"Half-breed Drive" / Controversy / Background and use of the term, half breed
"'Hunter Gray'
[email protected] [marxist]" <
[email protected]>
Sun, 15 Feb 2015 20:54:14 +0000
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This is an interesting article doneby my youngest son, Peter Gray Salter, a=
key reporter for the Lincoln JournalStar.It concerns the use of the term =
=E2=80=9Chalf-breed=E2=80=9Dwith respect to Natives and a current controver=
sy in Nebraska involving thenature and history of a short stretch of road c=
alled =E2=80=9CHalf Breed Drive.=E2=80=9DIt=E2=80=99s a very interesting si=
tuation and, toread it, all you have to do is spend one-half ofa second ans=
weringa preceding, minute questionnaire.
The historically quite old term, =E2=80=9Chalfbreed=E2=80=9D, is controvers=
ial.It can be usedin a non-pejorative sense -- simply as relating to signif=
icant mixed blood inNative instances especially.Or it canbe used in a denig=
rating fashion.
I don=E2=80=99t like the term, rarely use it =E2=80=93and then only in a jo=
cular way involving myself.Some Natives use the term, in non-pejorativefash=
ion =E2=80=93 but fewer and fewer do.When Anglos use the term, it=E2=80=99s=
usually in anegative, often explicitly hostile fashion.
I use terms like =E2=80=9Chalf-blood=E2=80=9D or =E2=80=9Cquarterblood=E2=
=80=9D or simply =E2=80=9Cmixed blood.=E2=80=9DThisrespectable usage =E2=80=
=93 and, where applicable in Canada, Metis =E2=80=93 is now becomingquite f=
requent in Native and other socially sensitive circles
It=E2=80=99s safe to say that, by far, thegreatest majority of Native peopl=
e in the entire Hemisphere have, by now, somenon-Native ancestry.This doesn=
=E2=80=99t dilutetheir commitment to tribal nation and tribal culture and b=
asic Native identity.
I have a lifetime of experienceinvolving Native issues. In Federal Indian L=
aw, which I taught for 13 years atthe University of North Dakota, we used t=
o spend at least a couple of classsessions on the always thorny question of=
how to define =E2=80=9CIndian=E2=80=9D or =E2=80=9CNativeAmerican=E2=80=9D=
=E2=80=93 with a primary focus on the United States with some time on Cana=
da.
Some of the measures involve =E2=80=9Cbloodquanta=E2=80=9D =E2=80=93 (relat=
ively) -- full; half; quarter; in some tribal instances, eighth;or other fr=
actions in that general context =E2=80=93 or, less frequently, simply linea=
ldescent from certain established, historical =E2=80=9Crolls.=E2=80=9DIn Ca=
nada, there is a very large number ofNative people of distinctive and histo=
rically mixed ancestry and identity whoare known as Metis and who now are f=
inally securing some positive =E2=80=9Clegalidentity=E2=80=9D vis-=C3=A0-vi=
s the Canadian government.
And there are also and always some authentic Native people, with bona fide =
Native=E2=80=9Cblood=E2=80=9D and identity, who =E2=80=9Cfall through the m=
easurement cracks=E2=80=9D.They are no less Native.
In the U.S., tribes and other definedNative communities, nowadays, can almo=
st always set their own membershipcriteria. (The Canadian situation is stil=
l somewhat more complex.)
All of this involves eligibility (orlack of such) for governmental services=
=E2=80=93 Federal, sometimes state, tribal -- treaty-wiseor administrative=
ly.
