=0Arather than the literal Dutch meaning:=0A=0Ahttps=
://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__gallica.bnf.fr_ark-3A_121=
48_bpt6k98117831_f56.image.r-3DZoogende-3Frk-3D21459-3B2&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK=
7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5=
g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3DT9ki5CrDr=
aMEKRPXeKLYFzfqlk__E_hkQU4b_vxln10&e=3D=20=0A=0A[There may be older cases o=
f "animaux =C3=A0 mammelles" as the French meaning of=0AMammalia Linnaeus, =
1758.]=0A=0AThe form "animaux =C3=A0 mammelles" was later respelled "animau=
x =C3=A0 mamelles" and=0Aexpresses a meaning for Mammalia similar to "anima=
ls having teats."=0A=0AThe 1793 French translation of Gmelin's Latin 13th e=
dition of the Systema=0ANaturae (mostly rephrased in complete sentences) us=
ed the term "animaux =C3=A0=0Amamelles" [animals with teats], paralleling t=
he meaning "animals having=0Ateats" for Latin Mammalia.=0A=0A=0ALes Animaux=
 =C3=A0 mamelles. Mammalia (pg. 16)=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/=
v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__books.google.com_books-3Fid-3DVNg4AAAAMAAJ-26pg-3DRA1-=
2DPA16-26lpg-3DRA1-2DPA16-23v-3Donepage-26q-26f-3Dfalse&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7=
kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g=
4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3DxZk2BT1uPn=
TaLG6FYlL1iDRvJXhxDA7n7OTdJdi6hnI&e=3D=20=0A=0ACarl von Linne=CC=81; Johann=
 Friedrich Gmelin [translated by Josephe Francois=0APhilippe Vanderstegen d=
e Putte] (1793) Syste=CC=82me de la nature de Charles de=0ALinne=CC=81. Cla=
sse premiere du regne animal, contenant les quadrupe=CC=80des=0Avivipares &=
 les ce=CC=81tace=CC=81es. Lemaire, Brussels.=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proof=
point.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__books.google.com_books-3Fid-3DVNg4AAAAMAAJ-2=
6printsec-3Dfrontcover-23v-3Donepage-26q-26f-3Dfalse&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQU=
TWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1=
CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3DDBxIohGTuN07u=
gDNzooHm1fklH74-JCCVcdeDIO5H6o&e=3D=20=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoint.c=
om/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__gallica.bnf.fr_ark-3A_12148_bpt6k6565912x.texteImag=
e&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaU=
mGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIR=
f6s2IE&s=3DSzz1hEiU9mJSHFupTNsreIkL_BNi4eQBBAxXO-13PNU&e=3D=20=0A=0AThe Fre=
nch naturalist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) used "animaux =C3=A0=0Amam=
elles" in most of his writings.=0A=0A=3D=3D=3D=3D=0A=0AFrench: Mammaux 1789=
=0A=0ASince French has the term animal/plural animaux, the analogous terms=
=0Amammal/mammaux would seem a logical possibility.=0A=0AIndeed, the 1789 F=
rench translation of this 1781 English book used=0A"Mammaux" as the French =
equivalent of Mammalia.=0A=0ARichard Pulteney (1781) A General View of the =
Writings of Linnaeus. T.=0APayne and B. White London=0A=0Ahttps://urldefens=
e.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__www.biodiversitylibrary.org_item_1750=
82-23page_7_mode_1up&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfn=
c_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata62=
5zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3DlHAxD_yWBAYK8tFdK-5fLDxshWe_nT7UI0JlKHj-F54&e=
=3D=20=0A=0A[Pulteney only uses "Mammalia" without a vernacular or a singul=
ar form.]=0A=0A=3D=3D=0A=0AFrench translation:=0A=0ARevue g=C3=A9n=C3=A9ral=
e des =C3=A9crits de Linn=C3=A9. Tome 1 / ; ouvrage dans lequel on=0Atrouve=
 les anecdotes les plus int=C3=A9ressantes de sa vie priv=C3=A9e, un abr=C3=
=A9g=C3=A9 de=0Ases syst=C3=A8mes et de ses ouvrages, un extrait de ses Am=
=C3=A9nit=C3=A9s acad=C3=A9miques,=0A&c. &c. &c. Par Richard Pulteney, trad=
uit de l'anglois, par L.-A. Millin de=0AGrandmaison ; avec des notes et des=
 additions du traducteur - 1789=0A=0A"Classe I. MAMMALIA. Mammaux." (pg. 79=
)=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__gallica.bnf.f=
r_ark-3A_12148_bpt6k9802206j_f95.item.r-3D-2522mammaux-2522&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3D=
clK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCK=
Hn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3DrYM-h6=
lR1GNxFZZYqvBn9Gg7xTUymLyEl7VBuiAjwzg&e=3D=20=0A=0ATranslator's note:=0A=0A=
"Linn=C3=A9 a adopt=C3=A9 le mot mammalia, animaux =C3=A0 mammelles, parce =
que tous les=0Aanimaux de cette classe allaitent leurs petits. J'ai cru pou=
voir hasarder=0Ade rendre le mot mammalia par le nom univoque mammaux." (pg=
. 47)=0A=0A [Linnaeus adopted the word mammalia, animals with teats, becaus=
e all the=0Aanimals of this class provide milk to their young. I have ventu=
red,=0Athinking it allowable, to render the word mammalia by the unique nam=
e=0Amammaux.]=0A=0A=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps=
-3A__gallica.bnf.fr_ark-3A_12148_bpt6k9811556f_f159.image.r-3D-2522animaux-=
2520-25C3-25A0-2520mammelles-2522-3Frk-3D171674-3B4&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUT=
WtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1C=
YJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3DG5LNKy6HfV4_-f=
q1jdZkP06zecRQY9eGm4P6EIsx_GM&e=3D=20=0A=0AThe plural Mammaux implies a sin=
gular "mammal" (a word not found in the=0Atext) by analogy with "animal/ani=
maux" in French. However, the terms=0A"mammal" and "mammaux" were never wid=
ely adopted in French.=0A=0A=3D=3D=3D=0A=0AFrench: mammif=C3=A8res "teat-be=
arers" 1791?=0A=0ABy the late 18th century, however, French naturalists gen=
erally had settled=0Aon the single word masculine noun mammif=C3=A8re "teat=
-bearer" (from Latin=0Amamma, by evident analogy with earlier French words =
(mainly adjectives)=0Asuch as aurif=C3=A8re "gold-bearing," lanif=C3=A8re "=
wool-bearing," etc., based on=0ALatin fero "bear, carry"), translating Linn=
aeus' original meaning "animals=0Ahaving teats" (also expressed in animaux =
=C3=A0 mamelles "animals with teats" as=0Anoted) for Mammalia to express po=
ssession of teats in a more direct form.=0A(The combination mamellif=C3=A8r=
e also was used on occasion.) The earliest usage=0Aof the term mammif=C3=A8=
re remains murky but it may date from 1790 or before=0A(perhaps in informal=
 usage).=0A=0AThe title of a "m=C3=A9moire" presented to the Soci=C3=A9t=C3=
=A9 d'histoire naturelle by=0Athe French physician Philippe Pinel (1745-182=
6) (famous as a pioneer in the=0Ahumane treatment of mental illness) is the=
 earliest published use of=0A"mammif=C3=A8re" that I have been able to find=
 in digital form online.=0A=0A"M=C3=A9moire sur une classification anatomiq=
ue des mammif=C3=A8res, par M. P I N E=0AL."=0A=0AL'arcade zigomatique form=
e une courbe =C3=A0 anse de panier, dont la convexit=C3=A9=0Aest tourn=C3=
=A9e en haut , dans les carnivores. Cette courbe devient une ligne=0Apresqu=
e droite dans les frugivores; dans les herbivores , la courbe est=0Atotalem=
ent inverse =C3=A0 celle des carnivores, et sa convexit=C3=A9 est tourn=C3=
=A9e en=0Abas." (pg. 2)=0A=0A(1791) Anatomie. "M=C3=A9moire sur une classif=
ication anatomique des mammif=C3=A8res,=0Apar M. P I N E L." Bulletin des s=
ciences (Soci=C3=A9t=C3=A9 philomathique de Paris)=0A1:2=0A=0A https://urld=
efense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__www.biodiversitylibrary.org_item=
_28082-23page_14_mode_1up&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p=
7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24=
Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3Db4sbVClaT3yQDGabTD0TxelWb7ju8G0hDBd2eOVU=
6Mk&e=3D=20=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__boo=
ks.google.com_books-3Fid-3D8QnPAAAAMAAJ-26-26pg-3DRA1-2DPA2-26lpg-3DRA1-2DP=
A2-23v-3Dsnippet-26q-3D-2522mammif-25C3-25A8res-252C-2520par-2520M-2522-252=
0-26f-3Dfalse&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=
=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70=
qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3DFRM92whbgJLgxidCtXoaigpf-eFV2oZNdI24ZqlJ1OQ&e=3D=20=
=0A=0AThe full paper was published in 1792, but Pinel used the more traditi=
onal=0Aterm "quadrup=C3=A8des" [quadrupeds] throughout instead of "mammif=
=C3=A8res":=0A=0APinel, Philippe (1792) Recherches sur une nouvelle m=C3=A9=
thode de=0Aclassification des quadrup=C3=A8des, fond=C3=A9e sur la structur=
e m=C3=A9chanique des=0Aparties osseuses qui servent =C3=A0 l=E2=80=99artic=
ulation de la m=C3=A2choire inf=C3=A9rieure.=0AActes de la socie=CC=81te=CC=
=81 d'histoire naturelle de Paris 1: 50=E2=80=9360.=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense=
.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__www.biodiversitylibrary.org_item_16318=
7-23page_84_mode_1up&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfn=
c_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata62=
5zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3DkaMjEHuzejbjnXHfW9x37NmofAAIfjuhkDADfjDVxi4&e=
=3D=20=0A=0A=0A=0ALater in the same issue, however, Brongniart did use the =
term "mammif=C3=A8res":=0A=0ABrongniart, Alexandre (1792) Catalogue des mam=
mif=C3=A8res envoy=C3=A9s de Cayenne=0Apar M. Le Blond. Actes de la socie=
=CC=81te=CC=81 d'histoire naturelle de Paris 1: 115=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense=
.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__www.biodiversitylibrary.org_item_16318=
7-23page_149_mode_1up&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSf=
nc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata6=
25zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3DTfZvacuGKQQgWMQrwhUZ7mnY8fiJt_gKrHKo_Vs5CEE&=
e=3D=20=0A=0A=0A=0AFor a fuller discussion of the history of mammif=C3=A8re=
, see this online entry=0Afrom the CNRTL:=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoin=
t.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__www.cnrtl.fr_etymologie_mammif-25C3-25A8re&d=3DD=
wIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl=
9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&=
s=3Dczay6PNlbxAvpTzM15Zt6KUdVcZFnHCdxOJeDHk4gfo&e=3D=20=0A=0A(The 1791 ment=
ion not found by the researchers appears to be the 1791 Pinel=0Acitation gi=
ven above. )=0A=0A=3D=3D=0A=0AThe French naturalist Georges Cuvier (1769-18=
32) used "mammif=C3=A8res" in his=0Amany writings as early as 1797, essenti=
ally giving his blessing to the term.=0A=0ACuvier, Georges (1797-1798) Tabl=
eau =C3=A9l=C3=A9mentaire de l'histoire naturelle des=0Aanimaux. Baudouin, =
Paris=0A=0AMammif=C3=A8res (pg. 83)=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/=
v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__books.google.com_books-3Fid-3DigttwqdXGCIC-26-26pg-3DR=
A1-2DPA83-26lpg-3DRA1-2DPA83-23v-3Donepage-26q-26f-3Dfalse&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3Dc=
lK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKH=
n5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3DwE4f9pS=
kTwIVBnQ7TJGbFJNIXck1DGJR2yi3ZfNEtmo&e=3D=20=0A=0A=0A=0A=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=0A=0AOther Romance languages soon after adopted th=
eir own versions of a=0Amammif=C3=A8re-like "teat-bearer" combination, evid=
ently based on the French=0Amodel: Spanish: mam=C3=ADfero/mam=C3=ADferos; P=
ortuguese: mam=C3=ADfero/mam=C3=ADferos;=0AItalian: mamm=C3=ACfero/mamm=C3=
=ACferi=0A=0AOnline primary source digital documents show that the plural t=
erms=0A"mam=C3=ADferos" (in Spanish) and "mamm=C3=ACferi" (in Italian) were=
 in use by the=0Afirst decade of the 19th century. I'm still trying to trac=
k down the=0Aearliest citations, which possibly may date to the late 1790s.=
=0A=0AThe online Diccionario M=C3=A9dico-Biol=C3=B3gico, Hist=C3=B3rico y E=
timol=C3=B3gico (in=0ASpanish) gives this etymology for "mam=C3=ACfero" and=
 a supposed 1713 earliest=0Adocument source as Italian "mammiferi" that I h=
ave not been able to find.=0AIf the 1713 citation exists (and the given dat=
e is not an error of some=0Asort), it likely has no connection to the later=
 Linnaeus-inspired French=0Amammif=C3=A8re, which was almost certainly the =
source of Spanish mam=C3=ACfero in the=0Amodern sense. The Spanish term lik=
ely was not a direct formation from Latin=0Anor a borrowing from Italian.=
=0A=0A[mamm(am) lat. 'mama' + -i- lat. + -fer-u(m)/-a(m) lat. 'que lleva']=
=0A=0ALeng. base: lat. Neol. s. XVIII. Docum. en it. mammiferi en 1713.=0A=
=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__dicciomed.usal.es=
_palabra_mamifero-2Dra&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CS=
fnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata=
625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3D-PB7BhN-9HDD5kHc6aAM6nEkLYLcHn8jOeOys60kw2A=
&e=3D=20=0A=0A=0A=0A=3D=3D=3D=3D=0A=0AEnglish "Mammal"=0A=0AEnglish is unus=
ual among European languages in using the word "mammal"=0Aderived directly =
from Linnaeus's Mammalia, by analogy with the classical=0ALatin noun animal=
 also used in English.=0A=0AFor more on the early history of words for mamm=
al in English, again, see=0AGill (already cited above):=0A=0AGill, T. (1903=
) The Name Mammal and the Idea Expressed. Annual Report of=0Athe Board of R=
egents of the Smithsonian Institution: 1903. Government=0APrinting Office, =
Washington pgs. 537-544=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dh=
ttps-3A__books.google.com_books-3Fid-3DyEAWAAAAYAAJ-26pg-3DPA537-26lpg-3DPA=
537-26dq-23v-3Donepage-26q-26f-3Dfalse&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0N=
U5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3D=
WhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3DfAm6n_fo9cclGBIl94pYmRU4kwV=
WXDGG3EJD-TgjQ5M&e=3D=20=0A=0A=0A=0AThe British naturalist John Mason Good =
(1764-1827) is usually credited with=0Athe word "mammals" as the English eq=
uivalent for Mammalia. He used the term=0Aas early as 1813 in the Pantologi=
a, an early encyclopedia.=0A=0A"MAMMALIA...It includes all animals, as inde=
ed its name imports, that=0Asuckle their young by the possession of a mamma=
lian or mammary organ. In=0AEnglish we have no direct synonym for this term=
... We have hence thought=0Aourselves justified in vernaculizing the Latin =
term, and translating=0Amammalia mammals, or breasted-animals."=0A=0APantol=
ogia 1813 vol. 7 LHW--MID (pages unnumbered)=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofp=
oint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__books.google.com_books-3Fid-3D0ck6AQAAMAAJ-26=
newbks-3D1-26newbks-5Fredir-3D0-26printsec-3Dfrontcover-23v-3Dsnippet-26q-3=
D-2522glires-252C-2520pecora-2522-26f-3Dfalse&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEO=
VIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9=
SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3D8Lfxl7QBnn96R_bNO4al=
Mcjyb6GwReylxnzRiqxWSNI&e=3D=20=0A=0A=0A=0AHowever, the term "mammals" did =
not catch on immediately. (Richard Owen may=0Ahave been the first to use th=
e singular "mammal" in 1846.)=0A=0ABlumenbach, Johann Friedrich [translated=
 by R. T. Gore] (1825) A Manual of=0Athe Elements of Natural History.W. Sim=
pkin & R. Marshall, London 415 pages=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoint.com=
/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__books.google.com_books-3Fid-3DZbks3rKTzYwC-26newbks-3=
D1-26newbks-5Fredir-3D0-26printsec-3Dfrontcover-23v-3Donepage-26q-26f-3Dfal=
se&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFa=
UmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErI=
Rf6s2IE&s=3DehMryKRJINFpT4mhBfURZoKGRdjJF_qJa-5hkUm4Ovk&e=3D=20=0A=0AThe te=
rms used in the translated text are Mammalia, mammifera, and=0Amammiferous =
animals, but not mammals or mammal, (nor "suckling animals"=0Abased on the =
literal meaning of the German term S=C3=A4ugetiere).=0A=0ABridgewater Treat=
ises from the 1830s use the term Mammalians rather than=0Amammal and mammal=
s.=0A=0Ahttps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__books.google=
.com_books-3Fid-3DuaIAAAAAMAAJ-26pg-3DPA461-26dq-3D-2522mammalians-2522-2B-=
2BLinne-26hl-3Den-26newbks-3D1-26newbks-5Fredir-3D0-26sa-3DX-26ved-3D2ahUKE=
witztWx4fblAhVVFjQIHcKFC9cQ6AEwAHoECAQQAg-23v-3Donepage-26q-3D-2522mammalia=
ns-2522-2520-2520Linne-26f-3Dfalse&d=3DDwIFaQ&c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BO=
UHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&m=3DWhJp=
YaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&s=3DCOZ17Oeqjq5kyAjpbCP6_c1arpsMamE=
6gW8NECGMIuU&e=3D=20=0A=0A=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=0A=0A=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=0A=0AThe bottom line here as a recommendation (or better yet, as a resolut=
ion!)=0Awould be to use the historically supported Neo-Latin meaning for Ma=
mmalia=0Aand English mammals as (in short form) "animals having teats" (per=
 Richard=0AOwen, etc.) rather than the misleading "belonging to the breast"=
 or "of the=0Abreast." (To be truly precise, the implied full meaning "anim=
als=0Adistinguished by having teats" for Mammalia might be worth mentioning=
.)=0AAlso, it would better to cite the Schiebinger's 1993 paper or "I, Mamm=
al"=0Aadvisedly on the topic, as partly a modern reinterpretation "reading=
=0Abetween the lines" of what Linnaeus said and had in mind, by emphasizing=
=0Ahumans--instead of animals in general that possess teats, the distinctiv=
e=0Aanatomical feature that Linnaeus chose to unite hairy four-limbed anima=
ls=0Awith cetaceans as the "mammals" we know and love.=0A=0A=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=0A=

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<div dir=3D"ltr"><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-h=
eight:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style=3D"fo=
nt-size:11pt">Ben Creisler</span><br></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=
=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri=
,sans-serif"><a href=3D"mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a>=
</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:1=
15%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=3D=3D=3D</p>=0A=0A<p cl=
ass=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:1=
1pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">I am planning a series of posts about t=
he=0A&quot;lost lore&quot; of early Neo-Latin names that are now widely mis=
read or=0Amisunderstood, potentially distorting the history of zoology and =
paleontology.</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;=
line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Any errors =
are my own (despite my best=0Aefforts).=0AThe translations are also my own =
unless otherwise indicated, some done with the=0Ahelp of online dictionarie=
s and tools such as Google Translate. Wherever=0Apossible, I have tried to =
provide online links to freely available material.</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"Mso=
Normal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-f=
amily:Calibri,sans-serif">Some of the terms used in this post (because=0Aof=
 the subject matter) may run afoul of the filters on the Dinosaur Mailing=
=0AList and block the text. I may need to reedit or find another way to pos=
t the=0Acontent on the DML, if possible.</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" st=
yle=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Cali=
bri,sans-serif">=C2=A0</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in =
0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in =
10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">New De=
cade Resolutions</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10=
pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">January =
2020 is an opportunity to propose=0Anot only New Year&#39;s resolutions but=
 &quot;New Decade&#39;s resolutions&quot;...</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal=
" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:=
Calibri,sans-serif">My first suggestion for a &quot;New Decade&quot; resolu=
tion:</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-hei=
ght:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Use the correct mea=
ning for the name=0AMammalia Linnaeus, 1758!=C2=A0</p><p class=3D"MsoNormal=
" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:=
Calibri,sans-serif">(And for English mammals as well!)</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D=
"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;fo=
nt-family:Calibri,sans-serif">***</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"=
margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,san=
s-serif">NOTE: For a general summary of the long history of terms for mamma=
ls,=0Asee William King Gregory 1910:</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=
=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri=
,sans-serif">Gregory, William K. (1910) The orders of mammals. Bulletin of =
the=0AAmerican Museum of Natural History 27. Part I.<span style=3D"font-siz=
e:10.5pt;line-height:115%"> Typical Stages </span><span style=3D"font-size:=
10pt;line-height:115%">in </span><span style=3D"font-size:10.5pt;line-heigh=
t:115%">the </span>History <span style=3D"font-size:10pt;line-height:115%">=
of </span><span style=3D"font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%">Mammals. pgs. 1=
04.</span></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;lin=
e-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"htt=
ps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttp-3A__digitallibrary.amnh.org_=
handle_2246_313&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7C=
Sfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaX=
E9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3D1tRKErIVmmZk03bPbQNl6nWfCNxW4w=
6SFODqrntEIvU&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:blue">http://digitallibrary.amnh.org=
/handle/2246/313</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0i=
n 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10p=
t;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=C2=A0</p=
>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%=
;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Misunderstanding &#39;Mamma=
lia&#39;</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-=
height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Overall, I liked=
 the recent general=0Aaudience book &quot;I, Mammal,&quot; but was bothered=
 by a number of items.=0AMaybe most glaringly, the author claimed that Carl=
 Linnaeus did not explain the=0Areason for his 1758 name Mammalia--in fact,=
 he did!</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-=
height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Drew, Liam (2017=
) I, Mammal: The Story of What Makes Us Mammals. Sigma=0A336 pp.</p>=0A=0A<=
p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-si=
ze:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">&quot;For his new group, the Swede =
derived a name from another of its=0Amembers&#39; defining characters. He g=
ave no reason for this, included no=0Ajustificatory note: &#39;Mammalia,&#3=
9; he simply stated, &#39;these and no other animals=0Ahave mammae.&#39; ..=
.. </p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-heigh=
t:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">And, for that matter,=
 that this name is derived from a structure=0Apossessed by only half of mam=
mals and that is functional - if ever - for only a=0Afraction of its posses=
sor&#39;s life?...</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in =
10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">That C=
arl Linnaeus never offered an explanation for his choice has=0Aalways left =
this open to speculation, especially given that lofty scientific=0Aprincipl=
es didn&#39;t always guide Linnaeus&#39;s naming practices.&quot; </p>=0A=
=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;fon=
t-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">***</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNor=
mal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-fami=
ly:Calibri,sans-serif">Contrary to these assertions, there is NO=0Ariddle a=
bout the name Mammalia when understood in its original context.=0ALinnaeus&=
#39;s clearly intended (and quite precise) 18th century scientific Neo-Lati=
n=0Ameaning for Mammalia was: </p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"mar=
gin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-s=
erif">&quot;(animals distinguished by) having=0Ateats&quot; or &quot;(anima=
ls) having teats&quot; for short ...</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=
=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri=
,sans-serif">and NOT the misleading, human-focused=0ALatin meaning &quot;be=
longing to the breast&quot; or &quot;of the breast&quot;=0Anow widely given=
, and evidently assumed by Drew and others...</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNorma=
l" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family=
:Calibri,sans-serif">***</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0i=
n 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=
The history behind the name Mammalia is a=0Agood opportunity to review the =
historical importance of Neo-Latin in zoological=0Anomenclature as an adapt=
able tool to express scientific ideas. It is also=0Acritical to emphasize t=
he distinct status of Neo-Latin alongside classical=0AGreek and older forms=
 of Latin. </p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;li=
ne-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Unfortunately=
, many of the shared conventions about meanings and=0Agrammar in scientific=
 Neo-Latin names that developed in the 17th, 18th, and=0Aearly 19th centuri=
es were later forgotten or misunderstood, especially by the=0Alate 20th cen=
tury.</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-hei=
ght:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Since my background=
 is in linguistics, this &quot;lost lore&quot; of=0Aolder Neo-Latin names i=
n zoology, and in particular in vertebrate paleontology,=0Ahas been a long-=
term personal research project--greatly aided in recent years=0Aby the vast=
