Aharanov Two State Formalism Interpretation

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Here is an article about Aharonov's team, the group of physicists that are =
working on the Two-State Vector Formalism interpretation of QM (aka Time Sy=
mmetric Quantum Mechanics), the idea that a particle now is affected both b=
y its past (obviously) and by its future.

http://discovermagazine.com/2010/apr/01-back-from-the-future#.UsewgvRUd8E

If you=E2=80=99ve not seen the article, it talks about an experiment that t=
he physicists did to test out their theory=E2=80=94more about =E2=80=9Cweak=
 measurements=E2=80=9D, supposed measurements that don't fully =E2=80=9Ccol=
lapse the wave function=E2=80=9D (snicker suppressed).

Here are the *salient* parts from the article, which, typically enough, beg=
ins with a long unnecessary blast of hot air that, thanks to me, you don=E2=
=80=99t have to wade through.

"First the physicists would measure spin in a set of particles at 2 p.m. an=
d again at 2:30 p.m. Then on another day they would repeat the two tests, b=
ut also measure a subset of the particles a third time, at 3 p.m. If the pr=
edictions of backward causality were correct, then for this last subset, th=
e spin measurement conducted at 2:30 p.m. (the intermediate time) would be =
dramatically amplified. In other words, the spin measurements carried out a=
t 2 p.m. and those carried out at 3 p.m. together would appear to cause an =
unexpected increase in the intensity of spins measured in between, at 2:30 =
p.m."

"The idea was that ripples of the measurements carried out in the future co=
uld beat back to the present and combine with effects from the past, like w=
aves combining and peaking below a boat, setting it rocking on the rough se=
a. The smaller the subsample chosen for the last measurement, the more dram=
atic the effects at intermediate times should be, according to Aharonov=E2=
=80=99s math. It would be hard to account for such huge amplifications in c=
onventional physics."

There is an obvious question, of course:

"Does this mean that when the intermediate step is carried out, the future =
is set and the experimenter has no choice but to perform the later, postsel=
ection measurement? It seems not. Even in instances where the final step is=
 abandoned, Tollaksen has found, the intermediate weak measurement remains =
amplified, though now with no future cause to explain its magnitude at all.=
"

"I put it to Tollaksen straight: This finding seems to make a mockery of ev=
erything we have discussed so far."

"Tollaksen is smiling; this is clearly an argument he has been through many=
 times. The result of that single experiment may be the same, he explains, =
but remember, the power of weak measurements lies in their repetition. No s=
ingle measurement can ever be taken alone to convey any meaning about the s=
tate of reality. Their inherent error is too large. 'Your pointer will stil=
l read an amplified result, but now you cannot interpret it as having been =
caused by anything other than noise or a blip in the apparatus,' he says."

"In other words, you can see the effects of the future on the past only aft=
er carrying out millions of repeat experiments and tallying up the results =
to produce a meaningful pattern. Focus on any single one of them and try to=
 cheat it, and you are left with a very strange-looking result=E2=80=94an a=
mplification with no cause=E2=80=94but its meaning vanishes. You simply hav=
e to put it down to a random error in your apparatus. You win back your fre=
e will in the sense that if you actually attempt to defy the future, you wi=
ll find that it can never force you to carry out postselection experiments =
against your wishes. The math, Tollaksen says, backs him on this interpreta=
tion: The error range in single intermediate weak measurements that are not=
 followed up by the required post=C2=ADselection will always be just enough=
 to dismiss the bizarre result as a mistake."

"Here, finally, is the answer to Aharonov=E2=80=99s opening question: What =
does God gain by playing dice with the universe? Why must the quantum world=
 always retain a degree of fuzziness when we try to look at it through the =
time slice of the present? That loophole is needed so that the future can e=
xert an overall pull on the present, without ever being caught in the act o=
f doing it in any particular instance."

"'The future can only affect the present if there is room to write its infl=
uence off as a mistake,' Aharonov says."

***

So the bottom line is that over many runs, the statistical result on the 2:=
30 pm measurement changes slightly if the 3:00 pm measurement is done. But =
the change on any particular particle, or even all of them, is so small tha=
t it could be written off as random noise.
This too suggests that there=E2=80=99s hardly anything real here.
Anyone have any thoughts on this?