Here is Peter=E2=80=99s Lincoln Journal Starstory:
http://journalstar.com/news/state-and-regional/history-and-hurt-on-half-bre=
ed-drive/article_d629f511-3107-5121-b676-aa1122eb5b72.html
Hunter Bear
HUNTER GRAY [HUNTER BEAR/JOHN R SALTER JR] Mi'kmaq / St. Francis Abenaki / =
St. Regis Mohawk=20
Protected by Na=C2=B4shdo=C2=B4i=C2=B4ba=C2=B4i=C2=B4=20
and Ohkwari' . Check out our massive social justice website:=20
www.hunterbear.org=20
Member, National Writers Union AFL-CIO=20
Core dimensions of my Community Organizing course:=20
http://www.labornet.org/news/0000/hbear.htm=20
Some early personal activist history / good people and issues:=20
http://civilrightsnewsreleases.blogspot.com/2015/01/hinter-bear-maintaining=
-normally-high.html
My expanded/updated "Organizer's Book,"=20
JACKSON MISSISSIPPI -- with a new 10,000=20
word introduction by me. Covers much of my=20
confrontational social justice organizing life to=20
date. Contains much how-to grassroots organizing=20
methodology: http://hunterbear.org/jackson.htm=20
See this for mini-bio, efforts to prevent JM=E2=80=99s appearance in=20
Mississippi, a wide range of its many reviews, and some=20
photos: http://www.amazon.com/John-R.-Salter/e/B001KMEHWY/ref=3Dntt_dp_epwb=
k_0=20
The Stormy Adoption of an Indian Child [My Father]:=20
http://hunterbear.org/James%20and%20Salter%20and%20Dad.htm=20
(Photos)
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<p><br></p><p><font face=3D"Times New Roman" size=3D"3">
<br></font></p><p style=3D"margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><b style=3D"mso-bidi-font-=
weight: normal;"><span style=3D"line-height: 107%; font-size: 16pt;"><font =
face=3D"Calibri">This is an interesting article done
by my youngest son, Peter Gray Salter, a key reporter for the Lincoln Journ=
al
Star.<span style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It concerns the use o=
f the term =E2=80=9Chalf-breed=E2=80=9D
with respect to Natives and a current controversy in Nebraska involving the
nature and history of a short stretch of road called =E2=80=9CHalf Breed Dr=
ive.=E2=80=9D<span style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It=E2=80=99s =
a very interesting situation and, to
read it, all you have to do is spend one-half of<span style=3D"mso-spacerun=
: yes;"> </span>a second answering<span style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes;">=
</span>a preceding, minute questionnaire.</font></span></b></p><p><f=
ont face=3D"Times New Roman" size=3D"3">
<br></font></p><p style=3D"margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><b style=3D"mso-bidi-font-=
weight: normal;"><span style=3D"line-height: 107%; font-size: 16pt;"><font =
face=3D"Calibri">The historically quite old term, =E2=80=9Chalf
breed=E2=80=9D, is controversial.<span style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes;"> =
</span>It can be used
in a non-pejorative sense -- simply as relating to significant mixed blood =
in
Native instances especially.<span style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes;"> </spa=
n>Or it can
be used in a denigrating fashion.</font></span></b></p><p><font face=3D"Tim=
es New Roman" size=3D"3">
<br></font></p><p style=3D"margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><b style=3D"mso-bidi-font-=
weight: normal;"><span style=3D"line-height: 107%; font-size: 16pt;"><font =
face=3D"Calibri">I don=E2=80=99t like the term, rarely use it =E2=80=93
and then only in a jocular way involving myself.<span style=3D"ms=
o-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some Natives use the term, in non-pejorativ=
e
fashion =E2=80=93 but fewer <span style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span=
>and fewer do.<span style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When Anglos =
use the term, it=E2=80=99s usually in a
negative, often explicitly hostile fashion.</font></span></b></p><p><font f=
ace=3D"Times New Roman" size=3D"3">
<br></font></p><p style=3D"margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><b style=3D"mso-bidi-font-=