 amount of primary source material that is now freely available=0Athrough t=
he internet thanks to Google Books, the Biodiversity Heritage Library,=0AHa=
thi Trust, Gallica, university and museum online digital libraries, etc. </=
p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115=
%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This post is partly a resp=
onse to a=0Adiscussion on the Dinosaur Mailing List where the idea of Neo-L=
atin was=0Arecently dismissed. It is also a follow-up to a pre-Christmas po=
st about online=0Aresources for nomenclature and taxonomy--and the lack of =
a comprehensive source=0Afor older scientific Neo-Latin usage.</p>=0A=0A<p =
class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size=
:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">I&#39;m planning some additional post=
s on the=0Atopic of now misunderstood Neo-Latin names and usage for the new=
 decade.</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-=
height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-he=
ight:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-heigh=
t:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Systema Naturae 10th =
Edition</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-h=
eight:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Swedish natur=
alist Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778)=0Ais famous as the standardizer (but not th=
e inventor) of the binomial=0A(genus/species) system of nomenclature--first=
 in his main field botany (in 1753=0A(Species Plantarum)) and then in zoolo=
gy (in 1758 (Systema Naturae 10th edition)).=0AHis 10th edition of the Syst=
ema Naturae for zoology also established the higher=0Acategory names Mammal=
ia and Primates. </p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 1=
0pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">(Althou=
gh a binomial combination of genus=0Aand species is still used, Linnaeus&#3=
9;s hierarchical ranking system of=0Aclassification based on shared feature=
s into classes and orders (a family level=0Awas added by later researchers =
and often corresponds to what Linnaeus treated=0Aas a genus (Canis, etc.)) =
has run afoul of modern understandings of evolution, now=0Aexpressed with d=
ivisions into clades based on phylogenetic history, an approach=0Aat the he=
art of the new Phylo Code to be implemented in 2020.)</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"=
MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;fon=
t-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Below is a link to a near exact 19th=0Acentury=
 reproduction of the 10th edition in Latin that keeps the page numbers=0Abu=
t with clearer text than scanned copies of the original 1758 edition (altho=
ugh=0Athe retained 18th century font with a non-final &quot;s&quot; that lo=
oks like=0Aan &quot;f&quot; can take a little effort to decipher for modern=
 eyes). </p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-=
height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Linnaeus, Carl (=
1758)</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-hei=
ght:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Systema Naturae. X =
edition.</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-=
height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https=
://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__hymfiles.asc.ohio-2Dstate=
.edu_pdfs-2Dosuc_978_978.pdf&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5=
BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&am=
p;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3D-5foUgB2RPd4hlVGh=
hYOxb4Kbm_nS8Ml7hRRgjtSgGQ&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:blue">https://hymfiles.=
asc.ohio-state.edu/pdfs-osuc/978/978.pdf</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal=
" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:=
Calibri,sans-serif">Translation Issues...</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" s=
tyle=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Cal=
ibri,sans-serif">The Linnaeus&#39;s original Latin=0Adescriptions of taxa i=
n the 1758 Systema Naturae are typically telegraphic and bare-bones,=0Amost=
ly consisting of a few words to indicate possession of traits, features, or=
=0Aother characteristics, most often with forms of the verb sum &quot;be&qu=
ot;=0A(est &quot;is&quot; or sunt &quot;are&quot;) understood but not inclu=
ded (rather=0Athan fully stated with a form of habeo &quot;have&quot; (habe=
t &quot;has&quot;=0Aor habent &quot;have&quot;) and the accusative case). C=
ommonly, the dative=0A(&quot;to&quot;) or the ablative (&quot;with&quot;) c=
ase is used to show=0Apossession of a feature or of a property [confusingly=
, Latin spells the plural=0Adative and the plural ablative the same way], a=
long the lines of &quot;to birds=0A[are] wings&quot; or &quot;birds [are] w=
ith wings.&quot; In other cases, an=0Aadjective is used or is formed by add=
ing the Latin suffix -atus=0A&quot;having&quot; similar to -ed in English a=
s in &quot;birds [are]=0Awinged,&quot; etc. Translating the minimized Latin=
 text into coherent complete=0Asentences in a modern language with Linnaeus=
&#39;s intended meanings can be a=0Achallenge and commonly means replacing =
the unwritten &quot;be&quot; with forms=0Aof &quot;have&quot; in English.</=
p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115=
%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=C2=A0</p>=0A=0A<p class=
=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt=
;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The most thorough, near-contemporary trans=
lation in English that I am=0Aaware of is by Robert Kerr (1757-1813), publi=
shed in 1792, based on German naturalist=0AJohann Friedrich Gmelin&#39;s (1=
748=E2=80=931804), 1788 revision=0A(13th edition) in Latin of the Systema N=
aturae after Linnaeus&#39;s death, plus=0Amore updates and additions. Kerr =
still retains some of the basic text content of=0Athe 10th edition (as modi=
fied and expanded by Linnaeus himself in his later=0ASystema editions), but=
 translated into full English sentences. The first volume=0Acovers mammals =
and birds (continued in Vol. 2).</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"m=
argin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans=
-serif">Kerr, Robert (1792)</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin=
:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-seri=
f">The animal kingdom, or zoological system, of the celebrated Sir=0ACharle=
s Linnaeus. containing a complete systematic description, arrangement,=0Aan=
d nomenclature, of all the known species and varieties of the mammalia, or=
=0Aanimals which give suck to their young: Class I, Mammalia. (Class II, Bi=
rds.)=0AVol. 1.</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10p=
t;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A. Straha=
n, and T. Cadell, London, and W. Creech, Edinburgh 644 pp. </p>=0A=0A<p cla=
ss=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11=
pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">DOI: <a href=3D"https://urldefense.proof=
point.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__doi.org_10.5962_bhl.title.57940&amp;d=3DDwMF=
aQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmG=
of_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9Er=
IRf6s2IE&amp;s=3Dy8KxDMy5zNwGb2cYtw0TaiU34azB9cTLg8gewr9ZQEA&amp;e=3D" styl=
e=3D"color:blue">https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.57940</a></p>=0A=0A<p cl=
ass=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:1=
1pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Free pdf:</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNorma=
l" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family=
:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=
=3Dhttps-3A__ia801609.us.archive.org_1_items_animalkingdomorz00linn_animalk=
ingdomorz00linn.pdf&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H=
8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJ=
pYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3DbbUfU1TBfrPu1me6QLE-AHAcDm=
HocIumaG2bF-Hl2_E&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:blue">https://ia801609.us.archiv=
e.org/1/items/animalkingdomorz00linn/animalkingdomorz00linn.pdf</a></p>=0A=
=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;fon=
t-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://urldefense.p=
roofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__www.biodiversitylibrary.org_bibliography=
_57940-23_summary&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p=
7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpY=
aXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3DZqqibaMPlCcK3cH5Ncjfson3duPx=
E5jOQHwcn7BfyNA&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:blue">https://www.biodiversitylibr=
ary.org/bibliography/57940#/summary</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" sty=
le=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calib=
ri,sans-serif">[Note=0Athat there were earlier expanded full-text translati=
ons of Linnaeus into Dutch,=0AGerman, and French, as discussed later.]</p>=
=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;=
font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D</p>=0A=0A<p =
class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size=
:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Classical Latin vs. Neo-Latin</p>=0A=
=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;fon=
t-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The term &quot;Neo-Latin&quot; =
(or &quot;New Latin&quot;) is used for=0Athe form of Latin that emerged dur=
ing the Renaissance as a common communication=0Atool for newly developing s=
cientific and medical research among European=0Acultures with different nat=
ive tongues, promoted especially by the development=0Aof the printing press=
 and the emergence of scholarly journals and books. </p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"M=
soNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font=
-family:Calibri,sans-serif">&quot;Neo-Latin in the 18th century was not a d=
ead and dusty language,=0Abut a living, flexible tool for scientific commun=
ication, as the studies of=0ALatinists such as Hans Helander and Krister =
=C3=96stlund have shown. Linnaeus&#39; Latin=0Ahas been analysed in an arti=
cle by Ann-Mari J=C3=B6nsson, who works on the Linnaean=0ACorrespondence. T=
he Latin in his letters is not always grammatically correct,=0Aespecially w=
hen he writes in a hurry. Yet his use of Latin is bold and creative=0A=E2=
=80=93 just think of the whole botanical nomenclature that he created!&quot=
; [not to=0Amention zoological nomenclature...] (pg. 24)</p>=0A=0A<p class=
=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt=
;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt">Skuncke, Ma=
rie-Christine. Linnaeus: An 18th Century Background. In=0AMary J. Morris an=
d Leonie Berwick (eds.), The Linnaean Legacy. The Linnean=0ASpecial Issue 8=
: 19-26.</span><br></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in=
 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a hr=
ef=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__ca1-2Dtls.edcd=
n.com_documents_Special-2DIssue-2D8-2DThe-2DLinneaen-2DLegacy.pdf-3Fmtime-3=
D20160213060737&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7C=
Sfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaX=
E9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3DQgJiLpG0m3MKg0qHcDZf4ixTJTEIMf=
hXQNEeMnn2gTw&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:blue">https://ca1-tls.edcdn.com/docu=
ments/Special-Issue-8-The-Linneaen-Legacy.pdf?mtime=3D20160213060737</a></p=
>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%=
;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">(The=0Afocus is mainly on L=
innaeus&#39;s work in botany rather than in zoology.)</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"=
MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;fon=
t-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While Linnaeus&#39; personal correspondence in=
 Latin may have had=0Aoccasional grammar flubs, the multiple editions of hi=
s System Naturae in Latin=0Awent through scrutiny by many eyes and reflect =
accepted Neo-Latin usage--and are=0ANOT riddled with obvious errors. </p>=
=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;=
font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">I have to take issue with St=
ephen J. Gould&#39;s comments in his essay=0A&quot;The Hottentot Venus&quot=
;:. Gould 1985, Flamingo&#39;s Smile, about the Latin=0Aof Linnaeus and his=
 contemporaries:</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10=
pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">&quot;Bu=
t eighteenth-century scientific Latin was written so=0Aindifferently that m=
isspellings and wrong case are no bar to actual=0Aintent...&quot;</p>=0A=0A=
<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-s=
ize:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Hottentot Venus (free pdf)</p>=0A=
=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;fon=
t-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://urldefense.p=
roofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttp-3A__www3.gettysburg.edu_-7Edperry_Class-2520R=
eadings-2520Scanned-2520Documents_Theory-2520Scans_Gould.pdf&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ=
&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof=
_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIR=
f6s2IE&amp;s=3DGzEn7aHJWmFsP0QnlJ5xVDMj06JqiFFSkndKnZMrNyk&amp;e=3D" style=
=3D"color:blue">http://www3.gettysburg.edu/~dperry/Class%20Readings%20Scann=
ed%20Documents/Theory%20Scans/Gould.pdf</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal"=
 style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:C=
alibri,sans-serif">The problem is much more the modern misreadings or misun=
derstandings,=0Aor the out-and-out misquoting, of older Neo-Latin texts, in=
cluding those=0Awritten by Linnaeus, as discussed below.</p>=0A=0A<p class=
=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt=
;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scientific Neo-Latin should be taken on it=
s own terms as it was developed=0Aby scholarly usage and not as &quot;bad&q=
uot; Latin. It differs from=0A&quot;classical&quot; Greek and Latin in some=
 notable ways (a topic for future=0Aposts). For now, I&#39;ll focus on a co=
mmon source of issues.</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in =
0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=
=3D=3D=3D</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line=
-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Neo-Latin and t=
he Multiple Meanings Muddle</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin=
:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-seri=
f">As in any language, many words (nouns, adjectives, verbs,=0Aprepositions=
) could have multiple meanings in classical and in later forms of=0AGreek a=
nd Latin, including additional meanings when such words were combined in=0A=
compounds or modified by word elements such as prefixes, suffixes, and=0Agr=
ammatical inflections. </p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in=
 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">*=
**</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height=
:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Example: In Ancient Gr=
eek, the feminine noun ops by itself could mean=0A&quot;eye,&quot; &quot;fa=
ce,&quot; or &quot;appearance&quot;--distinct meanings=0Athat could also ap=
ply in a compound word ending with -ops (the compound word=0Aitself could b=
e masculine or feminine). In addition, a final -ops sometimes could=0Amean =
&quot;resembling or like&quot; in compounds. </p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNorma=
l" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family=
:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=
=3Dhttp-3A__www.perseus.tufts.edu_hopper_text-3Fdoc-3DPerseus-253Atext-253A=
1999.04.0057-253Aentry-253Dw-29-252Fy&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEO=
VIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJ=
gFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3Dv0nqtzyC=
UOfRwo0QA2H0qGtMEiMACkO6vWxG6b8XyX4&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:blue">http://w=
ww.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentr=
y%3Dw)%2Fy</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt=
;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=C2=A0</p>=
=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;=
font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">-ops with long o (omega)</p>=
=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;=
font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://urldefens=
e.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttp-3A__www.perseus.tufts.edu_hopper_resolvefo=
rm-3Flookup-3Dwy-26page-3D2-26lang-3Dgreek-26type-3Dend&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;=
c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9M=
yZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2I=
E&amp;s=3D5ElVxR5MxFfxyf896T_6rdcePvDOAhySVGI5hrNqyfQ&amp;e=3D" style=3D"co=
lor:blue">http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?lookup=3Dwy&amp;p=
age=3D2&amp;lang=3Dgreek&amp;type=3Dend</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal"=
 style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:C=
alibri,sans-serif">=C2=A0</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0=
in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"=
>-ops with short o (omicron)</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margi=
n:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-ser=
if"><a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttp-3A__www.pe=
rseus.tufts.edu_hopper_resolveform-3Ftype-3Dend-26lookup-3Doy-26lang-3Dgree=
k&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=
=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625z=
Zg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3DC5jxl_TdK270AQuxUjzdIlN6JmVw-F-KDwg6U4YFD90=
&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:blue">http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolve=
form?type=3Dend&amp;lookup=3Doy&amp;lang=3Dgreek</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"M=
soNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font=
-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=C2=A0</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D=
"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sa=
ns-serif">[The lists above also include=0Aother words that end in -ops (tho=
ps, skops, etc.) not from the noun ops.]</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" st=
yle=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Cali=
bri,sans-serif">All of these meanings for -ops have been used in Neo-Latin =
names. [Note=0Athat for simplicity&#39;s sake, under ICZN rules, all generi=
c names that end in=0A-ops no matter the etymology or source are treated as=
 masculine in gender.]</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in =
0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">**=
*</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:=
115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Neo-Latin usage also in=
vented new meanings for Greek and Latin words=0Aand word elements, as well =
as creating new words and new names in Latin form. Some=0Aresearchers, such=
 as Edward Drinker Cope, were particularly inventive in=0Aadapting Greek or=
 Latin words to new meanings, but also in using unusual Neo-Latin=0Aspellin=
gs (making some names hard to decipher). </p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" s=
tyle=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Cal=
ibri,sans-serif">=C2=A0</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in=
 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">T=
aken together, the range of possible meanings for Neo-Latin names when=0Ath=
ey are translated into English and other modern languages is not always=0Ac=
aptured in lexicon and dictionary entries based on classical usage. Simply=
=0Agoing to classical Greek or Latin lexicons or grammar books to decipher =
the=0Ameaning of a Neo-Latin name can be misleading and inaccurate without =
putting=0Athe name into its historical context based on primary source mate=
rial.=C2=A0</p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-hei=
ght:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style=3D"font=
-size:11pt">Case in=0Apoint, the name Mammalia...</span><br></p>=0A=0A<p cl=
ass=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:1=
1pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt">=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D</span><br></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" s=
tyle=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Cal=
ibri,sans-serif">=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"=
MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;fon=
t-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Mammalia Linnaeus, 1758</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"M=
soNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font=
-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Linnaeus&#39;s Neo-Latin name Mammalia is compo=
sed of two parts with=0Amultiple meanings--the Latin noun mamma and the Lat=
in plural suffix -alia (from=0A-alis). Deciphering exactly what Linnaeus ha=
d in mind with the combination=0Arequires a review of 18th century Neo-Lati=
n conventions. </p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10p=
t;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=3D=3D=3D=
</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:1=
15%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Latin mamma (plural mamm=
ae) &quot;breast, teat&quot;</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margi=
n:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-ser=
if">Of obvious importance in understanding the name Mammalia is what=0ALinn=
aeus and other early naturalists meant and understood by the Latin word=0Am=
amma. Modern English has distinct words for the human female breast and for=
 a=0Ateat (the term now used primarily for animals or as a technical anatom=
ical term).=0AHowever, in Latin the same word mamma could be used to refer =
to a breast on a female=0Ahuman or to a teat on an animal. </p>=0A=0A<p cla=
ss=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11=
pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Francis Gardner (1850) A Dictionary of t=
he Latin Language:=0AParticularly Adapted to the Classics Usually Studied P=
reparatory to a=0ACollegiate Course. Wilkins, Carter &amp; Company, Boston =
pp. 318</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-h=
eight:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">&quot;Mamma...The=
 breast, i.e., the fleshy protuberance on both sides=0Aof the breast : 1. E=
specially of women ; Plaut. -- 2. Of men; Cic. -- 3. Of=0Aanimals, A teat, =
dug : Cic. and Piro. --&quot; (pg. 228)</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" sty=
le=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calib=
ri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttp=
s-3A__books.google.com_books-3Fid-3DWVnRUnx7bawC-26printsec-3Dfrontcover-23=
v-3Donepage-26q-3Dteat-252C-2520dug-26f-3Dfalse&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7=
kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCK=
Hn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=
=3D_KoYta2SOP1ORLvGac2dx3Cczy-bqpRSOPM7eP_fgX0&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:blu=
e">https://books.google.com/books?id=3DWVnRUnx7bawC&amp;printsec=3Dfrontcov=
er#v=3Donepage&amp;q=3Dteat%2C%20dug&amp;f=3Dfalse</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D=
"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;fo=
nt-family:Calibri,sans-serif">**</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"m=
argin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans=
-serif">mamma=0A(plural mammae) &quot;breast, teat&quot;</p>=0A=0A<p class=
=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt=
;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.c=
om/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__logeion.uchicago.edu_mamma&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3Dc=
lK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgec=
RCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp=
;s=3DlP8PbPcWiYnnxWRSWhjTAHZtOGEsmTcnVRsuXj9lKfI&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:b=
lue">https://logeion.uchicago.edu/mamma</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal"=
 style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:C=
alibri,sans-serif">Latin=0Aalso had additional terms:</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"=
MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;fon=
t-family:Calibri,sans-serif">mamilla=0A(plural mamillae) &quot;nipple&quot;=
</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:1=
15%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://urlde=
fense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__logeion.uchicago.edu_mamilla&amp;=
d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_m=
O4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbE=
Tv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3Dhek5r8MbG4j9fb-Qj3tU4LNg79C18m_fcwewB-WZMBM&amp;e=
=3D" style=3D"color:blue">https://logeion.uchicago.edu/mamilla</a></p>=0A=
=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;fon=
t-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">uber=0A(plural ubera) &quot;tea=
t, utter&quot;</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt=
;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D=
"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__logeion.uchicago.ed=
u_uber&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&a=
mp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata=
625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3D4isS9dThjdWf8J2v1L4wY1u2BpWF0jtFREo00iD=