Thanks,
Lee

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<DIV dir=3D"ltr">
<DIV style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 12pt;FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri';COLOR: #800080;">
<DIV><FONT style=3D"COLOR: #1d0900;" face=3D"Calibri">Here is an article ab=
out=20
Aharonov's team, the group of physicists that are working on the Two-State=
=20
Vector Formalism interpretation of QM (aka Time Symmetric Quantum Mechanics=
),=20
the idea that a particle <EM>now</EM> is affected both by its past (obvious=
ly)=20
and by its future.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=3D"#800080" face=3D"Calibri"></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT style=3D"COLOR: #1d0900;" face=3D"Calibri">http://discovermagazi=
ne.com/2010/apr/01-back-from-the-future#.UsewgvRUd8E</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=3D"#800080" face=3D"Calibri"></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT style=3D"COLOR: #1d0900;" face=3D"Calibri">If you=E2=80=99ve not=
 seen the article,=20
it talks about an experiment that the physicists did to test out their=20
theory=E2=80=94more about =E2=80=9Cweak measurements=E2=80=9D, supposed</FO=
NT><FONT style=3D"COLOR: #1d0900;" face=3D"Calibri"> measurements that don'=
t fully =E2=80=9Ccollapse the=20
wave function=E2=80=9D (snicker suppressed).</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=3D"#800080" face=3D"Calibri"></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT style=3D"COLOR: #1d0900;" face=3D"Calibri">Here are the *salient=
* parts from=20
the article, which, typically enough, begins with a long unnecessary blast =
of=20
hot air that, thanks to me, you don=E2=80=99t have to wade through.</FONT><=
/DIV>
<DIV><FONT style=3D"COLOR: #1d0900;" face=3D"Calibri"></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT style=3D"COLOR: #1d0900;" face=3D"Calibri">"First the physicists=
 would=20
measure spin in a set of particles at 2 p.m. and again at 2:30 p.m. Then on=
=20
another day they would repeat the two tests, but also measure a subset of t=
he=20
particles a third time, at 3 p.m. If the predictions of backward causality =
were=20
correct, then for this last subset, the spin measurement conducted at 2:30 =
p.m.=20
(the intermediate time) would be dramatically amplified. In other words, th=
e=20
spin measurements carried out at 2 p.m. and those carried out at 3 p.m. tog=
ether=20
would appear to cause an unexpected increase in the intensity of spins meas=
ured=20
in between, at 2:30 p.m."</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=3D"#800080" face=3D"Calibri"></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT style=3D"COLOR: #1d0900;" face=3D"Calibri">"The idea was that ri=
pples of the=20
measurements carried out in the future could beat back to the present and=20
combine with effects from the past, like waves combining and peaking below =
a=20
boat, setting it rocking on the rough sea. The smaller the subsample chosen=
 for=20
the last measurement, the more dramatic the effects at intermediate times s=
hould=20
be, according to Aharonov=E2=80=99s math. It would be hard to account for s=
uch huge=20
amplifications in conventional physics."</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=3D"#800080" face=3D"Calibri"></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT style=3D"COLOR: #1d0900;" face=3D"Calibri">There is an obvious q=
uestion, of=20
course:</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=3D"#800080" face=3D"Calibri"></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT style=3D"COLOR: #1d0900;" face=3D"Calibri">"Does this mean that =
when the=20
intermediate step is carried out, the future is set and the experimenter ha=
s no=20
choice but to perform the later, postselection measurement? It seems not. E=
ven=20
in instances where the final step is abandoned, Tollaksen has found, the=20
intermediate weak measurement remains amplified, though now with no future =
cause=20
to explain its magnitude at all."</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=3D"#800080" face=3D"Calibri"></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT style=3D"COLOR: #1d0900;" face=3D"Calibri">"I put it to Tollakse=
n straight:=20
This finding seems to make a mockery of everything we have discussed so=20
far."</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=3D"#800080" face=3D"Calibri"></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT style=3D"COLOR: #1d0900;" face=3D"Calibri">"Tollaksen is smiling=
; this is=20
clearly an argument he has been through many times. The result of that sing=
le=20
experiment may be the same, he explains, but remember, the power of weak=20
measurements lies in their repetition. No single measurement can ever be ta=
ken=20
alone to convey any meaning about the state of reality. Their inherent erro=
r is=20
too large. 'Your pointer will still read an amplified result, but now you c=
annot=20
interpret it as having been caused by anything other than noise or a blip i=
n the=20
apparatus,' he says."</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=3D"#800080" face=3D"Calibri"></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT style=3D"COLOR: #1d0900;" face=3D"Calibri">"In other words, you =
can see the=20
effects of the future on the past only after carrying out millions of repea=
t=20
experiments and tallying up the results to produce a meaningful pattern. Fo=
cus=20
on any single one of them and try to cheat it, and you are left with a very=
=20
strange-looking result=E2=80=94an amplification with no cause=E2=80=94but i=
ts meaning vanishes.=20
You simply have to put it down to a random error in your apparatus. You win=
 back=20
your free will in the sense that if you actually attempt to defy the future=
, you=20
will find that it can never force you to carry out postselection experiment=
s=20
against your wishes. The math, Tollaksen says, backs him on this interpreta=
tion:=20
The error range in single intermediate weak measurements that are not follo=
wed=20
up by the required post&shy;selection will always be just enough to dismiss=
 the=20
bizarre result as a mistake."</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=3D"#800080" face=3D"Calibri"></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT style=3D"COLOR: #1d0900;" face=3D"Calibri">"Here, finally, is th=
e answer to=20
Aharonov=E2=80=99s opening question: What does God gain by playing dice wit=
h the=20
universe? Why must the quantum world always retain a degree of fuzziness wh=
en we=20
try to look at it through the time slice of the present? That loophole is n=
eeded=20
so that the future can exert an overall pull on the present, without ever b=
eing=20
caught in the act of doing it in any particular instance."</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=3D"#800080" face=3D"Calibri"></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT style=3D"COLOR: #1d0900;" face=3D"Calibri">"'The future can only=
 affect the=20
present if there is room to write its influence off as a mistake,' Aharonov=
=20
says."</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=3D"#800080" face=3D"Calibri"></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT style=3D"COLOR: #1d0900;" face=3D"Calibri">***</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=3D"#800080" face=3D"Calibri"></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT style=3D"COLOR: #1d0900;" face=3D"Calibri">So the bottom line is=
 that over=20
many runs, the statistical result on the 2:30 pm measurement changes slight=
ly if=20
the 3:00 pm measurement is done. But the change on any particular particle,=
 or=20
even all of them, is so small that it could be written off as random=20
noise.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT style=3D"COLOR: #1d0900;" face=3D"Calibri">This too suggests tha=
t there=E2=80=99s=20
hardly anything real here.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT style=3D"COLOR: #1d0900;" face=3D"Calibri">Anyone have any thoug=
hts on=20
this?</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=3D"#1d0900"></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=3D"#1d0900">Thanks,</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=3D"#1d0900">Lee</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=3D"#1d0900" face=3D"Courier New"></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV></DIV>=
</DIV>
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  div.photo-title a, div.photo-title a:active, div.photo-title a:hover, div=
.photo-title a:visited {
    text-decoration: none;
  }