weight: normal;"><span style=3D"line-height: 107%; font-size: 16pt;"><font =
face=3D"Calibri">I use terms like =E2=80=9Chalf-blood=E2=80=9D or =E2=80=9C=
quarter
blood=E2=80=9D or simply =E2=80=9Cmixed blood.=E2=80=9D<span style=3D"mso-s=
pacerun: yes;"> </span>This
respectable usage =E2=80=93 and, where applicable in Canada, Metis =E2=80=
=93 is now becoming
quite frequent in Native and other socially sensitive circles</font></span>=
</b></p><p><font face=3D"Times New Roman" size=3D"3">
<br></font></p><p style=3D"margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><b style=3D"mso-bidi-font-=
weight: normal;"><span style=3D"line-height: 107%; font-size: 16pt;"><font =
face=3D"Calibri">It=E2=80=99s safe to say that, by far, the
greatest majority of Native people in the entire Hemisphere have, by now, s=
ome
non-Native ancestry.<span style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This d=
oesn=E2=80=99t dilute
their commitment to tribal nation and tribal culture and basic Native ident=
ity.</font></span></b></p><p><font face=3D"Times New Roman" size=3D"3">
<br></font></p><p style=3D"margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><b style=3D"mso-bidi-font-=
weight: normal;"><span style=3D"line-height: 107%; font-size: 16pt;"><font =
face=3D"Calibri">I have a lifetime of experience
involving Native issues. In Federal Indian Law, which I taught for 13 years=
at
the University of North Dakota, we used to spend at least a couple of class
sessions on the always thorny question of how to define =E2=80=9CIndian=E2=
=80=9D or =E2=80=9CNative
American=E2=80=9D =E2=80=93 with a primary focus on the United States with =
some time on Canada.</font></span></b></p><p><font face=3D"Times New Roman"=
size=3D"3">
<br></font></p><p style=3D"margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><b style=3D"mso-bidi-font-=
weight: normal;"><span style=3D"line-height: 107%; font-size: 16pt;"><font =
face=3D"Calibri">Some of the measures involve =E2=80=9Cblood
quanta=E2=80=9D =E2=80=93 (relatively) -- full; half; quarter; in some=
tribal instances, eighth;
or other fractions in that general context =E2=80=93 or, less frequently, s=
imply lineal
descent from certain established, historical =E2=80=9Crolls.=E2=80=9D<span =
style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In Canada, there is a very large=
number of
Native people of distinctive and historically mixed ancestry and identity w=
ho
are known as Metis and who now are finally securing some positive =E2=80=9C=
legal
identity=E2=80=9D vis-=C3=A0-vis the Canadian government.</font></span></b>=
</p><p><font face=3D"Times New Roman" size=3D"3">
<br></font></p><p style=3D"margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><b style=3D"mso-bidi-font-=
weight: normal;"><span style=3D"line-height: 107%; font-size: 16pt;"><font =
face=3D"Calibri">And there are also and always some <span style=3D"mso-spac=
erun: yes;"> </span>authentic Native people, with bona fide Native
=E2=80=9Cblood=E2=80=9D and identity, who =E2=80=9Cfall through the measure=
ment cracks=E2=80=9D.<span style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They =
are no less Native.</font></span></b></p><p><font face=3D"Times New Roman" =
size=3D"3">
<br></font></p><p style=3D"margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><b style=3D"mso-bidi-font-=
weight: normal;"><span style=3D"line-height: 107%; font-size: 16pt;"><font =
face=3D"Calibri">In the U.S., tribes and other defined
Native communities, nowadays, can almost always set their own membership
criteria. (The Canadian situation is still somewhat more complex.)</font></=
span></b></p><p><font face=3D"Times New Roman" size=3D"3">
<br></font></p><p style=3D"margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><b style=3D"mso-bidi-font-=
weight: normal;"><span style=3D"line-height: 107%; font-size: 16pt;"><font =
face=3D"Calibri">All of this involves eligibility (or
lack of such) for governmental services =E2=80=93 Federal, sometimes state,=