y6yE&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:blue">https://logeion.uchicago.edu/uber</a></=
p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115=
%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">papilla=0A(plural papillae=
) &quot;nipple, teat, dug&quot;</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"ma=
rgin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-=
serif"><br>=0A<a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps=
-3A__www.latin-2Dis-2Dsimple.com_en_vocabulary_noun_13209_&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&a=
mp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Y=
l9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6=
s2IE&amp;s=3DgtLxeMpP6AHuUBnSJPq5rlVAEqitBBPCEY1LwHp1rHY&amp;e=3D" style=3D=
"color:blue">https://www.latin-is-simple.com/en/vocabulary/noun/13209/</a><=
/p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:11=
5%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">mamma, uber, papilla 132<=
/p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:11=
5%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This translation from Ger=
man offers the possible different meaning of=0Athe words that were used in =
Latin and in Greek:</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in=
 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">MAMMA=
; MAMILLA; UBER; PAPILLA. (pg. 132)</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=
=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri=
,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-=
3A__books.google.com_books-3Fid-3DTxZgAAAAcAAJ-26pg-3DPA132-26dq-3Dmamma-2B=
uber-2Bmamilla-26hl-3Den-26newbks-3D1-26newbks-5Fredir-3D0-26sa-3DX-26ved-3=
D2ahUKEwjFmc3dn-2D3lAhV-2DHzQIHWpECWwQ6AEwAHoECAQQAg-23v-3Donepage-26q-3Dma=
mma-2520uber-2520mamilla-26f-3Dfalse&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOV=
Igvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJg=
FW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3DhZ-9JY8YS=
Piyg1OQhfzQU2XU3KeY2GbFobFo1qjB7As&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:blue">https://b=
ooks.google.com/books?id=3DTxZgAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=3DPA132&amp;dq=3Dmamma+uber+=
mamilla&amp;hl=3Den&amp;newbks=3D1&amp;newbks_redir=3D0&amp;sa=3DX&amp;ved=
=3D2ahUKEwjFmc3dn-3lAhV-HzQIHWpECWwQ6AEwAHoECAQQAg#v=3Donepage&amp;q=3Dmamm=
a%20uber%20mamilla&amp;f=3Dfalse</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=
=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri=
,sans-serif">Ludwig von Doederlein, Henry Hamilton Arnold (1841) Hand-book =
of Latin=0Asynonymes: translated from the German, by the Rev. H. H. Arnold.=
 J. G. F. &amp;=0AJ. Rivington, London</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" styl=
e=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibr=
i,sans-serif">In=0Alater derivations of Latin words in Romance languages an=
d in Neo-Latin usage,=0Athe stricter meanings were expanded a bit. </p>=0A=
=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;fon=
t-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=C2=A0</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"Mso=
Normal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-f=
amily:Calibri,sans-serif">**********</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=
=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri=
,sans-serif">**********</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in=
 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">L=
innaeus used the Latin word mamma/plural mammae to refer to three=0Athings =
in the 10th edition Systema Naturae:</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=
=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri=
,sans-serif">&quot;teats&quot; as an external anatomical feature distinctiv=
e to=0Amammals as animals in general, found in both females and males (pg. =
16)</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-heigh=
t:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In the general anatom=
ical features of Homo:</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in =
0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">&q=
uot;Mammae duae, pectorales, distantes, gibbae, rotundatae&quot;=0A(pg. 23)=
</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:1=
15%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Teats: two, pectoral, fa=
r apart, protuberant, rounded</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"marg=
in:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-se=
rif">Kerr translation (with added details):</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal"=
 style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:C=
alibri,sans-serif">&quot;On the breast are two distant, round, protuberant =
mammae, or=0Adugs, each having a cylindrical obtuse wrinkly projecting nipp=
le, which is surrounded=0Aby a darker coloured circle called the areola.&qu=
ot;</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-heigh=
t:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">**</p>=0A=0A<p class=
=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt=
;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">&quot;mammary glands&quot; in female anima=
ls that produce milk to=0Anurse young (as &#39;mammae lactantes&#39; &quot;=
milk-producing teats&quot;) </p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margi=
n:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-ser=
if">**</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-he=
ight:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">&quot;breasts&quot=
; as an organ special to human females, as in &#39;mammae lactantes prolixa=
e&#39; (pg. 22), translated &quot;long lax=0Abreasts&quot; in Kerr (1792) (=
pg. ), a supposed general anatomical feature of=0Athe &quot;Afer&quot; vari=
ety of Homo sapiens according to Linnaeus.</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" =
style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Ca=
libri,sans-serif"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt">[For a history of European=
 misconceptions about African and other=0Anon-European females, see:</span>=
<br></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-heig=
ht:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://u=
rldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__comparativeslavery.files.word=
press.com_2011_08_2953316.pdf&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU=
5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&a=
mp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3DtsGSPaK4MCChTgZg=
dNlRuOZDHFhOkIseT1QAc2p_sL0&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:blue">https://comparat=
iveslavery.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/2953316.pdf</a>=0A]</p>=0A=0A<p clas=
s=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11p=
t;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=C2=A0</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" st=
yle=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Cali=
bri,sans-serif"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt">=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D</span></p=
>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%=
;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Latin Suffix -alia in M=
ammalia: &quot;having&quot;</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin=
:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-seri=
f">The second part of the name Mammalia is=0Athe Latin suffix -alis in neut=
er plural form -alia. The adjectival suffix -alis=0A(also as -aris) was wid=
ely used in classical Latin and was adopted into=0ANeo-Latin usage with add=
itional meanings. It was added to nouns to create=0Aadjectives (which also =
could be used like nouns in some cases).</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" st=
yle=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Cali=
bri,sans-serif">Note that classical Latin had a peculiar=0Aphonetic rule--i=
f the noun before the suffix -alis had a letter &quot;L,&quot;=0Athe suffix=
 changed to -aris with an &quot;R&quot;: lunaris [luna=0A&quot;moon&quot;],=
 solaris [sol &quot;sun&quot;], ocellaris [ocella=0A&quot;spot&quot; (&#39;=
little eye&#39;)], familiaris [familia &quot;family&quot;], etc.</p>=0A=0A<=
p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-si=
ze:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">An explanation of the basic meaning=
 &quot;pertaining to&quot; (and the=0Aalternate spelling -aris after the le=
tter &quot;L&quot;) as it is found in=0AEnglish:</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNo=
rmal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-fam=
ily:Calibri,sans-serif">The Latin suffix -ALIS (&gt; E -al) / -ARIS (&gt; E=
 -ar or -ary)</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;=
line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"=
https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__pressbooks.bccampus.=
ca_greeklatinroots_chapter_-25C2-25A735-2Dthe-2Dlatin-2Dsuffix-2Dalis-2De-2=
Dal-2Daris-2De-2Dar-2Dor-2Dary_&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0=
NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI=
&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3DuXwYzPZOeVKJmD=
RWQykvb9QjwncioL42jZC4EeAvwl4&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:blue">https://pressb=
ooks.bccampus.ca/greeklatinroots/chapter/%C2%A735-the-latin-suffix-alis-e-a=
l-aris-e-ar-or-ary/</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in=
 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=
=C2=A0</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-he=
ight:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The various possib=
le Latin spellings of=0Athe suffix -alis in the nominative case (common in =
zoological nomenclature)=0Afollowing the third declension are:</p>=0A=0A<p =
class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size=
:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Singular: masculine and feminine: -al=
is=0A(-aris); neuter: -ale (-are)</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"=
margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,san=
s-serif">Plural: masculine and feminine: -ales=0A(-ares); neuter: -alia (-a=
ria)</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-heig=
ht:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">**</p>=0A=0A<p class=
=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt=
;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Compare the Latin suffix -atus=0A&quot;hav=
ing&quot; (using the first and second declensions):</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"Ms=
oNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-=
family:Calibri,sans-serif">Singular: masculine: -atus; feminine:=0A-ata; ne=
uter -atum</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;lin=
e-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Plural: mascul=
ine: -ati; feminine: -atae;=0Aneuter: -ata</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" =
style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Ca=
libri,sans-serif">=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=
=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri=
,sans-serif">3 meanings of -alis (-aris) in Neo-Latin:</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D=
"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;fo=
nt-family:Calibri,sans-serif">1. &quot;belonging to, pertaining to, of;=0Am=
ade of&quot;</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;l=
ine-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This represe=
nts the main meaning in=0Aclassical Latin and the only one typically given =
in modern reference works on=0ALatin grammar or word formation.</p>=0A=0A<p=
 class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-siz=
e:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">frontalis &quot;of the forehead,=0Ab=
row&quot; (Latin frons, frontis &quot;brow, forehead&quot;)</p>=0A=0A<p cla=
ss=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11=
pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint=
.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__logeion.uchicago.edu_frontalis&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp=
;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9=
MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2=
IE&amp;s=3D3TPT5wjsf_9kUW7eMrXmZD-8pyd_Um9ValkZnOTe5vc&amp;e=3D" style=3D"c=
olor:blue">https://logeion.uchicago.edu/frontalis</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"=
MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;fon=
t-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Neo-Latin anatomical and medical=0Aterminology=
: frontalis muscle, nervus frontalis, etc.</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" =
style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Ca=
libri,sans-serif">**</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0i=
n 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In z=
oological nomenclature, -alis (-aris)=0Aas &quot;belonging to&quot; or &quo=
t;of&quot; often can be found in species=0Anames to refer to geographical o=
r environmental associations: polaris,=0Aborealis, australis, occidentalis,=
 etc. </p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-he=
ight:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">2. &quot;resemblin=
g, like&quot;</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;=
line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">regalis &qu=
ot;kinglike, kingly, regal&quot;=0A(Latin rex, regis &quot;king&quot; ) (re=
galis could also mean &quot;belonging=0Ato or of a king&quot;)</p>=0A=0A<p =
class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size=
:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpo=
int.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__logeion.uchicago.edu_regalis&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&am=
p;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl=
9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s=
2IE&amp;s=3DHGQH54OI5u7NmaWp8MHjowLmR1wC73VJd2fSflddL5M&amp;e=3D" style=3D"=
color:blue">https://logeion.uchicago.edu/regalis</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"M=
soNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font=
-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In zoological nomenclature, often in the=0Asens=
e of &quot;king-size&quot; for a physically large species (similar to the L=
atin=0Anoun rex &quot;king&quot; in apposition):</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNo=
rmal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-fam=
ily:Calibri,sans-serif">Edmontosaurus regalis Lambe, 1917 </p>=0A=0A<p clas=
s=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11p=
t;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style=3D"color:black;background-ima=
ge:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-r=
epeat:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial">L. M. Lamb=
e (1917)=0AA new genus and species of crestless hadrosaur from the Edmonton=
 Formation of=0AAlberta.=C2=A0The Ottawa Naturalist=C2=A0<b>31(7)</b>:=0A65=
-73 [for a &quot;hadrosaur of large size&quot;] </span></p>=0A=0A<p class=
=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt=
;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.c=
om/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__books.google.com_books-3Fid-3DeYvVAAAAIAAJ-26pg-3DR=
A2-2DPA65-26lpg-3DRA2-2DPA65-23v-3Donepage-26q-26f-3Dfalse&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&a=
mp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Y=
l9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6=
s2IE&amp;s=3D2iC7Nl4-9MK_80sl5_bwktw4Bs3a6s_oOumGuD8kIZg&amp;e=3D" style=3D=
"color:blue">https://books.google.com/books?id=3DeYvVAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=3DRA2-=
PA65&amp;lpg=3DRA2-PA65#v=3Donepage&amp;q&amp;f=3Dfalse</a><span style=3D"c=
olor:black;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-=
size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-origin:initial;background=
-clip:initial"></span></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in =
0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><s=
pan style=3D"color:black;background-image:initial;background-position:initi=
al;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-origin:init=
ial;background-clip:initial">***</span></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" sty=
le=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calib=
ri,sans-serif">Megalamynodon regalis Wood ex Scott, 1945</p>=0A=0A<p class=
=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt=
;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">(In this case, the specific name regalis w=
as meant to refer both to=0Alarge size and also to J. LeRoy Kay, leader of =
the expedition that found the=0Afossil (LeRoy &quot;the king&quot;).)</p>=
=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;=
font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">William B. Scott (1945) The =
Mammalia of the Duchesne River Oligocene.=0ATransactions of the American Ph=
ilosophical Society 34(3): 209-253</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D=
"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sa=
ns-serif"><a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A_=
_www.jstor.org_stable_1005542&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU=
5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&a=
mp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3DmDLCcQkbn6fbpbao=
L2fKFxlACBgVRzRjvYAsidgmBiI&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:blue">https://www.jsto=
r.org/stable/1005542</a> </p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0=
in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"=
>=C2=A0</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-h=
eight:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style=3D"fo=
nt-size:11pt">3: &quot;having, [with]&quot; (often=0Asimilar </span><span s=
tyle=3D"font-size:11pt">to the Latin suffix -atus &quot;having&quot; and </=
span><span style=3D"font-size:11pt">to the adjectival suffix -ed in English=
, added to nouns to form=0Aadjectives that express having a feature (winged=
, webbed, long-necked, etc.) or=0Aa quality (short-tempered, spirited, etc.=
))</span><br></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;=
line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This &quot;=
having&quot; meaning for -alis=0Ais now largely overlooked (although dictio=
naries sometimes give the meaning=0A&quot;having a placenta&quot; for the E=
nglish word &quot;placental&quot;). </p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=
=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri=
,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-=
3A__www.thefreedictionary.com_placental&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAV=
EOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1C=
YJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3DJOGLQk=
oVK53w114msQ4BcsYXFcX02zADcl7Gveso1Y4&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:blue">https:=
//www.thefreedictionary.com/placental</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" s=
tyle=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Cal=
ibri,sans-serif">animal: In classical Latin, the singular neuter noun=0Aani=
mal was derived from the neuter adjective animale, from Latin anima=0A&quot=
;air, breath, spirit, breath of life&quot; + -alis, with the noun animal=0A=
understood to mean &quot;having anima [breath of life]&quot; to indicate a=
=0Aliving being. </p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 1=
0pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Adjecti=
ves with -alis (-aris) could also include the idea=0Aof &quot;having&quot;:=
</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:1=
15%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">lanaris &quot;woolbearin=
g, woolly&quot; (Latin lana, lanae=0A&quot;wool&quot;)</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D=
"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;fo=
nt-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/=
v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__logeion.uchicago.edu_lanaris&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3Dcl=
K7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecR=
CKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;=
s=3DzvMwcJo_-oCmB1F5RQvf3_t6SU8YtbfGYEZUm-3J1wE&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:bl=
ue">https://logeion.uchicago.edu/lanaris</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal=
" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:=
Calibri,sans-serif">The meaning &quot;having&quot; for -alis=0A(-aris) beca=
me more common in later forms of Latin:</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" sty=
le=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calib=
ri,sans-serif">rotalis &quot;having wheels,=0Awheeled&quot; (Latin rota, ro=
tae &quot;wheel&quot;)</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in =
0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a=
 href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__logeion.uch=
icago.edu_rotalis&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p=
7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpY=
aXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3DKCcrtaqN9dFswpQVJItW86md1dp1=
BFEOxLew3kNZYTM&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:blue">https://logeion.uchicago.edu=
/rotalis</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;l=
ine-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">dentalis &qu=
ot;having teeth, toothed&quot; (Latin dens,=0Adentis &quot;tooth&quot;)</p>=
=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;=
font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://urldefens=
e.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__logeion.uchicago.edu_dentalis&amp;d=
=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO=
4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbET=
v09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3DUCnhuKVKlqMvP2f-uswZq7-_ucYZMmboYlUnyYVplFc&amp;e=
=3D" style=3D"color:blue">https://logeion.uchicago.edu/dentalis</a></p>=0A=
=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;fon=
t-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This later usage of the suffix =
-alis=0A(-aris) as &quot;having&quot; was adopted into early zoological nom=
enclature. </p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;li=
ne-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In Neo-Latin,=
 the suffix -alis sometimes could=0Ahave a meaning similar to the Latin suf=
fix -atus &quot;having,&quot; as noted.=0ALinnaeus 1758 has species names u=
sing both endings (-atus and -alis) with a=0Asimilar meaning such as:</p>=
=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;=
font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Ostracion bicaudalis (now La=
ctophrys bicaudalis (Linnaeus, 1758))=0A&quot;double-tailed&quot; (Latin ca=
uda &quot;tail&quot;)</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0=
in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Phr=
yganea bicaudata (now Diura=0Abicaudata (Linnaeus, 1758)) &quot;double-tail=
ed&quot;<b></b></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10p=
t;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">**</p>=0A=
=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;fon=
t-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Blennius ocellaris=0A&quot;spot=
ted&quot; (From ocella &quot;spot&quot;)</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" st=
yle=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Cali=
bri,sans-serif">Tetraodon ocellatus (now Takifugu=0Aocellatus (Linnaeus, 17=
58))</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-heig=
ht:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">**</p>=0A=0A<p class=
=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt=
;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Lacerta bullaris (now Anolis bullaris (Lin=
naeus, 1758)) &quot;having a=0Abulla [bubble]&quot; for its display throat =
pouch</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-hei=
ght:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">**</p>=0A=0A<p clas=
s=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11p=
t;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Didelphis marsupialis &quot;having a=0Apo=
uch&quot; [marsupium]</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0=
in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=C2=
=A0</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-heigh=
t:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">But note:</p>=0A=0A<p=
 class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-siz=
e:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Coluber [now Dolichophis] jugularis =
&quot;having a (distinctive color)=0Athroat&quot; (jugulum or jugulus &quot=
;throat&quot;) for a red patch on the=0Athroat (actually only characteristi=
c of a Cyprus subspecies it seems). </p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=
=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri=
,sans-serif">=3D=3D=3D=3D</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0=
in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"=
>The Special Meaning for - alis (-aris):=0A&quot;having a distinctive or a =
notable feature&quot;</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0=
in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Ver=
y often in older zoology the suffix=0A-alis (-aris) had the special sense o=
f &quot;having a notable or a distinctive [feature]&quot;=0A(size, shape, c=
oloration, etc.) or &quot;notable for or distinguished by having=0A[a featu=
re].&quot; </p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;li=
ne-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In Zoology: <=
/p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:11=
5%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">frontalis: &quot;having a=