  div#ygrp-mlmsg #ygrp-msg p a span.yshortcuts {
    font-family: Verdana;
    font-size: 10px;
    font-weight: normal;
  }

  .green {
    color: #628c2a;
  }

  .MsoNormal {
    margin: 0 0 0 0;
  }

  o {
    font-size: 0;
  }

  #photos div {
    float: left;
    width: 72px;
  }

  #photos div div {
    border: 1px solid #666666;
    height: 62px;
    overflow: hidden;
    width: 62px;
  }

  #photos div label {
    color: #666666;
    font-size: 10px;
    overflow: hidden;
    text-align: center;
    white-space: nowrap;
    width: 64px;
  }

  #reco-category {
    font-size: 77%;
  }

  #reco-desc {
    font-size: 77%;
  }

  .replbq {
    margin: 4px;
  }

  #ygrp-actbar div a:first-child {
   /* border-right: 0px solid #000;*/
    margin-right: 2px;
    padding-right: 5px;
  }

  #ygrp-mlmsg {
    font-size: 13px;
    font-family: Arial, helvetica,clean, sans-serif;
    *font-size: small;
    *font: x-small;
  }

  #ygrp-mlmsg table {
    font-size: inherit;
    font: 100%;
  }

  #ygrp-mlmsg select, input, textarea {
    font: 99% Arial, Helvetica, clean, sans-serif;
  }

  #ygrp-mlmsg pre, code {
    font:115% monospace;
    *font-size:100%;
  }

  #ygrp-mlmsg * {
    line-height: 1.22em;
  }

  #ygrp-mlmsg #logo {
    padding-bottom: 10px;
  }


  #ygrp-msg p a {
    font-family: Verdana;
  }

  #ygrp-msg p#attach-count span {
    color: #1E66AE;
    font-weight: 700;
  }

  #ygrp-reco #reco-head {
    color: #ff7900;
    font-weight: 700;
  }

  #ygrp-reco {
    margin-bottom: 20px;
    padding: 0px;
  }

  #ygrp-sponsor #ov li a {
    font-size: 130%;
    text-decoration: none;
  }

  #ygrp-sponsor #ov li {
    font-size: 77%;
    list-style-type: square;
    padding: 6px 0;
  }=20

  #ygrp-sponsor #ov ul {
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0 0 0 8px;
  }

  #ygrp-text {
    font-family: Georgia;
  }

  #ygrp-text p {
    margin: 0 0 1em 0;
  }

  #ygrp-text tt {
    font-size: 120%;
  }

  #ygrp-vital ul li:last-child {
    border-right: none !important;=20
  }=20
  -->
  </style>
</head>

<!--~-|**|PrettyHtmlEnd|**|-~-->
</html>
<!-- end group email -->


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