tribal -- treaty-wise
or administratively.</font></span></b></p><p><font face=3D"Times New Roman"=
size=3D"3">
<br></font></p><p style=3D"margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><b style=3D"mso-bidi-font-=
weight: normal;"><span style=3D"line-height: 107%; font-size: 16pt;"><font =
face=3D"Calibri">Here is Peter=E2=80=99s Lincoln Journal Star
story:</font></span></b></p><p><font face=3D"Times New Roman" size=3D"3">
<br></font></p><p style=3D"margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><b style=3D"mso-bidi-font-=
weight: normal;"><span style=3D"line-height: 107%; font-size: 16pt;"><a hre=
f=3D"http://journalstar.com/news/state-and-regional/history-and-hurt-on-hal=
f-breed-drive/article_d629f511-3107-5121-b676-aa1122eb5b72.html" mce_href=
=3D"http://journalstar.com/news/state-and-regional/history-and-hurt-on-half=
-breed-drive/article_d629f511-3107-5121-b676-aa1122eb5b72.html"><font color=
=3D"#0563c1" face=3D"Calibri">http://journalstar.com/news/state-and-regiona=
l/history-and-hurt-on-half-breed-drive/article_d629f511-3107-5121-b676-aa11=
22eb5b72.html</font></a></span></b></p><p><font face=3D"Times New Roman" si=
ze=3D"3">
<br></font></p><p style=3D"margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><b style=3D"mso-bidi-font-=
weight: normal;"><span style=3D"line-height: 107%; font-size: 16pt;"><font =
face=3D"Calibri">Hunter Bear</font></span></b></p><p><font face=3D"Times Ne=
w Roman" size=3D"3">
<br></font></p><p style=3D"margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><b style=3D"mso-bidi-font-=
weight: normal;"><span style=3D"line-height: 107%; font-size: 16pt;"><font =
face=3D"Calibri"> </font></span></b></p><p><font face=3D"Times New Rom=
an" size=3D"3">
<br></font></p><p style=3D"margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><b style=3D"mso-bidi-font-=
weight: normal;"><span style=3D"line-height: 107%; font-size: 16pt;"><font =
face=3D"Calibri"> </font></span></b></p><p><font face=3D"Times New Rom=
an" size=3D"3">
<br></font></p><p style=3D"margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><b style=3D"mso-bidi-font-=
weight: normal;"><span style=3D"line-height: 107%; font-size: 16pt;"><font =
face=3D"Calibri"> </font></span></b></p><p><font face=3D"Times New Rom=
an" size=3D"3">
<br></font></p><div><font face=3D"Verdana" size=3D"2"></font></div>
<div><font face=3D"Verdana" size=3D"2"> </font></div>
HUNTER GRAY [HUNTER BEAR/JOHN R SALTER JR] Mi'kmaq / St. Francis Abenaki / =
St. Regis Mohawk=20
<br>
Protected by Na=C2=B4shdo=C2=B4i=C2=B4ba=C2=B4i=C2=B4=20
<br>
and Ohkwari' . Check out our massive social justice website:=20
<br>
www.hunterbear.org=20
<br>
<br>
Member, National Writers Union AFL-CIO=20
<br>
<br>
Core dimensions of my Community Organizing course:=20
<br>
http://www.labornet.org/news/0000/hbear.htm=20
<br>
<br>
Some early personal activist history / good people and issues:=20=20
<br>
<br>
http://civilrightsnewsreleases.blogspot.com/2015/01/hinter-bear-maintaining=
-normally-high.html
<br>
<br>
My expanded/updated "Organizer's Book,"=20
<br>
JACKSON MISSISSIPPI -- with a new 10,000=20
<br>
word introduction by me. Covers much of my=20
<br>
confrontational social justice organizing life to=20
<br>
date. Contains much how-to grassroots organizing=20
<br>
methodology: http://hunterbear.org/jackson.htm=20
<br>
<br>
See this for mini-bio, efforts to prevent JM=E2=80=99s appearance in=20
<br>
Mississippi, a wide range of its many reviews, and some=20
<br>
photos: http://www.amazon.com/John-R.-Salter/e/B001KMEHWY/ref=3Dntt_dp_epwb=
k_0=20
<br>
<br>
The Stormy Adoption of an Indian Child [My Father]:=20
<br>
http://hunterbear.org/James%20and%20Salter%20and%20Dad.htm=20
<br>
(Photos)
<br>
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Posted by: "Hunter Gray" <[email protected]=
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"[C]apital comes dripping from head to foot, from every pore, with blo=
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