 (distinctive)=0Abrow or forehead&quot; [shape, coloration, size, etc.]--NO=
T &quot;belonging to=0Athe brow or the forehead&quot; as discussed in meani=
ng 1 for anatomy above!</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in=
 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">T=
he term &#39;frontalis&#39; has been widely used=0Aas a specific name for b=
irds in indicate the brow or forehead as a=0Adistinguishing or a notable fe=
ature, often expressed in the English common=0Aname: yellow-browed citril (=
Crithagra frontalis); white-browed scrubwren=0A(Sericornis frontalis); spec=
kle-fronted weaver (Sporopipes frontalis), etc.</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNor=
mal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-fami=
ly:Calibri,sans-serif">Also for mammals: southern African=0Ahedgehog (Atele=
rix frontalis) (for a white forehead band)</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" =
style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Ca=
libri,sans-serif">=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNorma=
l" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family=
:Calibri,sans-serif">This special meaning for -alis (as neuter=0A-ale) to i=
ndicate having a distinctive feature is clear in the famous early=0Adescrip=
tion of the opossum from 1698 (cited by Linnaeus), which created the=0Apre-=
Linnean Latin name Marsupiale Americanum.</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" s=
tyle=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Cal=
ibri,sans-serif">Tyson,=0AEdward (1698). Carigueya, Seu Marsupiale American=
um. Or,=0AThe Anatomy of an Opossum, Dissected at Gresham-College by Edw. T=
yson, M. D.=0AFellow of the College of Physicians, and of the Royal Society=
, and Reader of=0AAnatomy at the Chyrurgeons-Hall, in London. Philosophical=
 Transactions (January=0A1, 1698) 20: 236-247 105-164 </p>=0A=0A<p class=3D=
"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;fo=
nt-family:Calibri,sans-serif">doi:10.1098/rstl.1698.0023</p>=0A=0A<p class=
=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt=
;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.c=
om/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__royalsocietypublishing.org_doi_10.1098_rstl.1698.00=
23&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=
=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625z=
Zg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3DbfdQouaWxCpbu5Cv-EeVeQz5l-htJY5Dqnbr2r_gCcE=
&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:blue">https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1=
098/rstl.1698.0023</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in =
0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Fr=
ee=0Apdf:</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line=
-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"http=
s://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__royalsocietypublishing.o=
rg_doi_pdf_10.1098_rstl.1698.0023&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgv=
i0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9=
SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3DRH_hz3w3Wxck=
B7481T1M-s50c4BcK9ILFWB3mK1FqEk&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:blue">https://roya=
lsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rstl.1698.0023</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=
=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt=
;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">pg. 107:</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" s=
tyle=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Cal=
ibri,sans-serif">&quot;I think, a Denomination might be best given to it, f=
rom that=0AParticular, wherein &#39;tis most distinguished from all others;=
 which is that=0Aremarkable Pouch or Marsupium it has in the Belly; into wh=
ich, upon any=0AOccasion of Danger, it can receive its Young....</p>=0A=0A<=
p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-si=
ze:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This Consideration (it being so dis=
tinguishing a Character of this=0AAnimal from all others, that as yet we kn=
ow of,) makes me most inclinable to=0Afind out some name, that might be mos=
t expressive thereof, nor can I think of,=0Aat present, a better, than to c=
all it, Marsupiale Americanum....&quot;</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" sty=
le=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calib=
ri,sans-serif">In this case, Marsupiale is the neuter singular of marsupial=
is to mean=0A&quot;having a pouch&quot; and Americanum is the neuter singul=
ar of Americanus,=0Awith the Latin neuter noun &quot;animal&quot; being und=
erstood--that is,=0AMarsupiale Americanum &quot;American (animal) having a =
pouch&quot;-- but in the=0Aclearly implied sense of &quot;American animal m=
ost distinguished by having a=0Apouch,&quot; as stated in Tyson&#39;s text =
above. (Tyson might have called the=0Aanimal &quot;Marsupiatum&quot; with -=
atus simply to show it had a pouch, but=0Adid not.)</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"Ms=
oNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-=
family:Calibri,sans-serif">This Neo-Latin usage of -alis to highlight havin=
g an especially=0Adistinctive or notable feature is key to understanding wh=
at Linnaeus meant by=0AMammalia. </p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"=
margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,san=
s-serif">=C2=A0</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10p=
t;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10p=
t;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The (Near=
ly) Forgotten History,=0AEtymology, and Meaning of Mammalia Linnaeus, 1758:=
 &quot;(animals distinguished=0Aby) having teats&quot;</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D=
"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;fo=
nt-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The now probably most often misunderstood=0AN=
eo-Latin zoological name with the suffix -alis as &quot;having&quot; is Mam=
malia=0ALinnaeus 1758. As noted, the recent book &quot;I, Mammal&quot; misr=
ead the=0Aintended meaning of Mammalia and claimed Linnaeus did not explain=
 the reason=0Afor the name.</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin=
:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-seri=
f">To clarify, later Latin had a word=0Amammalis &quot;of the breast&quot; =
for human medical usage, such as herbs to=0Atreat ailments of the breast:</=
p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115=
%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">mammalis, e, adj. mamma,</=
p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115=
%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">of or for the breasts (pos=
t-class.):=0Aherba, good for diseases of the breasts, App. Herb. 26.</p>=0A=
=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;fon=
t-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://urldefense.p=
roofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__logeion.uchicago.edu_mammalis&amp;d=3DDw=
MFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaU=
mGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9=
ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3DA5wNfs0o_vHpLwEkOYbxllyRO_fnWG2O2_6sRxnurZA&amp;e=3D" st=
yle=3D"color:blue">https://logeion.uchicago.edu/mammalis</a></p>=0A=0A<p cl=
ass=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:1=
1pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As translations and discussions in the=
=0A18th and the 19th centuries make clear, however, Linnaeus&#39;s Neo-Lati=
n name=0AMammalia was understood at the time to mean &quot;animals having t=
eats&quot; as=0Aa distinctive or a notable feature rather than the human-ce=
ntered &quot;medical&quot;=0Ameaning &quot;belonging to the breast&quot; as=
 currently interpreted. </p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0i=
n 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=
Owen, Richard (1859) On the Classification and Geographical Distribution=0A=
of the Mammalia. John W. Parker and Son. London. 103 pp.</p>=0A=0A<p class=
=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt=
;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">&quot;Mammals are distinguished outwardly =
by an entire or partial=0Acovering of hair, and by having teats or mammae--=
whence the name of the=0Aclass.&quot; (pg. 10)</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNorm=
al" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-famil=
y:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=
=3Dhttps-3A__books.google.com_books-3Fid-3D2dlUAAAAcAAJ-26newbks-3D1-26newb=
ks-5Fredir-3D0-26printsec-3Dfrontcover-23v-3Donepage-26q-3D-2522having-2520=
teats-2522-26f-3Dfalse&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhp=
N0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3D=
WhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3D30dSFAacYZFQFL3cKLnCW36=
68ILxjaOP5E6TvxrYH1M&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:blue">https://books.google.co=
m/books?id=3D2dlUAAAAcAAJ&amp;newbks=3D1&amp;newbks_redir=3D0&amp;printsec=
=3Dfrontcover#v=3Donepage&amp;q=3D%22having%20teats%22&amp;f=3Dfalse</a></p=
>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%=
;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=3D=3D=3D=3D</p>=0A=0A<p cl=
ass=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:1=
1pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Boucard, Adolphe (1876) A Manual of Nat=
ural History. A. Boucard,=0ALondon pp. 234 </p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal"=
 style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:C=
alibri,sans-serif">&quot;...Mammalia. Their name means &#39;having teats.&#=
39;&quot; (pg. 10)</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in =
10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a hre=
f=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__books.google.co=
m_books-3Fid-3DB-5F8-5FAAAAIAAJ-26newbks-3D1-26newbks-5Fredir-3D0-26printse=
c-3Dfrontcover-23v-3Donepage-26q-3D-2522having-2520teats-2522-26f-3Dfalse&a=
mp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DR=
y_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70=
qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3DwlRL6pS4bDfcer-I94756H9MMvNqKakIy6_sbZ-WQJs&amp=
;e=3D" style=3D"color:blue">https://books.google.com/books?id=3DB_8_AAAAIAA=
J&amp;newbks=3D1&amp;newbks_redir=3D0&amp;printsec=3Dfrontcover#v=3Donepage=
&amp;q=3D%22having%20teats%22&amp;f=3Dfalse</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNor=
mal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-fami=
ly:Calibri,sans-serif">=3D=3D=3D=3D</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=
=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri=
,sans-serif">Thomas, Joseph (1880) A Comprehensive Medical Dictionary. J.B.=
 Lippincott &amp; Company, Philadelphia pp. 708</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNor=
mal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-fami=
ly:Calibri,sans-serif">&quot;Mammalia or Mammals. [The plural neuter of mam=
malis, &#39;having=0Abreasts, or teats.&#39; See. Mamma.]&quot; (pg. 314)</=
p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115=
%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://urldefe=
nse.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__books.google.com_books-3Fid-3De0JHA=
QAAMAAJ-26pg-3DPA314-26lpg-3DPA314dq-23-3Donepage-26q-26f-3Dfalse&amp;d=3DD=
wMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFa=
UmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B=
9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3Drgd5tfLGxrdt6B-tCTbcgwqx_cEN_KdNtLOLA-wj0Qs&amp;e=3D" s=
tyle=3D"color:blue">https://books.google.com/books?id=3De0JHAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=
=3DPA314&amp;lpg=3DPA314dq#=3Donepage&amp;q&amp;f=3Dfalse</a> </p>=0A=0A<p =
class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size=
:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=3D=3D=3D</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNor=
mal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-fami=
ly:Calibri,sans-serif">Hunter, Robert (1885) The Encyclopaedic Dictionary: =
Volume 4, Part 2.=0ACassell, Petter, Galpin and Company. London, New York p=
p: 768</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-he=
ight:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">mam-ma-li-a s. pl.=
 [Neut. pl. of Latin mammalis =3D of or for the=0Abreasts, good for disease=
s of the breast; among modern naturalists =3D having=0Abreasts, from mamma =
=3D a breast, a teat, a dug of animals.] (pg. 696)</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"Mso=
Normal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-f=
amily:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/u=
rl?u=3Dhttps-3A__books.google.com_books-3Fid-3DZIIVAAAAYAAJ-26printsec-3Dfr=
ontcover-23v-3Dsnippet-26q-3D-2522having-2520breasts-252C-2520from-2522-26f=
-3Dfalse&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI=
&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24A=
ta625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3DIpI1ILgXkwqk9oUYPEY4CqS_B_zbeD_Ng6p5o=
zCofWA&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:blue">https://books.google.com/books?id=3DZ=
IIVAAAAYAAJ&amp;printsec=3Dfrontcover#v=3Dsnippet&amp;q=3D%22having%20breas=
ts%2C%20from%22&amp;f=3Dfalse</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"=
margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,san=
s-serif">=C2=A0</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10p=
t;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=3D=3D=3D=
=3D</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-heigh=
t:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In the context of Mam=
malia Linnaeus 1758,=0Areferring broadly to animals, an English translation=
 &quot;teats&quot; is more=0Aaccurate, although not all early authors in En=
glish were rigorous on the point=0Aand used &quot;breast&quot; in a general=
 or a figurative sense (that included=0Athe meaning teat) such as &quot;bre=
asted animals&quot; or &quot;animals with=0Abreasts&quot; to translate the =
name Mammalia. </p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10p=
t;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">From a pu=
rely grammatical point of view,=0AMammalia is formed as an adjective in the=
 neuter plural to match the neuter=0Aplural noun Animalia being understood.=
 As was very common in Greek and Latin,=0Aadjectives also could be used alo=
ne as substantives, that is, equivalent to=0Anouns. In addition, a neuter p=
lural form with a Latin ending -a or -ia is a=0Acommon way to name groups o=
f things, as in English Americana, memorabilia,=0AMarshiana, trivia, arcana=
, etc. Such words are neuter plurals in Latin form,=0Anot feminine singular=
s (which also can end in -a and -ia) such as mania, hysteria,=0Adementia, e=
tc.</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-heigh=
t:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Note that Gunnar Brob=
erg&#39;s notion that=0A&quot;Mammalia&quot; is a supposed contraction [sam=
mandragning in Swedish] of the=0ALatin words &quot;mamma&quot; and &quot;an=
imal&quot; is not correct. pg. 176</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D=
"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sa=
ns-serif">&#39;I f=C3=B6rbig=C3=A5ende kan f=C3=B6rtydligas att mammalia =
=C3=A4r en sammandragning av=0A&quot;mamma&quot;, br=C3=B6st och spene, med=
 &quot;animal&quot;...</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in =
0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">[I=
n passing it can be clarified that mammalia is a contraction of=0A&quot;mam=
ma&quot;, breast and teat, with &quot;animal&quot;...]</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D=
"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;fo=
nt-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Broberg, Gunnar (1975) Homo sapiens L. :=0Ast=
udier i Carl von Linne=CC=81s naturuppfattning och ma=CC=88nniskola=CC=88ra=
 /. Borgstroems Boktryckeri AB, 1975 - 319 pages</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNo=
rmal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-fam=
ily:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url=
?u=3Dhttps-3A__books.google.com_books-3Fid-3DyWhEAQAAMAAJ-26focus-3Dsearchw=
ithinvolume-26q-3D-2522sammandragning-2Bav-2522&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7=
kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCK=
Hn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=
=3D6PU4a3JskV0VJqGfjXrGmaKLab4FudBLHDc8tX77Cfg&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:blu=
e">https://books.google.com/books?id=3DyWhEAQAAMAAJ&amp;focus=3Dsearchwithi=
nvolume&amp;q=3D%22sammandragning+av%22</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal"=
 style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:C=
alibri,sans-serif">=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D=
"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sa=
ns-serif">=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0=
in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"=
>In his extensively revised and expanded=0A1758 10th edition of Systema Nat=
urae, Linnaeus created the new class Mammalia to=0Acombine two groups of an=
imals he had previously kept separate:</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" styl=
e=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibr=
i,sans-serif">(1) The class Quadrupedia=0A&quot;four-footed (animals)&quot;=
--which Linnaeus had used for=0A&quot;traditional&quot; mammals in the prev=
ious nine editions of Systema=0ANatura, as warm-blooded animals with four l=
egs and hair, including=0A(controversially for his day) humans (Homo). The =
Quadrupedia also included bats=0Aand manatees, which have highly modified l=
imbs (as winged forelimbs and as hind=0Alegs united in a fin).</p>=0A=0A<p =
class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size=
:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">and</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" s=
tyle=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Cal=
ibri,sans-serif">(2) Cetaceans (whales, porpoises, and=0Adolphins), given t=
he new order Cete Linnaeus, 1758 under Mammalia. He had=0Aclassified cetace=
ans previously as the order Plagiura &quot;horizontal=0Atails&quot; under t=
he class Pisces &quot;Fishes&quot; in the nine earlier=0Aeditions of his Sy=
stema Naturae. The Cete differed from the Quadrupedia most=0Aobviously in h=
aving only two limbs in the form of fins instead of four legs or=0Alimbs (m=
aking the name Quadrupedia &quot;four-footed&quot; inaccurate for the=0Arev=
ised combined class) and in near total lack of hair. (Some aquatic members=
=0Aof the Quadrupedia (seals) were almost completely lacking hair as noted =
by=0ALinnaeus.) </p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10=
pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In joini=
ng the Cete with the Quadrupedia=0Aunder the Mammalia, Linnaeus cited the k=
ey features found in both groups, (pg.=0A17). He framed his comments in leg=
alistic terms.</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt=
;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">&quot;Hos =
a piscibus divulsos jussi mammalibus associari ob cor=0Abiloculare calidum,=
 pulmones respirantes, palpebras mobiles, aures cavas, penem=0Aintrantem fe=
minam mammis lactantem, idque ex lege naturae jure meritoque.&quot;=0A(pg. =
17) </p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-heig=
ht:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Roughly, in close to=
 literal translation:</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0=
in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">&qu=
ot;These [Cete] are commanded separated from the fishes and joined=0Awith t=
he mammals on account of their warm, double-chambered heart, their=0Aair-br=
eathing lungs, their mobile eyelids, their hollow ears, and a [male organ] =
that enters the female, with teats that give milk; and this from the law of=
 nature, by justice and merit.&quot;</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=
=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri=
,sans-serif">In other words, the law of nature commands that cetaceans be=
=0Aclassified with mammals.</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin=
:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-seri=
f"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt">****</span></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNorma=
l" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family=
:Calibri,sans-serif">For a short historical review of the classification of=
 whales among=0Aanimals, see:</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"marg=
in:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-se=
rif"><span style=3D"font-size:11pt">Aldemaro Romero (2012) When Whales Beca=
me Mammals: The Scientific=0AJourney of Cetaceans From Fish to Mammals in t=
he History of Science. in New Approaches=0Ato the Study of Marine Mammals [=
online book] DOI: 10.5772/50811</span><br></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" =
style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Ca=
libri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dh=
ttps-3A__www.intechopen.com_books_new-2Dapproaches-2Dto-2Dthe-2Dstudy-2Dof-=
2Dmarine-2Dmammals_when-2Dwhales-2Dbecame-2Dmammals-2Dthe-2Dscientific-2Djo=
urney-2Dof-2Dcetaceans-2Dfrom-2Dfish-2Dto-2Dmammals-2Din-2Dthe-2Dhistory-2D=
o&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=
=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625z=
Zg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3DthTpJ6Ws3IpxWkehykE-VbY2ARHkKFeFr709I4uDyIM=
&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:blue">https://www.intechopen.com/books/new-approa=
ches-to-the-study-of-marine-mammals/when-whales-became-mammals-the-scientif=
ic-journey-of-cetaceans-from-fish-to-mammals-in-the-history-o</a></p>=0A=0A=
<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-s=
ize:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">****</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNorma=
l" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family=
:Calibri,sans-serif">Elsewhere in the 1758 text, Linnaeus=0Astated that bir=
ds are also warm-blooded, breathe air, and have four-chambered hearts=0A(pg=
s. 11, 12), and that sharks give birth to live young (pg. 234), so those=0A=
properties were not uniquely distinctive to mammals in general. In addition=
,=0Acetaceans lack hair, so that typically mammalian feature could not serv=
e as a=0Aclear uniting character. </p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D=
"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sa=
ns-serif">Linnaeus stressed that one feature set=0Amembers of the combined =
Quadrupedia and Cete completely apart--unlike all other=0Aanimals, the memb=
ers of his new class Mammalia possessed teats (mammae). (pg.=0A14)</p>=0A=
=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;fon=
t-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Teats were present (pg. 16) bot=
h in=0Afemales (with teats that produce milk (mammae lactantes)) and in mal=
es, except,=0Ahe thought, in the horse genus Equus [in fact, some equid spe=
cies (donkeys,=0Azebras) can have vestigial teats in males on the sheath]. =
He also divided the=0AMammalia into groups with distinct patterns in the nu=
mber and placement of=0Ateats.</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"mar=
gin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-s=
erif">And, of course, Linnaeus was unaware in=0A1758 of teatless, milk-prod=
ucing monotremes, not known to Western science until=0Aafter his death (ear=
liest descriptions: 1792 for the echnida, 1798 for the=0Aplatypus; both not=
 scientifically better understood until late in the 19th=0Acentury, when ru=
mored egg-laying was finally confirmed). </p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" s=
tyle=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Cal=
ibri,sans-serif">=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"Mso=
Normal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-f=
amily:Calibri,sans-serif">Linnaeus says in Latin (pg. 14):</p>=0A=0A<p clas=
s=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11p=
t;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">MAMMALIA haec &amp; nulla alia mammata An=
imalia...</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line=
-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">literally,</p>=
=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;=
font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">MAMMALIA these and no others=
 mammate animals [are]... </p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:=
0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif=
">or freely, &quot;these animals and no others have teats&quot;--which=0Apr=
ovides the reason for his choice of the name Mammalia, understood fully in=
=0Acontext as &quot;animals distinguished by having teats.&quot; </p>=0A=0A=
<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-s=
ize:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Mammalia vs. Mammata</p>=0A=0A<p c=
lass=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:=
11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Note that the Latin suffix -atus &quot=
;having&quot; as -ata in neuter=0Aplural adjective mammata above simply sho=
ws possession of teats in this case,=0Awhereas -alis (as -alia) in the neut=
er plural name Mammalia additionally can=0Aimply having teats as an especia=
lly distinctive or notable feature, thus=0Aexpressing the idea that &quot;t=
hese and no others&quot; have teats (similar to=0Ahaving a pouch in the nam=
e Marsupiale Americanum discussed above).</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" s=
tyle=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Cal=
ibri,sans-serif">Smithsonian biologist Theodore Gill (1837-1914) later poin=
ted out this special sense for -alis in his discussion of=0Athe history of =
the word &quot;mammal&quot;:</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margi=
n:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-ser=
if">Gill, T. (1903) The Name Mammal and the Idea Expressed. Annual Report o=
f the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution:=0A1903. Government P=
rinting Office, Washington pgs. 537-544</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" sty=
le=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calib=
ri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttp=
s-3A__books.google.com_books-3Fid-3DyEAWAAAAYAAJ-26pg-3DPA537-26lpg-3DPA537=
-26dq-23v-3Donepage-26q-26f-3Dfalse&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVI=
gvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgF=
W9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3DfAm6n_fo9c=
clGBIl94pYmRU4kwVWXDGG3EJD-TgjQ5M&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:blue">https://bo=
oks.google.com/books?id=3DyEAWAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=3DPA537&amp;lpg=3DPA537&amp;d=
q#v=3Donepage&amp;q&amp;f=3Dfalse</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=
=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri=
,sans-serif">&quot;...the Latin suffix (-alis) which expressed the idea of=
=0Aresemblance or relationship; anyway, it was used in substantive form, an=
d the=0Aidea of possession or inclusion was involved, as in the case of ani=
mal,=0Acapital, feminal, tribunal--all well-known Latin words. In fine, a m=
ammal is a=0Abeing especially marked by or notable for having mammae.&quot;=
 (pg. 539)</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;lin=
e-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Also,</p>=0A=
=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;fon=
t-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Gill, T. (1902) The Story of th=
e Word Mammal. Popular Science Monthly=0A61: 434-438 (September)</p>=0A=0A<=
p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-si=
ze:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://urldefense.proof=
point.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__books.google.com_books-3Fid-3Dqho4AQAAMAAJ-2=
6pg-3DRA1-2DPA434-26lpg-3DRA1-2DPA434-23v-3Donepage-26q-26f-3Dfalse&amp;d=
=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO=
4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbET=
v09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3DJh217BClZvcKL9_7xwbrBW_JWaPnDxiSXvF0F8tPwLo&amp;e=
=3D" style=3D"color:blue">https://books.google.com/books?id=3Dqho4AQAAMAAJ&=
amp;pg=3DRA1-PA434&amp;lpg=3DRA1-PA434#v=3Donepage&amp;q&amp;f=3Dfalse</a>=
=0A</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-heigh=
t:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=3D=3D=3D</p>=0A=0A<p=
 class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-siz=
e:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Marsupialia and Placentalia</p>=0A=
=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;fon=
t-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Authors after Linnaeus created =
similarly=0Aconstructed higher category names as neuter plurals with -alia=
=0A&quot;having&quot; [as a distinctive or notable feature] for two major=
=0Asubgroups of mammals:</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0i=
n 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=
Marsupialia &quot;(mammals=0Adistinguished by) having a pouch&quot;</p>=0A=
=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;fon=
t-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Marsupialia Illiger, 1811 (Beut=
elthiere) [&quot;pouch animals&quot;] pg.=0A61</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNorm=
al" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-famil=
y:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=
=3Dhttps-3A__www.biodiversitylibrary.org_item_188747-23page_83_mode_1up&amp=
;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_=
mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qb=
ETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3DLo5z7_BT29vc9lauueQJr3xtNleU8yG0po3nbuVzz-g&amp;e=
=3D" style=3D"color:blue">https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/188747#p=
age/83/mode/1up</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in=
 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=3D=
=3D=3D</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-he=
ight:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Placentalia &quot;=
(mammals distinguished by) having a placenta&quot; </p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"Ms=
oNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-=
family:Calibri,sans-serif">=C2=A0</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"=
margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,san=
s-serif">***</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;l=
ine-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A quick remi=
nder of the complicated=0Aauthorship and date for Placentalia, now wrongly =
cited in many sources based on=0Aa reference error in Simpson (1945) attrib=
uting the name to Owen, 1837 but in a=0Asource in fact published in 1852, n=
ot in 1837.</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;li=
ne-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Simpson, Geor=
ge Gaylord (1945) The principles of classification and a=0Aclassification o=
f mammals. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History=0A85: 350 pp.=
</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:1=
15%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://urlde=
fense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttp-3A__digitallibrary.amnh.org_handle_224=
6_1104&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&a=
mp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata=
625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3DS7TzO6l4btSGSCzjaTjYRWQUh9OKvKQjdsrwmoF=
RJMw&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:blue">http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2=
246/1104</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;l=
ine-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">***</p>=0A=
=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;fon=
t-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A more accurate citation could =
be:</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-heigh=
t:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Placentalia Bonaparte=
, 1838 [ex &quot;placental Mammalia&quot; in=0AOwen, 1837]</p>=0A=0A<p clas=
s=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11p=
t;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">(The French biologist Charles=0ALucien Bo=
naparte (1803 =E2=80=93 1857) was a prince and a nephew of the Emperor=0ANa=
poleon Bonaparte.) </p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in=
 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Bonap=
arte, C.L., 1838. Synopsis vertebratorum systematis. Nuovi Annali=0Adelle S=
cienze Naturali 2: 105-133 [in Latin] </p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" styl=
e=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibr=
i,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttp-=
3A__www.rhinoresourcecenter.com_index.php-3Fs-3D1-26act-3Dpdfviewer-26id-3D=
1278300914-26folder-3D127&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOU=
HhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=
=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3DKAn55Rapf5hJVM0WH5hf=
Pu-V6LdRmniMb_4L-IXm0Pw&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:blue">http://www.rhinoreso=
urcecenter.com/index.php?s=3D1&amp;act=3Dpdfviewer&amp;id=3D1278300914&amp;=
folder=3D127</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10=
pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">pdf:</p>=
=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;=
font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://urldefens=
e.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttp-3A__www.rhinoresourcecenter.com_pdf-5Ffile=
s_127_1278300914.pdf&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0=
H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWh=
JpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3DC1UWyzOuNeeumqOfuDbSa3TsP=
N_ApWl4zdjgUu2zi_M&amp;e=3D">http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/1=
27/1278300914.pdf</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0=
in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Bon=
aparte 1838 says in a footnote (pg. 107):</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" s=
tyle=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Cal=
ibri,sans-serif">&quot;Divisionem vero in Placentalia atque Ovovivipara, et=
si ab aliis=0Aadumbratam, certis limitibus hodie conclusam cl. Oweno, Anglo=
. debemus.&quot;</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10=
pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In close=
 to literal translation: </p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0=
in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"=
>&quot;The division, however, into Placentalia and Ovovivipara,=0Aalthough =
outlined by others, now circumscribed with proper boundaries, we owe=0Ato t=
he celebrated Englishman Owen.&quot;</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=
=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri=
,sans-serif">Note that strict classical Latin rules would give a spelling=
=0A&quot;Placentaria&quot; because of the &quot;L&quot; in placenta. Howeve=
r,=0ABonaparte used Owen&#39;s English form &quot;placental&quot; as the ba=
sis for the=0ANeo-Latin name Placentalia. </p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" =
style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Ca=
libri,sans-serif">***</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0=
in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In =
the 1837 paper Bonaparte was referring to, Owen used the combination=0A&quo=
t;placental Mammalia&quot; (pgs. 88, 92, 93) in English, but not the fully=
=0ALatinized form &quot;Placentalia&quot;:</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" =
style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Ca=
libri,sans-serif">Owen, R. 1837. On the Structure of the Brain in Marsupial=
 Animals.=0APhilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 127: =
87-96</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line=
-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"ht=
tps://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__www.jstor.org_stable_1=
08091-3Fseq-3D1&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7C=
Sfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaX=
E9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3DHPc8V-5pMo-qCPp2Gfs-tG7pLrJoBN=
3hOwyk6icNnUo&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:blue">https://www.jstor.org/stable/1=
08091?seq=3D1#page_scan_tab_contents</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" st=
yle=3D"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-famil=
y:Calibri,sans-serif">=C2=A0</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margi=
n:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sa=
ns-serif">Owen had used the term=0A&quot;ovoviviparous&quot; (but not the L=
atin name Ovovivipara) to described=0Amarsupials in a paper from 1834, but =
referred to &quot;ordinary Mammalia&quot; (not=0A&quot;placental Mammalia&q=
uot;) in this older text.</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0=
in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-=
serif">=C2=A0</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 0.000=
1pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a hr=
ef=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__royalsocietypu=
blishing.org_doi_pdf_10.1098_rstl.1834.0019&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUT=
WtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g=
4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3DZx=
_POIPVO2V9O2mvPHvKAz6332wpF0kGBsN8t_JKYUs&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:blue">ht=
tps://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rstl.1834.0019</a>=0A</p>=
=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:n=
ormal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=C2=A0</p>=0A=0A<p cla=
ss=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-s=
ize:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In later papers, he used=0Athe ter=
m &quot;ovoviviparous Mammalia.&quot; </p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" styl=
e=3D"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:=
Calibri,sans-serif">=C2=A0</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:=
0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif=
">Owen took credit for the Latin name Placentalia, as stated in his 1847=0A=
Cyclopaedia of Anatomy and Physiology article Mammalia:</p>=0A=0A<p class=
=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt=
;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">&quot;These primary groups or sub-classes =
I have named Placentalia and=0AImplacentalia, indicative of the adherence o=
f the ovum to the uterus in the=0Aone, and its non-adherence, as in the ovo=
-viviparous reptiles, in the other=0Agroup.&quot; (pg. 244)</p>=0A=0A<p cla=
ss=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11=
pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint=
.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttp-3A__www.biodiversitylibrary.org_item_187867-23page_262=
_mode_1up&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_g=
I&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24=
Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3DJEnJyVCIMgK87pOgPzq0pgLyjpqoBx0olVy5=
Zh8oUc4&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:blue">http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/i=
tem/187867#page/262/mode/1up</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"m=
argin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans=
-serif">=C2=A0</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt=
;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0i=
n 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"=
margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,san=
s-serif">=C2=A0</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10p=
t;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Mammalia:=
 to solve the place of humans or=0Aof whales?</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNorma=
l" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family=
:Calibri,sans-serif">Linnaeus&#39;s creation of the class Mammalia=0Ahas be=
en a source of historical debate--was the new class meant to solve the=0Apl=
acement of humans or of cetaceans?</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D=
"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sa=
ns-serif">The book &quot;I, Mammal&quot; seems to=0Ahave relied heavily on =
the following paper:</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0i=
n 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Schi=
ebinger, Londa (1993) Why Mammals are Called Mammals: Gender=0APolitics in =
Eighteenth-Century Natural History. The American Historical Review=0A98(2):=
 382-411</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-=
height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https=
://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttp-3A__www.jstor.org_stable_21668=
40&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=
=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625z=
Zg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3DUDS637V24M2SjRUcra38vLodG4d1u9JaeLpqCLpOZ5U=
&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:blue">http://www.jstor.org/stable/2166840</a> .</=
p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115=
%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://urldefe=
nse.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__academic.oup.com_ahr_article-2Dabst=
ract_98_2_382_131801-3FredirectedFrom-3Dfulltext&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK=
7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRC=
KHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=
=3D7vE0OiGIg3ro1u-q_7cIfEH1u-v234hseaYudjx5N0M&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:blu=
e">https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article-abstract/98/2/382/131801?redirected=
From=3Dfulltext</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in=
 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Free=
=0Apdf:</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-h=
eight:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https:=
//urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttp-3A__www.geo.hunter.cuny.edu_-7E=
hsalmun_pg251web_LI-5Freadings_LS-5Fmammals-5Fe2.pdf&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=
=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9My=
ZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE=
&amp;s=3DZMXpjjdEJfTLRe8Jm47MCGDkjQRmy3evb6PKx-lxTzk&amp;e=3D">http://www.g=
eo.hunter.cuny.edu/~hsalmun/pg251web/LI_readings/LS_mammals_e2.pdf</a></p>=
=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;=
font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Schiebinger asserts that Lin=
naeus invented Mammalia mainly because of=0Ahumans, and in particular, to e=
mphasize the human female breast as a connection=0Ato brute nature, making =
it in a sense the &quot;icon&quot; of the class. </p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoN=
ormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-fa=
mily:Calibri,sans-serif">&quot;Linnaeus created his term Mammalia in respon=
se to the question=0Aof humans&#39; place in nature.&quot; pg. 393</p>=0A=
=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;fon=
t-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">(Schiebinger returned to these =
ideas in a number of later books as=0Awell.)</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal=
" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:=
Calibri,sans-serif">I found Schiebinger&#39;s paper quite interesting, but =
I&#39;m not convinced=0Athat Linnaeus was trying to express a socio-politic=
al agenda with the name=0AMammalia--even if naively or unconsciously (as th=
e paper suggests), which would=0Abe difficult to prove in any case. I can f=
ind no evidence so far in older texts=0Athat the name Mammalia was interpre=
ted as a name based first and foremost on=0Ahuman females or understood as =
an encouragement for upper class women to=0Abreastfeed their own children. =
Linnaeus&#39;s attitudes toward the role of women in=0Asociety and breastfe=
eding by natural mothers could certainly reflect educated=0Aattitudes of hi=
s day, but reading between the lines to explain his choice of=0Athe name Ma=
mmalia (based on the supposed (and misleading) meaning &quot;of the=0Abreas=
t&quot;) as a kind of manifesto feels more like a modern overinterpretation=
=0Ato me.</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line=
-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=C2=A0</p>=0A=
=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;fon=
t-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In the previous 1756 9th editio=
n of the=0ASystema Naturae, Linnaeus had put the genus Homo (without a type=
 species) under=0AQuadrupedia, in the Anthropomorpha &quot;man forms&quot; =
(along with Simia and=0ABradypus), listed first with the phrase &#39;Nosce =
te ipsum&#39; &quot;Know=0Athyself&quot; (linked to a more detailed footnot=
e about the capabilities and=0Acharacters that distinguish humans as a genu=
s) above Simia. </p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10=
pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">9th edit=
ion pg. 3</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line=
-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"http=
s://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__www.biodiversitylibrary.=
org_item_31214-23page_19_mode_1up&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgv=
i0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9=
SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3DWAS3hMe8hRt5=
is2Xm1xgOR21pp4Fjsy6AjNjXdV6-TM&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:blue">https://www.=
biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31214#page/19/mode/1up</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=
=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt=
;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In the 10th edition, Linnaeus replaced Ant=
hropomorpha with the new=0Aorder Primates (plural of Latin primas) &quot;ch=
iefs&quot; for &quot;chief=0A(mammals)&quot; or &quot;first-ranking (mammal=
s)&quot;--so-named because it contained=0Ahumans (now called Homo sapiens) =
and was thus in first place in the=0Aclassification.</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"M=
soNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font=
-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Latin primas, primatis (plural primates) &quot;=
principal, chief, one of the first&quot;</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" st=
yle=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Cali=
bri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhtt=
ps-3A__logeion.uchicago.edu_primas&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIg=
vi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW=
9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3DyCO99QARiwN=
izhxqBLn9tFjlQYgMGyteu6dNdsFOEkk&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:blue">https://log=
eion.uchicago.edu/primas</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margi=
n:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-ser=
if">=C2=A0</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;lin=
e-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Notably, Linna=
eus added Lemur (including lemurs, slow loris, colugo)=0Aand Vespertilio (b=
ats) to the group Primates (to join Homo and Simia), but=0Amoved Bradypus (=
sloths) to the order Bruta. Homo (with the new type species Homo=0Asapiens)=
 was listed first (again with &quot;nosce te ipsum&quot; but linked to=0Amu=
ch expanded footnotes to list the special qualities of human beings) as und=
er=0Athe previous Anthropomorpha. Linnaeus did not add any special comments=
 about=0Athis rearrangement, which retained humans under the Quadrupedia an=
d placed Homo=0Aimmediately before Simia as in the 9th edition. Both the=0A=
Anthropomorpha (9th edition) and the Primates (10th edition) have mammae=0A=
pectorales &quot;pectoral teats&quot; and four incisors.</p>=0A=0A<p class=
=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt=
;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">[Note that Linnaeus had classified bats=0A=
as part of the Quadrupedia (and NOT as birds) in all nine of his earlier=0A=
editions of the Systema beginning in 1735, under the order Ferae (along wit=
h=0ACanis and Felis). He moved bats to the Primates in the Mammalia in the =
10th=0Aedition in part because bats have functional hands [manus palmatae],=
 similar to=0AHomo, Simia, and Lemur, but within a flight membrane that als=
o surrounds the=0Abody.]</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0i=
n 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=
=C2=A0</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-he=
ight:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In contrast, as no=
ted above, Linnaeus did=0Aprovide a special comment about including whales,=
 dolphins, and porpoises in the=0Anew Mammalia on pg. 17 of the 10th editio=
n, in which he used legalistic=0Aphrasing and cited the &quot;law of nature=
.&quot;</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-h=
eight:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-heigh=
t:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Why Whales Explain th=
e Choice of Mammalia</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0i=
n 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">If L=
innaeus had been primarily concerned with promoting breastfeeding=0Ain uppe=
r class Europeans (one of Schiebinger&#39;s contentions) or highlighting=0A=
nursing of young mammals in general, he might have chosen a different Neo-L=
atin=0Aname such as Lactantia, Lactabilia, or Lactifera &quot;milk giving&q=
uot; to=0Astress more clearly milk production by female animals (from Latin=
 lac (lactis)=0A&quot;milk&quot; or lacto &quot;give milk&quot;). (Schiebin=
ger (1993) mentions=0Athis possibility for &quot;Lactantia&quot; as the nam=
e.) Had Linnaeus known=0Aabout teatless, but milk-producing monotremes, suc=
h a name might have made more=0Asense as well.</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNorm=
al" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-famil=
y:Calibri,sans-serif">As I have tried to show, Linnaeus had clear scientifi=
c reasons for=0Achoosing the name Mammalia and, based on 18th century Neo-L=
atin, the=0Acombination Mammalia (from Latin mamma as &quot;teats&quot; + -=
alia as=0A&quot;having&quot;) was a direct and simple way to express his po=
int that teats=0A(found in both females and males) were a unique and distin=
ctive feature that=0Aunited &quot;quadrupeds&quot; with cetaceans (thus the=
 intended full meaning=0A&quot;animals distinguished by having teats&quot;)=
, which otherwise differed in=0Athe construction of their limbs and in the =
presence or absence of hair. There=0Awere not many other ways to say it--a =
class named Mammata &quot;having=0Ateats&quot; might not have stressed the =
special distinctness of having teats.</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=
=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri=
,sans-serif">=C2=A0</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in=
 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=3D=
=3D=3D=3D</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line=
-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=C2=A0</p>=0A=
=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;fon=
t-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Other Neo-Latin Names</p>=0A=0A=
<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-s=
ize:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Although the Neo-Latin name Mammal=
ia as &quot;having teats&quot; was=0Awidely adopted, some researchers prefe=
rred, or alternated it with, different=0ALatin names that made the point ab=
out possessing teats in a more obvious way, closer=0Ato classical Latin, us=
ing -atus &quot;having&quot; or the verb fero=0A&quot;bearing.&quot; </p>=
=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;=
font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Mammifera &quot;teat-bearers=
&quot; (this Latin form postdates the=0Aearlier French mammif=C3=A8res=0A&q=
uot;teat-bearers&quot;)</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in=
 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">(=
less often) Mammata &quot;having teats&quot;</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal=
" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:=
Calibri,sans-serif">Placentaria Fleming, 1822 (using an &quot;r&quot; becau=
se of the=0A&quot;l&quot; in placenta), which predates Placentalia</p>=0A=
=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;fon=
t-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Fleming, 1822 Philosophy of Zoo=
logy</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-heig=
ht:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://u=
rldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__books.google.com_books-3Fid-3=
DO2piAAAAcAAJ-26newbks-3D1-26newbks-5Fredir-3D0-26printsec-3Dfrontcover-23v=
-3Donepage-26q-26f-3Dfalse&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BO=
UHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;=
m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3D9kVDmUv28IGA9QnerPF=
B0AWA3WrThNXmhVlEAtW0c6c&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:blue">https://books.googl=
e.com/books?id=3DO2piAAAAcAAJ&amp;newbks=3D1&amp;newbks_redir=3D0&amp;print=
sec=3Dfrontcover#v=3Donepage&amp;q&amp;f=3Dfalse</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"M=
soNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font=
-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Placentata &quot;having a placenta&quot; </p>=
=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;=
font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The term was used by Charles=
 Darwin in the &quot;Origin of=0ASpecies&quot; in preference to Placentalia=
.</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:=
115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=C2=A0</p>=0A=0A<p clas=
s=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11p=
t;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Marsupiata &quot;having a marsupium&quot;=
</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:1=
15%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Owen often used the name=
s Marsupiata and Marsupialia interchangeably. </p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNorm=
al" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-famil=
y:Calibri,sans-serif">=C2=A0</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margi=
n:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-ser=
if">=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in =
0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in =
10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">&quot;=
Mammal&quot; in Modern Languages</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"m=
argin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans=
-serif">Linnaeus&#39;s reclassification of=0Awarm-blooded, teat-possessing,=
 milk-giving animals (now including whales) in=0Athe single group Mammalia =
in 1758 was widely accepted, although Linnaeus&#39;s=0Adivisions and placem=
ent of different types of genera within the Mammalia were often=0Adisputed =
(especially humans as Primates along with apes and monkeys).</p>=0A=0A<p cl=
ass=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:1=
1pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">See, for example:</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"=
MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;fon=
t-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Thomas Pennant (1771) Synopsis of Quadrupeds. =
J. Monk</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-h=
eight:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https:=
//urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__books.google.com_books-3Fi=
d-3DcK5gAAAAcAAJ-26newbks-3D1-26newbks-5Fredir-3D0-26printsec-3Dfrontcover-=
23v-3Donepage-26q-26f-3Dfalse&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU=
5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&a=
mp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3DHecEHXtjtyKNiUEW=
fBg2lunziiZrskUJtAVE1Fy2t6o&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:blue">https://books.go=
ogle.com/books?id=3DcK5gAAAAcAAJ&amp;newbks=3D1&amp;newbks_redir=3D0&amp;pr=
intsec=3Dfrontcover#v=3Donepage&amp;q&amp;f=3Dfalse</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=
=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt=
;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNo=
rmal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-fam=
ily:Calibri,sans-serif">Vernacular Names for Mammalia</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"=
MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;fon=
t-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Linnaeus&#39;s Mammalia also inspired revised=
=0Acommon name terminology in modern European languages, which lacked a gen=
eral term=0Afor a group of animals that included both four-footed hairy ani=
mals and=0Atwo-finned naked whales. However, the main idea behind the new v=
ernacular terms=0Adiffered--either emphasizing possession of teats, similar=
 to the original meaning=0Aof Mammalia itself (&quot;having teats&quot;), a=
s a more external anatomical feature=0A(and also found in males) or, by con=
trast, emphasizing the purpose of=0Ateats--for production of milk by female=
s to feed or suckle the young, and so a=0Amore functional biological and be=
havioral focus.</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10p=
t;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The early=
 historical details in multiple languages are complicated and=0Adifficult t=
o track down. Some 18th century material is not available in digital=0Aform=
. Older spellings and fonts are also a problem, and can be garbled when=0As=
canned in the digitizing process. I am still researching this topic and thi=
s=0Abrief review may need updating or correction in the future. That said, =
I have=0Atried to clarify a number of current misunderstandings, in particu=
lar, the idea=0Athat Blumenbach&#39;s German name S=C3=A4ugetier=0A&quot;su=
ckling animal&quot; originated with him as often indicated.</p>=0A=0A<p cla=
ss=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11=
pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Modern common names for &quot;mammal&quo=
t; in different languages:</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:=
0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif=
"><a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttp-3A__www.ubio=
.org_browser_details.php-3FnamebankID-3D2478620&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7=
kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCK=
Hn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=
=3DyWpAD-TRoCvenFVI2ytEs74CQMJ8lvGQ3sPkpHBZ9No&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:blu=
e">http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=3D2478620</a></p>=0A=
=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;fon=
t-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">***</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNor=
mal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-fami=
ly:Calibri,sans-serif">This article in German discusses some of=0Athe issue=
s:</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height=
:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Rainer, Franz (2007) F=
rz. mammif=C3=A9re oder: habent sua fata et termini=0Atechnici. [French mam=
mif=C3=A9re or they have their fate and technical terms]=0AZeitschrift f=C3=
=BCr franz=C3=B6sische Sprache und Literatur 117(1): 14-24</p>=0A=0A<p clas=
s=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11p=
t;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.=
com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__www.jstor.org_stable_40618861&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=
=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9My=
ZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE=
&amp;s=3Dlgq0EjMccqrqR6SsmZXVkO7yzuRrj_cKWi9PbvwPMb8&amp;e=3D" style=3D"col=
or:blue">https://www.jstor.org/stable/40618861</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"Mso=
Normal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-f=
amily:Calibri,sans-serif">Full text online here:</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNo=
rmal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-fam=
ily:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url=
?u=3Dhttps-3A__www.academia.edu_23277740_Frz.-5Fmammif-25C3-25A8re&amp;d=3D=
DwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IF=
aUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09=
B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3D-_H5eUJLZitgFl7kSmu6615907aPrhA-RIBvUzA8KyY&amp;e=3D" =
style=3D"color:blue">https://www.academia.edu/23277740/Frz._mammif%C3%A8re<=
/a></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-heigh=
t:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=3D=3D=3D</p>=0A=0A<p=
 class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-siz=
e:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Swedish: Spendjur &quot;teat animals=
&quot; 1762</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;li=
ne-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">According to =
a short article cited below, lists of animals that live=0Ain Sweden with Li=
nnaeus&#39;s Latin names and the Swedish common name equivalents were=0Apub=
lished in 1762, based on Linnaeus&#39;s 1758 Systema Naturae (and likely al=
so=0Ahis 1759 Animalium specierum, and 1761 Fauna Svecica [which used the n=
ame=0AMagnetes &quot; &quot; instead of Primates for humans and bats]). In =
the 1762=0Alists, the name Mammalia was translated as Spendjur, meaning &qu=
ot;teat=0Aanimals&quot; from Swedish spene &quot;teat, nipple&quot; and dju=
r &quot;animal,&quot;=0Aand humans and bats were under the Primates, transl=
ated H=C3=B6gdjur &quot;high=0Aanimals.&quot; The glossary is said to be by=
 the Swedish naturalist and=0Abotanist Abraham Samzelius (<span style=3D"co=
lor:rgb(84,84,84);background-image:initial;background-position:initial;back=
ground-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-origin:initial;bac=
kground-clip:initial">1723-1773), a=0Acontemporary of Linnaeus, and shows h=
ow the name Mammalia was understood shortly=0Aafter the 10th edition appear=
ed in 1758. </span></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in=
 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a hr=
ef=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__books.google.c=
om_books-3Fid-3DAEs2R-2DVpLwYC-26pg-3DPA58-26dq-3DSpendjur-26hl-3Den-26newb=
ks-3D1-26newbks-5Fredir-3D0-26sa-3DX-26ved-3D2ahUKEwjzw4y-2DnODlAhXfJzQIHYX=
WBlYQ6AEwA3oECAEQAg-23v-3Donepage-26q-3DSpendjur-26f-3Dfalse&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ=
&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof=
_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIR=
f6s2IE&amp;s=3D-9x5DtkHNlbiI32Y9v_Nx9yUTCtmWtbRqkx4xLwxZV0&amp;e=3D" style=
=3D"color:blue">https://books.google.com/books?id=3DAEs2R-VpLwYC&amp;pg=3DP=
A58&amp;dq=3DSpendjur&amp;hl=3Den&amp;newbks=3D1&amp;newbks_redir=3D0&amp;s=
a=3DX&amp;ved=3D2ahUKEwjzw4y-nODlAhXfJzQIHYXWBlYQ6AEwA3oECAEQAg#v=3Donepage=
&amp;q=3DSpendjur&amp;f=3Dfalse</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=
=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri=
,sans-serif">Noreen,=0AAdolf (1903) Tv=C3=A5 s=C3=A4llsynta naturvetenskapl=
iga ordf=C3=B6rteckningar fr=C3=A5n 1700-talet.=0A[Two rare natural scienti=
fic glossaries from the 18th century.] Spr=C3=A5k och stil=0AIII, Uppsala <=
/p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:11=
5%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=C2=A0</p>=0A=0A<p class=
=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt=
;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Later=0ASwedish sources (1779) have the wo=
rd pattdjur (sometimes as pattedjur), also=0Ameaning &quot;teat animal.&quo=
t; </p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-heigh=
t:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://ur=
ldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttp-3A__www.saob.se_artikel_-3Fseek-3Dp=
att-2Ddjur-26pz-3D6-23U-5FP425-5F91884&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVE=
OVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CY=
JgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3DCBSegHU=
iTGsi7fL5HJJxzGSxgGfdAAyCKtgd3BWmgLE&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:blue">http://=
www.saob.se/artikel/?seek=3Dpatt-djur&amp;pz=3D6#U_P425_91884</a></p>=0A=0A=
<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-s=
ize:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The current term d=C3=A4ggdjur=0A&=
quot;nursing animal&quot; or &quot;suckling animal&quot; for a mammal was=
=0Awidely adopted in Swedish by the early 19th century, evidently influence=
d by=0Athe German term S=C3=A4ugetier &quot;suckling=0Aanimal.&quot;</p>=0A=
=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;fon=
t-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://urldefense.p=
roofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__www.saob.se_artikel_-3Funik-3DD-5F2401-2=
D0219.0tkB-26pz-3D3&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H=
8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJ=
pYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3DC0plvGSPZg1mMBfQJ-g-bbpMhC=
AStyi_xzUJErvI6gw&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:blue">https://www.saob.se/artike=
l/?unik=3DD_2401-0219.0tkB&amp;pz=3D3</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" s=
tyle=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Cal=
ibri,sans-serif">In=0Aother Scandinavian languages, the term pattedyr &quot=
;teat animal&quot; is used=0Ain modern Danish and in modern Norwegian for &=
quot;mammal&quot;--similar to the=0Aolder term pattdjur in Swedish. </p>=0A=
=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;fon=
t-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://urldefense.p=
roofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__en.wiktionary.org_wiki_pattedyr&amp;d=3D=
DwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IF=
aUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09=
B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3DfjZP-DV7AiJ-QB7HzzMm4oZz7JsRbpi26flhBBNcSc4&amp;e=3D" =
style=3D"color:blue">https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pattedyr</a></p>=0A=0A<=
p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-si=
ze:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Icelandic,=0Ahowever, retains spend=
=C3=BDr.</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-=
height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https=
://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__en.wiktionary.org_wiki_sp=
end-25C3-25BDr&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CS=
fnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE=
9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3D6Kc9Sn7AXXH8p2FwPh8S7nMaM_Mad6X=
n6WqgJMvHabQ&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:blue">https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/=
spend%C3%BDr</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10=
pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">********=
***</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-heigh=
t:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Dutch: Zoogende Diere=
n &quot;suckling animals&quot; 1761</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=
=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri=
,sans-serif">The Dutch naturalist Martinus Houttuyn (1720-1798)=0Awas the f=
irst author to apply Linnaeus&#39;s new classification system for animals=
=0Afrom the 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae (including binomial nomenc=
lature)=0Ain a more detailed published work. His &quot;Natural History&quot=
; was not=0Areally a translation--the content includes much of what was in =
the Systema=0ANaturae in some form, along with material from other sources =
(including Klein=0Aand Brisson). The Dutch text is written in complete sent=
ences and includes=0Aillustrations and expanded descriptions of animals, as=
 well as species not=0Alisted by Linnaeus in the 10th edition. </p>=0A=0A<p=
 class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-siz=
e:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Houttuyn, Martinus (1761) Natuurlyke=
 historie of uitvoerige=0Abeschryving der dieren, planten en mineraalen, vo=
lgens het samenstel van den=0Aheer Linnaeus: met naauwkeurige afbeeldingen,=
 Volume 1 [Natural=0Ahistory or extensive description of animals, plants an=
d minerals, in accordance=0Awith the classification of Mr. Linnaeus. With a=
ccurate pictures] F. Houttuyn, Amsterdam</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" st=
yle=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Cali=
bri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhtt=
ps-3A__books.google.com_books-3Fid-3D9tD8GNp8mpcC-26printsec-3Dfrontcover-2=
3v-3Donepage-26q-26f-3Dfalse&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5=
BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&am=
p;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3Dw1vog7-Usu76CVOwj=
KWJoeP8Zz25dAlc_H-Rr8qBI0g&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:blue">https://books.goo=
gle.com/books?id=3D9tD8GNp8mpcC&amp;printsec=3Dfrontcover#v=3Donepage&amp;q=
&amp;f=3Dfalse</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in =
10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=C2=A0=
</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:1=
15%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=C2=A0For a=0Adiscussion=
 of the work and Martinus Houttuyn&#39;s contributions to science, see:</p>=
=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:n=
ormal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Boeseman, M. &amp;=0AW=
. de Ligny. (2004) Martinus Houttuyn (1720-1798) and his contributions to t=
he=0Anatural sciences, with emphasis on zoology. Zoologische Verhandelingen=
 349:=0A1-222</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;=
line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=C2=A0</p>=
=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;=
font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Free pdf:</p>=0A=0A<p class=
=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt=
;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.c=
om/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__pdfs.semanticscholar.org_0817_cd1da8e5dcf33c80f5c97=
e4b31f2bcf2e8a8.pdf&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H=
8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJ=
pYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3D-7QI1membNWwCUXAxnCE9tozXb=
NncM32nACd4iwc9tk&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:blue">https://pdfs.semanticschol=
ar.org/0817/cd1da8e5dcf33c80f5c97e4b31f2bcf2e8a8.pdf</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=
=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt=
;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Of particular note is Houttuyn&#39;s Dutch=
 name for Linnaeus&#39;s Mammalia: Zoogende=0ADieren &quot;suckling animals=
&quot; (from the verb zogen &quot;nurse,=0Asuckle&quot;):</p>=0A=0A<p class=
=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt=
;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Eerste Klasse</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNorm=
al" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-famil=
y:Calibri,sans-serif">MAMMALIA</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"mar=
gin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-s=
erif">ZOOGENDE DIEREN</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0=
in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">(pg=
. 121)</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-he=
ight:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https:/=
/urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__books.google.com_books-3Fid=
-3D9tD8GNp8mpcC-26pg-3DRA1-2DPA121-26lpg-3DRA1-2DPA121-23-3Donepage-26q-26f=
-3Dfalse&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI=
&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24A=
ta625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3D5x8o0TCXfGQ1M0ESPkxxPi9NYn5U3dRkx0X1d=
IbUXok&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:blue">https://books.google.com/books?id=3D9=
tD8GNp8mpcC&amp;pg=3DRA1-PA121&amp;lpg=3DRA1-PA121#=3Donepage&amp;q&amp;f=
=3Dfalse</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;l=
ine-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Paraphrasing=
 Linnaeus, Houttuyn says: &quot;Geen=0Aandere Dieren, dan deeze, zyn met Bo=
rsten voorzien&quot; [No other animals than=0Athese are provided with breas=
ts (teats)], but chooses a term &quot;zoogende=0Adieren&quot; for Mammalia =
that emphasizes the function or the purpose of the=0Aorgans to feed the you=
ng rather than simply possessing teats. (The choice of=0Athe term Zoogende =
Dieren instead of a more literal meaning such as=0A&quot;Borstdieren&quot; =
for Mammalia is not directly explained.) </p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" s=
tyle=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Cal=
ibri,sans-serif">&quot;De Wyfjes baaren Jongen en zoogen ze. [The=0Afemales=
 bear young and suckle them].&quot; (pg. 118)</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNorma=
l" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family=
:Calibri,sans-serif">&quot;Zo wel de Mannetjes als de Wyfjes draagen een be=
paald getal von=0ABorsten...&quot; [The males as well as the females have a=
 certain number of=0Ateats...] (pg. 127)</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" st=
yle=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Cali=
bri,sans-serif">=C2=A0</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in =
0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">**=
*****</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-hei=
ght:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">German: S=C3=A4ugen=
de Thiere &quot;suckling=0Aanimals&quot; (1773)</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNor=
mal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-fami=
ly:Calibri,sans-serif">Houttuyn&#39;s 1761 work based on the 10th edition o=
f the Systema Naturae=0Ahad a major influence on a later 1773 work by Germa=
n naturalist Philipp Ludwig=0AStatius M=C3=BCller (1725-1776), based on Lin=
naeus&#39;s 12th edition (1766-1768). The=0AGerman work was again not a str=
ict translation but a fully written text with=0Aexpanded and updated conten=
t, with illustrations taken from Houttuyn&#39;s work at=0Athe end. M=C3=BCl=
ler included a German translation of Houttyn&#39;s introduction with an=0Aa=
dded detailed explanation.</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:=
0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif=
">M=C3=BCller, P. L. S. (1773) Des Ritters Carl von Linn=C3=A9...Vollst=C3=
=A4ndiges=0ANatursystem, nach der zw=C3=B6lften lateinischen Ausgabe, und n=
ach Anleitung des=0Aholl=C3=A4ndischen Houttuynischen Werks, mit einer ausf=
=C3=BChrlichen Erkl=C3=A4rung. Gabriel=0ANicolaus Raspe, N=C3=BCrnberg</p>=
=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;=
font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://urldefens=
e.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__www.biodiversitylibrary.org_bibliogra=
phy_106875-23_summary&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN=
0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DW=
hJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3D-kxfMgnIkLfm49AIAzBIgjlB=
Gr7tBr1KVrFtW65mn8Y&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:blue">https://www.biodiversity=
library.org/bibliography/106875#/summary</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal=
" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:=
Calibri,sans-serif">M=C3=BCller uses the term &quot;S=C3=A4ugende Thiere&qu=
ot; [suckling animals]=0Afor Mammalia, directly patterned after Houttuyn&#3=
9;s Dutch &quot;Zoogende Dieren,&quot;=0Abut also analogous to already exis=
ting 18th century German s=C3=A4ugende Kinder, s<em><span style=3D"color:rg=
b(60,64,67);background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background=
-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-origin:initial;backgroun=
d-clip:initial;font-style:normal">=C3=A4ugende</span></em><span style=3D"co=
lor:rgb(60,64,67);background-image:initial;background-position:initial;back=
ground-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-origin:initial;bac=
kground-clip:initial">=C2=A0Kuh,=0Aetc.</span></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNorm=
al" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-famil=
y:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=
=3Dhttps-3A__www.biodiversitylibrary.org_item_205840-23page_91_mode_1up&amp=
;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_=
mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qb=
ETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3D7gqU4At0u4C7rqSk5LeKXL5xfT-jx-nNmUOVEUT1J1o&amp;e=
=3D" style=3D"color:blue">https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/205840#p=
age/91/mode/1up</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in=
 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0i=
n 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=
German: S=C3=A4ugthiere &quot;suckling animals&quot; 1775</p>=0A=0A<p class=
=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt=
;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The German single word shortened form &quo=
t;S=C3=A4ugthiere&quot; (expressing the=0Asame idea as S=C3=A4ugende Thiere=
) appeared=0Ain print shortly after. </p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=
=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri=
,sans-serif">Schreber, J. C. D. (1775). Die S=C3=A4ugthiere in Abbildungen =
nach der=0ANatur mit Beschreibungen. [The Suckling Animals in Illustrations=
 after Nature=0Awith Descriptions] Erster Theil. [First Part]</p>=0A=0A<p c=
lass=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:=
11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoi=
nt.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__digi.ub.uni-2Dheidelberg.de_diglit_schreber1775=
ga&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=
=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625z=
Zg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3DptIiVbC5QbUTEnaSL6El9Bh4z4z1JAb4Zl4FJEXBagM=
&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:blue">https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/sc=
hreber1775ga</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10=
pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Addition=
al=0Alater volumes also here:</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"marg=
in:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-se=
rif"><a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__www.=
biodiversitylibrary.org_item_135003-23page_5_mode_1up&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=
=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9My=
ZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE=
&amp;s=3Dlg9hIWM24zsBwA2GArerCm9a02f00zQYppQ0M3v0q0A&amp;e=3D" style=3D"col=
or:blue">https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/135003#page/5/mode/1up</a=
></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:=
115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The=0Atext includes the=
 similarly formed word S=C3=A4ugwarzen for=0Anipples. [Other 18th century G=
erman sources have terms with S=C3=A4ug- such as=0AS=C3=A4ugamme (&quot;wet=
nurse&quot;), S=C3=A4ugkind (&quot;nursing infant&quot;),=0AS=C3=A4ugkalb (=
&quot;suckling calf&quot;), S=C3=A4uglamm (&quot;suckling lamb&quot;),=0Aet=
c.]</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-heigh=
t:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=C2=A0</p>=0A=0A<p cl=
ass=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:1=
1pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The German naturalist Johann Friedrich =
Blumenbach (1752-1840) also=0Aused the spelling &quot;S=C3=A4ugthiere&quot;=
 for Mammalia in the first edition (1779)=0Aof his influential (and in the =
future, expanded multi-edition) Handbuch der=0ANaturgeschichte [Manual of N=
atural History]:</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10=
pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Blumenba=
ch, Johann Friedrich (1779) Handbuch der Naturgeschichte. J.=0AC. Dieterich=
. G=C3=B6ttingen. 448 pp.</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0=
in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"=
>&quot;S=C3=A4ugthiere (mammalia)&quot; pg. 44</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNorm=
al" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-famil=
y:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=
=3Dhttps-3A__gdz.sub.uni-2Dgoettingen.de_id_PPN578154684-3Ftify-3D-257b-252=
2pages-2522-3A-255b66-255d-2C-2522panX-2522-3A0.465-2C-2522panY-2522-3A0.87=
2-2C-2522view-2522-3A-2522thumbnails-2522-2C-2522zoom-2522-3A0.508-257d&amp=
;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_=
mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qb=
ETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3Dt4qLEU8H7J-DCC3pbY48DarMVuQLMzDV40q7z9cckgQ&amp;e=
=3D" style=3D"color:blue">https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN578154684=
?tify=3D{%22pages%22:[66],%22panX%22:0.465,%22panY%22:0.872,%22view%22:%22t=
humbnails%22,%22zoom%22:0.508}</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D=
"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sa=
ns-serif">Blumenbach focused on the act of suckling the young:</p>=0A=0A<p =
class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size=
:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">&quot;...sie einige Zeit lang mit Mil=
ch an Br=C3=BCsten s=C3=A4ugen.&quot; [they=0Asuckle for some time with mil=
k at the breasts] (pg. 45)</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:=
0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif=
">=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 1=
0pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">German:=
 S=C3=A4ugethiere &quot;suckling animals&quot; 1782</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"Ms=
oNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-=
family:Calibri,sans-serif">In the revised 1782 second edition of his=0AHand=
buch, Blumenbach changed the German spelling and pronunciation to=0AS=C3=A4=
ugethiere, inserting a &quot;euphonic&quot; vowel &quot;e&quot; as an extra=
=0Asyllable. This form would become standard in German, later revised furth=
er to=0Adrop the h in the spelling. [Terms such as S=C3=A4ugewarzen, S=C3=
=A4ugekind, etc., also=0Aexisted in German at the time with a similar &quot=
;e&quot; spelling.] </p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0i=
n 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Blum=
enbach, Johann Friedrich (1782) Handbuch der Naturgeschichte. (2nd ed.) J.=
=0AC. Dieterich. G=C3=B6ttingen. 561 pp.</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" st=
yle=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Cali=
bri,sans-serif">&quot;S=C3=A4ugethiere (mammalia)&quot; (pg. 42)</p>=0A=0A<=
p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-si=
ze:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://urldefense.proof=
point.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__books.google.com_books-3Fid-3Dl7oBIw36XBcC-2=
6newbks-3D1-26newbks-5Fredir-3D0-26printsec-3Dfrontcover-23v-3Donepage-26q-=
3Dmammalia-26f-3Dfalse&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhp=
N0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3D=
WhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3DM-sko_KY1dIieRtLiO_05a4=
fIBObeKgaWVgnE-mBoKc&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:blue">https://books.google.co=
m/books?id=3Dl7oBIw36XBcC&amp;newbks=3D1&amp;newbks_redir=3D0&amp;printsec=
=3Dfrontcover#v=3Donepage&amp;q=3Dmammalia&amp;f=3Dfalse</a></p>=0A=0A<p cl=
ass=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:1=
1pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">******</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" =
style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Ca=
libri,sans-serif">Based on Blumenbach and his Handbuch, the=0AGerman term S=
=C3=A4ugetier (S=C3=A4ugethier) to mean &quot;suckling=0Aanimal&quot; appar=
ently influenced other Germanic languages such as Swedish=0Ad=C3=A4ggdjur (=
as mentioned above). </p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0=
in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Dut=
ch eventually adopted a shortened form zoogdier/zoogdieren, first used (or =
at least first attested) in 1811=0Aaccording to sources, and said to be pat=
terned after German S=C3=A4ugetier--although,=0Aas noted above, the Dutch t=
erm &quot;zoogende dieren&quot; was the historical=0Ainspiration for the Ge=
rman term--and 18th century Dutch already had words such=0Aas zoogkind &quo=
t;nursling, baby&quot; and zoogkalf &quot;nursing calf,&quot;=0Aetc.</p>=0A=
=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;fon=
t-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">ZOOGDIER - (DIER DAT ZIJN JONGE=
N MET MELK VOEDT)</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 1=
0pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=
=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttp-3A__www.etymologieban=
k.nl_trefwoord_zoogdier&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHh=
pN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=
=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3DqjQ6nkWeI2eq16srUpiP=
rRUH3U1sooKB5XJStih_6bU&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:blue">http://www.etymologi=
ebank.nl/trefwoord/zoogdier</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"ma=
rgin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-=
serif">M. Philippa, F. Debrabandere, A. Quak, T. Schoonheim en N. van der=
=0ASijs (2003-2009) Etymologisch Woordenboek van het Nederlands, 4 delen,=
=0AAmsterdam</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;l=
ine-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">zoogdier zn.=
 &#39;dier dat zijn jongen zoogt, klasse Mammalia&#39;. Nnl.=0Azoogdier [18=
11; WNT]. Samenstelling van de stam van zogen en =E2=86=92 dier, mogelijk=
=0Agevormd als leenvertaling van Duits S=C3=A4ugetier &#39;zoogdier, dat in=
 1782=0Age=C3=AFntroduceerd schijnt te zijn door de Duitse zo=C3=B6loog Joh=
ann Friedrich=0ABlumenbach (1752-1840). </p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" st=
yle=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Cali=
bri,sans-serif">[Compound from the stem of zogen [suckling] and =E2=86=92 d=
ier [animal],=0Apossibly formed as a loan translation of German S=C3=A4uget=
ier &quot;mammal&quot;,=0Awhich appears to have been introduced in 1782 by =
German zoologist Johann=0AFriedrich Blumenbach (1752-1840).]</p>=0A=0A<p cl=
ass=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:1=
1pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=C2=A0</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" =
style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Ca=
libri,sans-serif">=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=
=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri=
,sans-serif">=C2=A0</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in=
 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Slavi=
c Terms</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-h=
eight:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">[I am currently t=
rying to find more information=0Aon the history of terms for mammals in Sla=
vic languages. Not much older=0Amaterial (18th, early 19th centuries) is av=
ailable online that I can find. In=0Aaddition, older texts in Slavic langua=
ges may have different spellings or=0Aalphabet letters from the standard mo=
dern forms, which also can have special=0Adiacritical marks, making Google =
text searches more difficult. The etymological=0Asources I have been able t=
o find don&#39;t give detailed histories.]</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" =
style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Ca=
libri,sans-serif">Blumenbach&#39;s German term S=C3=A4ugetiere may also hav=
e influenced Slavic=0Alanguages, which adopted terms that translate as &quo=
t;suckers&quot; or &quot;sucklers&quot;=0Afor mammals (singular and plural =
forms): Croatian: sisavac/sisavci; Czech: savec/savci;=0APolish: ssak/ssaki=
<span style=3D"font-family:Arial,sans-serif">; </span>Slovak: cicavec/cicav=
ce, etc.</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-=
height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Russian m=D0=BB=
=D0=B5=D0=BA=D0=BE=D0=BF=D0=B8=D1=82=D0=B0=D1=8E=D1=89=D0=B8e [mlekopitaius=
hchiye]=0A&quot;mammals&quot;</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"marg=
in:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-se=
rif">[There are many inconsistencies in how=0ARussian words are translitera=
ted into English. I used what Google Translate=0Agives as a Latin alphabet =
equivalent. Unfortunately, the Latin letter y sometimes=0Acan stand for a p=
articular &quot;hard&quot; vowel (a sound roughly between=0A&quot;uh&quot; =
and short i in English) or for an initial glide or semi-vowel to=0Aindicate=
 &quot;soft&quot; vowels, or a glide at the end of a diphthong, =C2=A0and p=
alatalized softening of a consonant.]</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=
=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri=
,sans-serif">Russian opted from a more detailed term (in modern form=0Asing=
ular/plural): m=D0=BB=D0=B5=D0=BA=D0=BE=D0=BF=D0=B8=D1=82=D0=B0=D1=8E=D1=89=
ee/m=D0=BB=D0=B5=D0=BA=D0=BE=D0=BF=D0=B8=D1=82=D0=B0=D1=8E=D1=89=D0=B8e [ml=
ekopitaiushcheye/mlekopitaiushchiye], a neuter adjective (the neuter=0Anoun=
 &quot;animal&quot; being understood) used like a noun that translates=0Ali=
terally as &quot;milk-feeder&quot; (&quot;milk-feeding&quot;) from noun mle=
ko=0A(archaic form of moloko) &quot;milk&quot; + participle of verb pitat&#=
39; &quot;to=0Afeed&quot;: </p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin=
:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-seri=
f"><a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__en.wik=
tionary.org_wiki_-25D0-25BC-25D0-25BB-25D0-25B5-25D0-25BA-25D0-25BE-25D0-25=
BF-25D0-25B8-25D1-2582-25D0-25B0-25D1-258E-25D1-2589-25D0-25B5-25D0-25B5&am=
p;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy=
_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70q=
bETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3Dd6KeSB2lKo3csVLDs2caWhhA0WC3XF6kM9QBgQo19ak&amp;=
e=3D" style=3D"color:blue">https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B=
5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B5</a></p>=0A=0A=
<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-s=
ize:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">I am=0Astill trying to find when t=
he term first came into use, but it was evidently=0Aadopted in some form by=
 the 1790s. </p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;l=
ine-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The term m=
=D0=BB=D0=B5=D0=BA=D0=BE=D0=BF=D0=B8=D1=82=D0=B0=D1=8E=D1=89i=D1=8F [mlekop=
itaiushchiya]=0Afor German S=C3=A4ugetiere is found=0Ain the 1797 Russian t=
ranslation of Blumenbach&#39;s Manual of Natural History. </p>=0A=0A<p clas=
s=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11p=
t;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Online digital text version (with older R=
ussian spellings and alphabet=0A(and a few typos!)):</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"M=
soNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font=
-family:Calibri,sans-serif">[About milk-feeding or nipple-lactating animals=
.]</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height=
:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://url=
defense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttp-3A__www.blumenbach-2Donline.de_filea=
dmin_wikiuser_Daten-5FDigitalisierung_Digitalisate-5Fhtml_Texte_000051_0000=
51-5F001.html-23index.xml-2Dbody.1-5Fdiv1.4&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUT=
WtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g=
4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3DLp=
VgYG9fLFS3atLjSlUuZNtyHkfw0OVtnTa-GUm5vfU&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:blue">ht=
tp://www.blumenbach-online.de/fileadmin/wikiuser/Daten_Digitalisierung/Digi=
talisate_html/Texte/000051/000051_001.html#index.xml-body.1_div1.4</a></p>=
=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;=
font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=C2=A0</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"=
MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;fon=
t-family:Calibri,sans-serif">However, the stand-alone name =D0=9C=D0=BB=D0=
=B5=D0=BA=D0=BE=D0=BF=D0=B8=D1=82=D0=B0=D1=8E=D1=89i=D1=8F=0A&quot;milk-fee=
ders&quot; apparently is not used in the text, only the phrase or combinati=
on =D0=BC=D0=BB=D0=B5=D0=BA=D0=BE=D0=BF=D0=B8=D1=82=D0=B0=D1=8E=D1=89i=D1=
=8F =D0=B6=D0=B8=D0=B2=D0=BE=D1=82=D0=BD=D1=8B=D1=8F [mlekopitaiushchiya=0A=
zhivotnyya] &quot;milk-feeding animals&quot; to correspond=0Ato German S=C3=
=A4ugetiere. </p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;=
line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-he=
ight:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The name =D0=9C=D0=
=BB=D0=B5=D0=BA=D0=BE=D0=BF=D0=B8=D1=82=D0=B0=D1=8E=D1=89i=D1=8F [Mlekopita=
iushchiya] &quot;milk-feeders&quot; as a stand-alone substantive is found i=
n=0ARussian naturalist Alexander Sewastianow&#39;s (1771-1824) 1804 Russian=
 translation of Linnaeus.</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0=
in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"=
>=D0=A1=D0=B5=D0=B2=D0=B0=D1=81=D1=82=D1=8C=D1=8F=D0=BD=D0=BE=D0=B2, =D0=90=
=D0=BB=D0=B5=D0=BA=D1=81=D0=B0=D0=BD=D0=B4=D1=80 (1804) =D0=A1=D0=B8=D1=81=
=D1=82=D0=B5=D0=BC=D0=B0=0A=D0=BF=D1=80=D0=B8=D1=80=D0=BE=D0=B4=D1=8B =D0=
=9A=D0=B0=D1=80=D0=BB=D0=B0 =D0=9B=D0=B8=D0=BD=D0=BD=D0=B5=D1=8F: =D1=86=D0=
=B0=D1=80=D1=81=D1=82=D0=B2=D0=BE =D0=B6=D0=B8=D0=B2=D0=BE=D1=82=D0=BD=D1=
=8B=D1=85. =D0=A7=D0=B0=D1=81=D1=82=D1=8C I [System of Nature of Carl Linna=
eus:=0AAnimal Kingdom. Part 1]</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"mar=
gin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-s=
erif">=D0=9C=D0=BB=D0=B5=D0=BA=D0=BE=D0=BF=D0=B8=D1=82=D0=B0=D1=8E=D1=89i=
=D1=8F [Mlekopitaiushchiya].=0AMammalia (pg. 24)</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNo=
rmal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-fam=
ily:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url=
?u=3Dhttps-3A__books.google.com_books-3Fid-3D6mllAAAAcAAJ-26pg-3DRA1-2DPA24=
-26lpg-3DRA1-2DPA24-23-3Donepage-26q-26f-3Dfalse&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK=
7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRC=
KHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=
=3Dw5MXF7kphaE3t79GsfnPhBW0xdluHntd5MXEq6mYJlw&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:blu=
e">https://books.google.com/books?id=3D6mllAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=3DRA1-PA24&amp;l=
pg=3DRA1-PA24#=3Donepage&amp;q&amp;f=3Dfalse</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNo=
rmal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-fam=
ily:Calibri,sans-serif">=C2=A0</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"mar=
gin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-s=
erif">Note=0Athat the spellings of the singular and the plural word endings=
 were later=0Arevised during education reforms that simplified (somewhat) t=
he Russian alphabet,=0Aspellings, and grammar to promote literacy following=
 the Russian Revolution in=0A1917. </p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=
=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri=
,sans-serif">=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNorm=
al" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-famil=
y:Calibri,sans-serif">=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D</p>=0A=0A<p clas=
s=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11p=
t;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=C2=A0</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" st=
yle=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Cali=
bri,sans-serif">Romance Languages &quot;Teat-Bearers&quot;</p>=0A=0A<p clas=
s=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11p=
t;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Contrasting with languages that chose a=
=0Aone-word term emphasizing suckling (Swedish d=C3=A4ggdjur, Dutch zoogdie=
r, and Slavic languages), evidently influenced by=0ABlumenbach&#39;s 1782 G=
erman term S=C3=A4ugetier/S=C3=A4ugetiere, based on his multi-edition Manua=
l=0Aof Natural History, Romance languages generally chose terms meaning=0A&=
quot;teat-bearer&quot; and thus closer in literal meaning to Linnaeus&#39;s=
=0AMammalia &quot;having teats&quot; as it was understood at the time.</p>=
=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;=
font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=C2=A0</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"=
MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;fon=
t-family:Calibri,sans-serif">French: Mammif=C3=A8res </p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"=
MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;fon=
t-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Modern French uses the term mammif=C3=A8re/mam=
mif=C3=A8res for mammal/mammals. The story behind the term is complicated.<=
/p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:11=
5%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=C2=A0</p>=0A=0A<p class=
=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt=
;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">French: animaux =C3=A0 mammelles &quot;ani=
mals with teats&quot;=0A1762</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margi=
n:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-ser=
if">In a 1762 French mention of Houttyn&#39;s 1761=0ANatural History, &quot=
;zoogende dieren&quot; for Linnaeus&#39;s Mammalia is=0Atranslated as &quot=
;animaux =C3=A0=0Amammelles&quot; rather than the literal Dutch meaning: </=
p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115=
%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://urldefe=
nse.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__gallica.bnf.fr_ark-3A_12148_bpt6k98=
117831_f56.image.r-3DZoogende-3Frk-3D21459-3B2&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7k=
QUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKH=
n5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=
=3DT9ki5CrDraMEKRPXeKLYFzfqlk__E_hkQU4b_vxln10&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:blu=
e">https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k98117831/f56.image.r=3DZoogende?r=
k=3D21459;2</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10p=
t;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">[There=0A=
may be older cases of &quot;animaux =C3=A0 mammelles&quot; as the French me=
aning of=0AMammalia Linnaeus, 1758.]</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=
=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri=
,sans-serif">The form &quot;animaux =C3=A0=0Amammelles&quot; was later resp=
elled &quot;animaux =C3=A0 mamelles&quot; and expresses a meaning=0Afor Mam=
malia similar to &quot;animals having teats.&quot; </p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"Ms=
oNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-=
family:Calibri,sans-serif">The 1793 French translation of Gmelin&#39;s Lati=
n=0A13th edition of the Systema Naturae (mostly rephrased in complete sente=
nces)=0Aused the term &quot;animaux =C3=A0 mamelles&quot; [animals with tea=
ts], paralleling=0Athe meaning &quot;animals having teats&quot; for Latin M=
ammalia.</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-=
height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><br>=0ALes Anima=
ux =C3=A0 mamelles. Mammalia (pg. 16)</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=
=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri=
,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-=
3A__books.google.com_books-3Fid-3DVNg4AAAAMAAJ-26pg-3DRA1-2DPA16-26lpg-3DRA=
1-2DPA16-23v-3Donepage-26q-26f-3Dfalse&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVE=
OVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CY=
JgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3DxZk2BT1=
uPnTaLG6FYlL1iDRvJXhxDA7n7OTdJdi6hnI&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:blue">https:/=
/books.google.com/books?id=3DVNg4AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=3DRA1-PA16&amp;lpg=3DRA1-P=
A16#v=3Donepage&amp;q&amp;f=3Dfalse</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" sty=
le=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calib=
ri,sans-serif">Carl von Linne=CC=81; Johann Friedrich Gmelin [translated by=
 Josephe=0AFrancois Philippe Vanderstegen de Putte] (1793) Syste=CC=82me de=
 la nature de=0ACharles de Linne=CC=81. Classe premiere du regne animal, co=
ntenant les quadrupe=CC=80des=0Avivipares &amp; les ce=CC=81tace=CC=81es. L=
emaire, Brussels.</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 1=
0pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=
=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__books.google.com=
_books-3Fid-3DVNg4AAAAMAAJ-26printsec-3Dfrontcover-23v-3Donepage-26q-26f-3D=
false&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&am=
p;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata6=
25zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3DDBxIohGTuN07ugDNzooHm1fklH74-JCCVcdeDIO5=
H6o&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:blue">https://books.google.com/books?id=3DVNg4=
AAAAMAAJ&amp;printsec=3Dfrontcover#v=3Donepage&amp;q&amp;f=3Dfalse</a></p>=
=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;=
font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://urldefens=
e.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__gallica.bnf.fr_ark-3A_12148_bpt6k6565=
912x.texteImage&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7C=
Sfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaX=
E9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3DSzz1hEiU9mJSHFupTNsreIkL_BNi4e=
QBBAxXO-13PNU&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:blue">https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12=
148/bpt6k6565912x.texteImage</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"m=
argin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans=
-serif">The French naturalist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) used=0A&quo=
t;animaux =C3=A0 mamelles&quot; in=0Amost of his writings.</p>=0A=0A<p clas=
s=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11p=
t;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=3D=3D=3D=3D</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNorm=
al" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-famil=
y:Calibri,sans-serif">French: Mammaux 1789</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" =
style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Ca=
libri,sans-serif">Since French has the term animal/plural=0Aanimaux, the an=
alogous terms mammal/mammaux would seem a logical possibility. </p>=0A=0A<p=
 class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-siz=
e:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Indeed, the 1789 French translation =
of=0Athis 1781 English book used &quot;Mammaux&quot; as the French equivale=
nt of=0AMammalia.</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 1=
0pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Richard=
 Pulteney (1781) A General View of the Writings of Linnaeus. T.=0APayne and=
 B. White London </p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 1=
0pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=
=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__www.biodiversity=
library.org_item_175082-23page_7_mode_1up&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWt=
AVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z=
1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3DlHAx=
D_yWBAYK8tFdK-5fLDxshWe_nT7UI0JlKHj-F54&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:blue">http=
s://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/175082#page/7/mode/1up</a></p>=0A=0A<p=
 class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-siz=
e:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">[Pulteney only uses &quot;Mammalia&q=
uot; without a=0Avernacular or a singular form.]</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNo=
rmal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-fam=
ily:Calibri,sans-serif">=3D=3D</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"mar=
gin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-s=
erif">French translation:</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0=
in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"=
>Revue g=C3=A9n=C3=A9rale des =C3=A9crits de Linn=C3=A9. Tome 1 / ;=0Aouvra=
ge dans lequel on trouve les anecdotes les plus int=C3=A9ressantes de sa vi=
e=0Apriv=C3=A9e, un abr=C3=A9g=C3=A9 de ses syst=C3=A8mes et de ses ouvrage=
s, un extrait de ses=0AAm=C3=A9nit=C3=A9s acad=C3=A9miques, &amp;c. &amp;c.=
 &amp;c. Par Richard Pulteney, traduit de=0Al&#39;anglois, par L.-A. Millin=
 de Grandmaison ; avec des notes et des additions du=0Atraducteur - 1789</p=
>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%=
;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">&quot;Classe I. MAMMALIA. M=
ammaux.&quot; (pg. 79)</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in =
0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a=
 href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__gallica.bnf=
.fr_ark-3A_12148_bpt6k9802206j_f95.item.r-3D-2522mammaux-2522&amp;d=3DDwMFa=
Q&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGo=
f_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErI=
Rf6s2IE&amp;s=3DrYM-h6lR1GNxFZZYqvBn9Gg7xTUymLyEl7VBuiAjwzg&amp;e=3D" style=
=3D"color:blue">https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9802206j/f95.item.r=
=3D%22mammaux%22</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0i=
n 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Tran=
slator&#39;s note:</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in =
10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">&quot;=
Linn=C3=A9 a adopt=C3=A9 le mot mammalia, animaux =C3=A0 mammelles, parce q=
ue=0Atous les animaux de cette classe allaitent leurs petits. J&#39;ai cru =
pouvoir=0Ahasarder de rendre le mot mammalia par le nom univoque mammaux.&q=
uot; (pg. 47)</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;=
line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=C2=A0[Linn=
aeus adopted the word=0Amammalia, animals with teats, because all the anima=
ls of this class provide=0Amilk to their young. I have ventured, thinking i=
t allowable, to render the word=0Amammalia by the unique name mammaux.]</p>=
=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;=
font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=C2=A0</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"=
MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;fon=
t-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v=
2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__gallica.bnf.fr_ark-3A_12148_bpt6k9811556f_f159.image.r-=
3D-2522animaux-2520-25C3-25A0-2520mammelles-2522-3Frk-3D171674-3B4&amp;d=3D=
DwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IF=
aUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09=
B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3DG5LNKy6HfV4_-fq1jdZkP06zecRQY9eGm4P6EIsx_GM&amp;e=3D" =
style=3D"color:blue">https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9811556f/f159.i=
mage.r=3D%22animaux%20%C3%A0%20mammelles%22?rk=3D171674;4</a></p>=0A=0A<p c=
lass=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:=
11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The plural Mammaux implies a singular=
=0A&quot;mammal&quot; (a word not found in the text) by analogy with=0A&quo=
t;animal/animaux&quot; in French. However, the terms &quot;mammal&quot; and=
=0A&quot;mammaux&quot; were never widely adopted in French. </p>=0A=0A<p cl=
ass=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:1=
1pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=3D=3D=3D</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNorma=
l" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family=
:Calibri,sans-serif">French: mammif=C3=A8res &quot;teat-bearers&quot; 1791?=
<br>=0A<br>=0A</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt=
;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">By the lat=
e 18th century, however, French=0Anaturalists generally had settled on the =
single word masculine noun mammif=C3=A8re &quot;teat-bearer&quot; (from Lat=
in=0Amamma, by evident analogy with earlier French words (mainly adjectives=
) such as=0Aaurif=C3=A8re &quot;gold-bearing,&quot; lanif=C3=A8re &quot;woo=
l-bearing,&quot; etc., based on=0ALatin fero &quot;bear, carry&quot;), tran=
slating Linnaeus&#39; original meaning=0A&quot;animals having teats&quot; (=
also expressed in animaux =C3=A0 mamelles &quot;animals with teats&quot;=0A=
as noted) for Mammalia to express possession of teats in a more direct form=
. (The=0Acombination mamellif=C3=A8re also was=0Aused on occasion.) The ear=
liest usage of the term mammif=C3=A8re remains murky but it may date from 1=
790=0Aor before (perhaps in informal usage). </p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNorma=
l" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family=
:Calibri,sans-serif">The title of a &quot;m=C3=A9moire&quot;=0Apresented to=
 the Soci=C3=A9t=C3=A9 d&#39;histoire naturelle by the French=0Aphysician P=
hilippe Pinel (1745-1826) (famous as a pioneer in the humane=0Atreatment of=
 mental illness) is the earliest published use of &quot;mammif=C3=A8re&quot=
;=0Athat I have been able to find in digital form online.</p>=0A=0A<p class=
=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt=
;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">&quot;M=C3=A9moire sur une classification =
anatomique des mammif=C3=A8res, par M.=0AP I N E L.&quot;</p>=0A=0A<p class=
=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt=
;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">L&#39;arcade zigomatique forme une courbe =
=C3=A0 anse de panier, dont la=0Aconvexit=C3=A9 est tourn=C3=A9e en haut , =
dans les carnivores. Cette courbe devient une=0Aligne presque droite dans l=
es frugivores; dans les herbivores , la courbe est=0Atotalement inverse =C3=
=A0 celle des carnivores, et sa convexit=C3=A9 est tourn=C3=A9e en=0Abas.&q=
uot; (pg. 2)</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;l=
ine-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">(1791) Anato=
mie. &quot;M=C3=A9moire sur une classification anatomique des=0Amammif=C3=
=A8res, par M. P I N E L.&quot; Bulletin des sciences (Soci=C3=A9t=C3=A9=0A=
philomathique de Paris) 1:2 </p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margi=
n:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-ser=
if">=C2=A0<a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A_=
_www.biodiversitylibrary.org_item_28082-23page_14_mode_1up&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&a=
mp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Y=
l9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6=
s2IE&amp;s=3Db4sbVClaT3yQDGabTD0TxelWb7ju8G0hDBd2eOVU6Mk&amp;e=3D" style=3D=
"color:blue">https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/28082#page/14/mode/1u=
p</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-hei=
ght:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://=
urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__books.google.com_books-3Fid-=
3D8QnPAAAAMAAJ-26-26pg-3DRA1-2DPA2-26lpg-3DRA1-2DPA2-23v-3Dsnippet-26q-3D-2=
522mammif-25C3-25A8res-252C-2520par-2520M-2522-2520-26f-3Dfalse&amp;d=3DDwM=
FaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUm=
Gof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9E=
rIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3DFRM92whbgJLgxidCtXoaigpf-eFV2oZNdI24ZqlJ1OQ&amp;e=3D" sty=
le=3D"color:blue">https://books.google.com/books?id=3D8QnPAAAAMAAJ&amp;&amp=
;pg=3DRA1-PA2&amp;lpg=3DRA1-PA2#v=3Dsnippet&amp;q=3D%22mammif%C3%A8res%2C%2=
0par%20M%22%20&amp;f=3Dfalse</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"m=
argin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans=
-serif">The full paper was published in 1792, but Pinel used the more=0Atra=
ditional term &quot;quadrup=C3=A8des&quot; [quadrupeds] throughout instead =
of=0A&quot;mammif=C3=A8res&quot;:</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"=
margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,san=
s-serif">Pinel, Philippe (1792) Recherches sur une nouvelle m=C3=A9thode de=
 classification=0Ades quadrup=C3=A8des, fond=C3=A9e sur la structure m=C3=
=A9chanique des parties osseuses qui=0Aservent =C3=A0 l=E2=80=99articulatio=
n de la m=C3=A2choire inf=C3=A9rieure. Actes de la socie=CC=81te=CC=81=0Ad&=
#39;histoire naturelle de Paris 1: 50=E2=80=9360.</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoN=
ormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-fa=
mily:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/ur=
l?u=3Dhttps-3A__www.biodiversitylibrary.org_item_163187-23page_84_mode_1up&=
amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3D=
Ry_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg7=
0qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3DkaMjEHuzejbjnXHfW9x37NmofAAIfjuhkDADfjDVxi4&am=
p;e=3D" style=3D"color:blue">https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/16318=
7#page/84/mode/1up</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in =
0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=
=C2=A0</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-he=
ight:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Later in the same =
issue, however, Brongniart did use the term=0A&quot;mammif=C3=A8res&quot;:<=
/p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:11=
5%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Brongniart, Alexandre (17=
92) Catalogue des mammif=C3=A8res envoy=C3=A9s de=0ACayenne par M. Le Blond=
. Actes de la socie=CC=81te=CC=81 d&#39;histoire naturelle de Paris 1:=0A11=
5</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:=
115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://urld=
efense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__www.biodiversitylibrary.org_item=
_163187-23page_149_mode_1up&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5B=
OUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp=
;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3DTfZvacuGKQQgWMQrwh=
UZ7mnY8fiJt_gKrHKo_Vs5CEE&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:blue">https://www.biodiv=
ersitylibrary.org/item/163187#page/149/mode/1up</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"Ms=
oNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-=
family:Calibri,sans-serif">=C2=A0</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"=
margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,san=
s-serif">For a fuller discussion of the history of mammif=C3=A8re, see this=
 online=0Aentry from the CNRTL:</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"ma=
rgin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-=
serif"><a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__ww=
w.cnrtl.fr_etymologie_mammif-25C3-25A8re&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtA=
VEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1=
CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3Dczay6=
PNlbxAvpTzM15Zt6KUdVcZFnHCdxOJeDHk4gfo&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:blue">https=
://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/mammif%C3%A8re</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNorma=
l" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family=
:Calibri,sans-serif">(The=0A1791 mention not found by the researchers appea=
rs to be the 1791 Pinel citation=0Agiven above. )</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoN=
ormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-fa=
mily:Calibri,sans-serif">=3D=3D</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"ma=
rgin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-=
serif">The French naturalist Georges Cuvier (1769-1832) used &quot;mammif=
=C3=A8res&quot;=0Ain his many writings as early as 1797, essentially giving=
 his blessing to the=0Aterm.</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margi=
n:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-ser=
if">Cuvier, Georges (1797-1798) Tableau =C3=A9l=C3=A9mentaire de l&#39;hist=
oire=0Anaturelle des animaux. Baudouin, Paris</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNorma=
l" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family=
:Calibri,sans-serif">Mammif=C3=A8res (pg. 83)</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNorma=
l" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family=
:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=
=3Dhttps-3A__books.google.com_books-3Fid-3DigttwqdXGCIC-26-26pg-3DRA1-2DPA8=
3-26lpg-3DRA1-2DPA83-23v-3Donepage-26q-26f-3Dfalse&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3Dc=
lK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgec=
RCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp=
;s=3DwE4f9pSkTwIVBnQ7TJGbFJNIXck1DGJR2yi3ZfNEtmo&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:b=
lue">https://books.google.com/books?id=3DigttwqdXGCIC&amp;&amp;pg=3DRA1-PA8=
3&amp;lpg=3DRA1-PA83#v=3Donepage&amp;q&amp;f=3Dfalse</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=
=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt=
;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=C2=A0</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" sty=
le=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calib=
ri,sans-serif">=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D</p>=0A=0A<p class=
=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt=
;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Other=0ARomance languages soon after adopt=
ed their own versions of a mammif=C3=A8re-like &quot;teat-bearer&quot; comb=
ination, evidently based on=0Athe French model: Spanish: mam=C3=ADfero/mam=
=C3=ADferos; Portuguese: mam=C3=ADfero/mam=C3=ADferos; Italian:=0Amamm=C3=
=ACfero/mamm=C3=ACferi</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in =
0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">On=
line primary source digital documents show that the plural terms &quot;mam=
=C3=ADferos&quot;=0A(in Spanish) and &quot;mamm=C3=ACferi&quot; (in Italian=
) were in use by the first=0Adecade of the 19th century. I&#39;m still tryi=
ng to track down the earliest=0Acitations, which possibly may date to the l=
ate 1790s.</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;lin=
e-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The online Dic=
cionario M=C3=A9dico-Biol=C3=B3gico, Hist=C3=B3rico y Etimol=C3=B3gico (in=
=0ASpanish) gives this etymology for &quot;mam=C3=ACfero&quot; and a suppos=
ed 1713=0Aearliest document source as Italian &quot;mammiferi&quot; that I =
have not been=0Aable to find. If the 1713 citation exists (and the given da=
te is not an error=0Aof some sort), it likely has no connection to the late=
r Linnaeus-inspired French=0Amammif=C3=A8re, which was almost certainly the=
 source of Spanish mam=C3=ACfero in the=0Amodern sense. The Spanish term li=
kely was not a direct formation from Latin nor a=0Aborrowing from Italian.<=
/p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:11=
5%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">[mamm(am) lat. &#39;mama&=
#39; + -i- lat. + -fer-u(m)/-a(m) lat. &#39;que lleva&#39;]</p>=0A=0A<p cla=
ss=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11=
pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Leng. base: lat. Neol. s. XVIII. Docum. =
en it. mammiferi en 1713.</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0=
in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"=
><a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__dicciome=
d.usal.es_palabra_mamifero-2Dra&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0=
NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI=
&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3D-PB7BhN-9HDD5k=
Hc6aAM6nEkLYLcHn8jOeOys60kw2A&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:blue">https://diccio=
med.usal.es/palabra/mamifero-ra</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=
=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri=
,sans-serif">=C2=A0</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in=
 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=3D=
=3D=3D=3D</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line=
-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">English &quot;M=
ammal&quot;</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;li=
ne-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">English is un=
usual among European=0Alanguages in using the word &quot;mammal&quot; deriv=
ed directly from Linnaeus&#39;s=0AMammalia, by analogy with the classical L=
atin noun animal also used in English.</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" styl=
e=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibr=
i,sans-serif">For more on the early history of words for mammal in English,=
=0Aagain, see Gill (already cited above):</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" s=
tyle=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Cal=
ibri,sans-serif">Gill, T. (1903) The Name Mammal and the Idea Expressed. An=
nual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution:=0A1903.=
 Government Printing Office, Washington pgs. 537-544</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"M=
soNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font=
-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2=
/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__books.google.com_books-3Fid-3DyEAWAAAAYAAJ-26pg-3DPA537-=
26lpg-3DPA537-26dq-23v-3Donepage-26q-26f-3Dfalse&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK=
7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRC=
KHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=
=3DfAm6n_fo9cclGBIl94pYmRU4kwVWXDGG3EJD-TgjQ5M&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:blu=
e">https://books.google.com/books?id=3DyEAWAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=3DPA537&amp;lpg=
=3DPA537&amp;dq#v=3Donepage&amp;q&amp;f=3Dfalse</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"Ms=
oNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-=
family:Calibri,sans-serif">=C2=A0</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"=
margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,san=
s-serif">The British naturalist John Mason Good (1764-1827) is usually cred=
ited with the word &quot;mammals&quot; as the English=0Aequivalent for Mamm=
alia. He used the term as early as 1813 in the Pantologia, an early encyclo=
pedia. </p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-h=
eight:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">&quot;MAMMALIA...=
It includes all animals, as indeed its name imports,=0Athat suckle their yo=
ung by the possession of a mammalian or mammary organ. In=0AEnglish we have=
 no direct synonym for this term... We have hence thought=0Aourselves justi=
fied in vernaculizing the Latin term, and translating mammalia=0Amammals, o=
r breasted-animals.&quot;</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0=
in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"=
>Pantologia 1813 vol. 7 LHW--MID (pages unnumbered)</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"Ms=
oNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-=
family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/=
url?u=3Dhttps-3A__books.google.com_books-3Fid-3D0ck6AQAAMAAJ-26newbks-3D1-2=
6newbks-5Fredir-3D0-26printsec-3Dfrontcover-23v-3Dsnippet-26q-3D-2522glires=
-252C-2520pecora-2522-26f-3Dfalse&amp;d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgv=
i0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9=
SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3D8Lfxl7QBnn96=
R_bNO4alMcjyb6GwReylxnzRiqxWSNI&amp;e=3D" style=3D"color:blue">https://book=
s.google.com/books?id=3D0ck6AQAAMAAJ&amp;newbks=3D1&amp;newbks_redir=3D0&am=
p;printsec=3Dfrontcover#v=3Dsnippet&amp;q=3D%22glires%2C%20pecora%22&amp;f=
=3Dfalse</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;l=
ine-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=C2=A0</p>=
=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;=
font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">However,=0Athe term &quot;ma=
mmals&quot; did not catch on immediately. (Richard Owen may=0Ahave been the=
 first to use the singular &quot;mammal&quot; in 1846.)</p>=0A=0A<p class=
=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt=
;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich [translated b=
y R. T. Gore] (1825) A=0AManual of the Elements of Natural History.W. Simpk=
in &amp; R. Marshall, London 415=0Apages</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" st=
yle=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Cali=
bri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=3Dhtt=
ps-3A__books.google.com_books-3Fid-3DZbks3rKTzYwC-26newbks-3D1-26newbks-5Fr=
edir-3D0-26printsec-3Dfrontcover-23v-3Donepage-26q-26f-3Dfalse&amp;d=3DDwMF=
aQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_mO4IFaUmG=
of_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbETv09B9Er=
IRf6s2IE&amp;s=3DehMryKRJINFpT4mhBfURZoKGRdjJF_qJa-5hkUm4Ovk&amp;e=3D" styl=
e=3D"color:blue">https://books.google.com/books?id=3DZbks3rKTzYwC&amp;newbk=
s=3D1&amp;newbks_redir=3D0&amp;printsec=3Dfrontcover#v=3Donepage&amp;q&amp;=
f=3Dfalse</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;=
line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The terms u=
sed in the translated text are Mammalia, mammifera, and=0Amammiferous anima=
ls, but not mammals or mammal, (nor &quot;suckling=0Aanimals&quot; based on=
 the literal meaning of the German term=C2=A0S=C3=A4ugetiere).</p>=0A=0A<p =
class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size=
:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Bridgewater Treatises from the 1830s =
use=0Athe term Mammalians rather than mammal and mammals.</p>=0A=0A<p class=
=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt=
;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href=3D"https://urldefense.proofpoint.c=
om/v2/url?u=3Dhttps-3A__books.google.com_books-3Fid-3DuaIAAAAAMAAJ-26pg-3DP=
A461-26dq-3D-2522mammalians-2522-2B-2BLinne-26hl-3Den-26newbks-3D1-26newbks=
-5Fredir-3D0-26sa-3DX-26ved-3D2ahUKEwitztWx4fblAhVVFjQIHcKFC9cQ6AEwAHoECAQQ=
Ag-23v-3Donepage-26q-3D-2522mammalians-2522-2520-2520Linne-26f-3Dfalse&amp;=
d=3DDwMFaQ&amp;c=3DclK7kQUTWtAVEOVIgvi0NU5BOUHhpN0H8p7CSfnc_gI&amp;r=3DRy_m=
O4IFaUmGof_Yl9MyZgecRCKHn5g4z1CYJgFW9SI&amp;m=3DWhJpYaXE9jw24Ata625zZg70qbE=
Tv09B9ErIRf6s2IE&amp;s=3DCOZ17Oeqjq5kyAjpbCP6_c1arpsMamE6gW8NECGMIuU&amp;e=
=3D" style=3D"color:blue">https://books.google.com/books?id=3DuaIAAAAAMAAJ&=
amp;pg=3DPA461&amp;dq=3D%22mammalians%22++Linne&amp;hl=3Den&amp;newbks=3D1&=
amp;newbks_redir=3D0&amp;sa=3DX&amp;ved=3D2ahUKEwitztWx4fblAhVVFjQIHcKFC9cQ=
6AEwAHoECAQQAg#v=3Donepage&amp;q=3D%22mammalians%22%20%20Linne&amp;f=3Dfals=
e</a></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-hei=
ght:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style=3D"font=
-size:11pt">=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D</span></p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" st=
yle=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Cali=
bri,sans-serif">=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D</p>=0A=0A<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=
=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri=
,sans-serif">The bottom line here as a recommendation (or better yet, as=0A=
a resolution!) would be to use the historically supported Neo-Latin meaning=
 for=0AMammalia and English mammals as (in short form) &quot;animals having=
 teats&quot;=0A(per Richard Owen, etc.) rather than the misleading &quot;be=
longing to the=0Abreast&quot; or &quot;of the breast.&quot; (To be truly pr=
ecise, the implied full meaning &quot;animals=0Adistinguished by having tea=
ts&quot; for Mammalia might be worth mentioning.)=0AAlso, it would better t=
o cite the Schiebinger&#39;s 1993=0Apaper or &quot;I, Mammal&quot; advisedl=
y on the topic, as partly a modern=0Areinterpretation &quot;reading between=
 the lines&quot; of what Linnaeus said=0Aand had in mind, by emphasizing hu=
mans--instead of animals in general that=0Apossess teats, the distinctive a=
natomical feature that Linnaeus chose to unite=0Ahairy four-limbed animals =
with cetaceans as the &quot;mammals&quot; we know and=0Alove.</p>=0A=0A<p c=
lass=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:=
11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D</p></div>=0A=

--0000000000000258c2059b69dcbb--